One image reduction algorithm for RGB color images

We investigate the problem of combining or aggregating several color values given in coding scheme RGB. For this reason, we study the problem of averaging values on lattices, and in particular on discrete product lattices. We study the arithemtic mean and the median on product lattices. We apply these aggregation functions in image reduction and we present a new algorithm based on the minimization of penalty functions on discrete product lattices.

Color image magnification with interval-valued fuzzy sets

In this work we present a simple magnification algorithm for color images. It uses Interval-Valued Fuzzy Sets in such a way that every pixel has an interval membership constructed from its original intensity and its neighbourhood's one. Based on that interval membership, a block is created for each pixel, so this is a block expansion method.

Application of computational media aesthetics methodology to extracting color semantics in film

Using film grammar as the underpinning, we study the extraction of structures in video based on color using a wide configuration of clustering methods combined with existing and new similarity measures. We study the visualisation of these structures, which we call Scene-Cluster Temporal Charts and show how it can bring out the interweaving of different themes and settings in a film. We also extract color events that filmmakers use to draw/force a viewer's attention to a shot/scene. This is done by first extracting a set of colors used rarely in film, and then building a probabilistic model for color event detection. We demonstrate with experimental results from ten movies that our algorithms are effective in the extraction of both scene-cluster temporal charts and color events.

Sexual selection and the evolution of complex color patterns in dragon lizards

Many species have elaborate and complex coloration and patterning, which often differ between the sexes. Sexual selection may increase the size or intensity of color patches (elaboration) in one sex or drive the evolution of novel signal elements (innovation). The latter potentially increases color pattern complexity. Color pattern complexity may also be influenced by ecological factors related to predation and environment; however, very few studies have investigated the effects of both sexual and natural selection on color pattern complexity across species. We used a phylogenetic comparative approach to examine these effects in 85 species and subspecies of Australian dragon lizards (family Agamidae). We quantified color pattern complexity by adapting the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. There were clear sex differences in color pattern complexity, which were positively correlated with both sexual dichromatism and sexual size dimorphism, consistent with the idea that sexual selection plays a significant role in the evolution of color pattern complexity. By contrast, we found little evidence of a link between environmental factors and color pattern complexity on body regions exposed to predators. Our results suggest that sexual selection rather than natural selection has led to increased color pattern complexity in males.

Selective excitation of concomitant electrochemiluminophores : tuning emission color by electrode potential

ECL in 3D: Selective electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of several ruthenium and iridium complexes simultaneously in solution can be controlled by electrode potential (see picture; λem=emission wavelength). These luminescent redox systems create a range of new possibilities for multi-analyte ECL detection, assessment of interdependent electrochemical/spectroscopic properties, and color tuning in light-emitting devices.

Fuzzy clustering of color and texture features for image segmentation: a study on satellite image retrieval

In this paper, a new image segmentation approach that integrates color and texture features using the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm is described. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach to satellite image retrieval, an interactive region-based image query system is designed and developed. A database comprising 400 multispectral satellite images is used to evaluate the performance of the system. The results are analyzed and discussed, and a performance comparison with other methods is included. The outcomes reveal that the proposed approach is able to improve the quality of the segmentation results as well as the retrieval performance.

Color, champagne, and trademark secondary meaning surveys : devilish detail

This article first outlines the requirements for trademarking color and describes the VEUVE CLICQUOT brand. It then describes possible designs for testing whether the color orange serves as a trademark. For each element of the survey, the design dilemmas that must be resolved prior to implementation are described, and specific solutions to these design dilemmas are suggested. As a final contribution, the article looks at arguments that may be raised against the design elements and suggests ways that these arguments may be anticipated and minimized by using a specific design logic. In this way, this article will help expert researchers produce specific, defensible designs that will be of use to courts and tribunals.

Color image reduction by minimizing penalty functions

In image processing, particularly in image reduction, averaging aggregation functions play an important role. In this work we study the aggregation of color values (RGB) and we present an image reduction algorithm for RGB color images. For this purpose, we define and study aggregation functions and penalty functions in product lattices. We show how the arithmetic mean and the median can be obtained by minimizing specific penalty functions. Moreover, we study other penalty functions and we show that, in general, aggregation functions on product lattices do not coincide with the cartesian product of the corresponding aggregation functions. Finally, we make an experimental study where we test our reduction algorithm and we analyze the stability of the penalty functions in images affected by noise.

Interspecific differences in the Diel Vertical Migration of Marine Copepods : the Implications of size, color, and morphology

Samples collected by continuous plankton recorders (CPRs) between 1948 and 1992 were used to describe the diel vertical migration (DVM) behavior of 41 copepod taxa in the northeast Atlantic between 45 and 55?N and 11 and 31?W. A total of 13,622 samples, each representing - 18.5 km (10 nm) of tow, were analyzed. Since CPRs are towed in near-surface waters, taxa that exhibit DVM occur predominantly in samples taken at night. Larger taxa showed significantly stronger DVM, with body size explaining 47% of the intertaxa variation in DVM. For small taxa (< 1 mm wide) the residual variation in DVM was correlated with carotenoid pigment levels but not with body morphology, with more heavily pigmented taxa exhibiting DVM. For larger taxa (> 1 mm wide) the residual variation in DVM was correlated with body morphology but not with carotenoid pigment levels, with more elongate copepods not exhibiting DVM.

Talking culture? Egalitarianism, color-blindness and racism in Australian elementary schools

This study examines egalitarianism as an ethnic-racial socialization message used by teachers with 8-12 year old children in four socio-demographically diverse elementary schools in Melbourne, Australia. The three main types of egalitarian messages identified are i) procedural-justice color-blindness, ii) distributive-justice color-blindness and iii) colormuteness, and each is explored in relation to how teachers talk to children about racial, ethnic and cultural diversity, and racism. We conclude that teacher confidence and capability, and to a lesser degree, school context, influenced the types of egalitarian messages used about diversity and the extent to which teachers had explicit and critical discussions about racism.

Haptic-based color representation framework

In this paper we propose a novel technique to associate color RGB dimensions into other dimensions that can be explored Haptically. These dimensions will be the force, vibration and geometric representation. The color association between the color information and the other modalities will be called the Haptic-Color Palette. This is of great importance for visually impaired and color blind persons to get access to media in which colors play a great role, such as artwork. The proposed color conversion technique is based on the human perception and interpretations of colors.

Detection of fingertips based on the combination of color information and circle detection

Fingertips of human hand play an important role in hand-based interaction with computers. Therefore, identification of fingertips' positions on hand image is vital for developing a human computer interaction system. All most all of the research works for fingertips detection, initially isolate hand image from the background image. Most of these techniques develop color based segmentation methods because human skin color possess an exceptional characterises that can be used to isolate hand from the rest of the image quite easily. Sometimes color image segmentation becomes difficult due to illumination and background variations. To make it simple and reliable, this paper proposes a robust method for detecting fingertips of a hand image based on the combination of color segmentation and circle detection. Due to the characteristics of circularity of fingertips regions of hand boundary, any existing circle detection algorithms can be applied to detect circles at fingertips region. It is difficult to detect fingertips solely based on the circle detection method. For this reason, initially the proposed method detects all the circular regions on the image applying Circle Hough Transformation (CHT) then the fingertips are selected based on the color characteristics of the fingertips regions. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is promising.

A new color space based on K-medoids clustering for fire detection

Pixel color has proven to be a useful and robust cue for detection of most objects of interest like fire. In this paper, a hybrid intelligent algorithm is proposed to detect fire pixels in the background of an image. The proposed algorithm is introduced by the combination of a computational search method based on a swarm intelligence technique and the Kemdoids clustering method in order to form a Fire-based Color Space (FCS), in fact, the new technique converts RGB color system to FCS through a 3*3 matrix. This algorithm consists of five main stages:(1) extracting fire and non-fire pixels manually from the original image. (2) using K-medoids clustering to find a Cost function to minimize the error value. (3) applying Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to search and find the best W components in order to minimize the fitness function. (4) reporting the best matrix including feature weights, and utilizing this matrix to convert the all original images in the database to the new color space. (5) using Otsu threshold technique to binarize the final images. As compared with some state-of-the-art techniques, the experimental results show the ability and efficiency of the new method to detect fire pixels in color images.