Solid-state NMR on columnar supramolecular structures

The present work deals with the characterisation of three columnar self-assembled systems, that is, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides, a peripherally thioalkyl-substituted phthalocyanine, and several oligo-(p-phenylenevinylene)s. In order to probe the supramolecular organisation solid-state NMR has been used as the main technique, supported by X-ray measurements, theoretical methods, and thermal analysis. rnrnBenzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs) turned out to be well suited model compounds to study various fundamental supramolecular interactions, such as π-π-interactions, hydrogen bonding, as well as dynamic and steric effects of attached side chains. Six BTAs have been investigated in total, five with a CO-centred amide group bearing different side chains and one with an inverted N-centred amide group. The physical properties of these BTAs have been investigated as a function of temperature. The results indicated that in case of the CO-centred BTAs the stability of the columnar mesophase depends strongly on the nature of the side chains. Further experiments revealed a coplanar orientation of adjacent BTA molecules in the columnar assembly of CO-centred BTAs, whereas the N-centred BTA, showed a deviating not fully coplanar arrangement. These differences were ascribed to distinct hydrogen bonding schemes, involving a parallel alignment of hydrogen bonds in case of CO-centred BTAs and an antiparallel alignment in case of the N-centred counterpart.rnrn The fundamental insights of the supramolecular organisation of BTAs could be partially adapted to an octa-substituted phthalocyanine with thiododecyl moieties. Solid-state NMR in combination with chemical shift calculations determined a tilted herringbone arrangement of phthalocyanine rings in the crystalline phase as well as in the mesophase. Moreover, 1H NMR measurements in the mesophase of this compound suggested an axial rotation of molecules, which is inhibited in the crystalline phase.rnrnAs a third task, the supramolecular assembly of oligo-(p-phenylenevinylene)s of varying length and with different polar head groups have been investigated by a combined X-ray and solid-state NMR study. The results revealed a columnar structure formation of these compounds, being promoted by phase separation of alkyl side chains and aromatic rigid rods. In this system solid-state NMR yielded meaningful insight into the isotropisation process of butoxy and 2-S-methylbutoxy substituted oligo-(p-phenylenevinylene) rods.rn

Sensitivity enhancement in NMR by using parahydrogen induced polarization

Enhancing the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance measurements via hyperpolarization techniques like parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) is of high interest for spectroscopic investigations. Parahydrogen induced polarization is a chemical method, which makes use of the correlation between nuclear spins in parahydrogen to create hyperpolarized molecules. The key feature of this technique is the pairwise and simultaneous transfer of the two hydrogen atoms of parahydrogen to a double or triple bond resulting in a population of the Zeeman energy levels different from the Boltzmann equation. The obtained hyperpolarization results in antiphase peaks in the NMR spectrum with high intensities. Due to these strong NMR signals, this method finds arnlot of applications in chemistry e.g. the characterization of short-lived reaction intermediates. Also in medicine it opens up the possibility to boost the sensitivity of medical diagnostics via magnetic labeling of active contrast agents. Thus, further examination and optimization of the PHIP technique is of significant importance in order to achieve the highest possible sensitivity gain.rnrnIn this work, different aspects concerning PHIP were studied with respect to its chemical and spectroscopic background. The first part of this work mainly focused on optimizing the PHIP technique by investigating different catalyst systems and developing new setups for the parahydrogenation. Further examinations facilitated the transfer of the generated polarization from the protons to heteronuclei like 13C. The second part of this thesis examined the possibility to transfer these results to different biologically active compounds to enable their later application in medical diagnostics. Onerngroup of interesting substances is represented by metabolites or neurotransmitters in mammalian cells. Other interesting substances are clinically relevant drugs like a barbituric acid derivative or antidepressant drugs like citalopram which were investigated with regard to their applicability for the PHIP technique and the possibility to achievernpolarization transfer to 13C nuclei. The last investigated substrate is a polymerizable monomer whose polymer was used as a blood plasma expander for trauma victims after the first half of the 20th century. In this case, the utility of the monomer for the PHIP technique as a basis for later investigations of a polymerization reaction using hyperpolarized monomers was examined.rnrnHence, this thesis covers the optimization of the PHIP technology, hereby combining different fields of research like chemical and spectroscopical aspects, and transfers the results to applications of real biologally acitve compounds.

Interplay of pi–pi stacking and hydrogen bonding in conjugated supramolecular systems studied by solid-state NMR

In this work supramolecular organic systems based on rigid pi-conjugated building blocks and flexible side chains were studied via solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Specifically, these studies focussed on phenylene ethynylene based macrocycles, polymer systems including polythiophenes, and rod-coil copolymers of oligo(p-benzamide) and poly(ethylene glycol). All systems were studied in terms of the local order and mobility. The central topic of this dissertation was to elucidate the role of the flexible side chains in interplay of different non-covalent interactions, like pi-pi-stacking and hydrogen bonding.Combining the results of this work, it can be concluded that the ratio of the rigid block and the attached alkyl side chains can be crucial for the design of an ordered pi-conjugated supramolecular system. Through alkyl side chains, it is also possible to introduce liquid-crystalline phases in the system, which can foster the local order of the system. Moreover in the studied system longer, unbranched alkyl side chains are better suited to stabilize the corresponding aggregation than shorter, branched ones.The combination of non-covalent interactions such as pi-pi-stacking and hydrogen bonding play an important role for structure formation. However, the effect of pi-pi-stacking interaction is much weaker than the effect of hydrogen bonding and is only observed in systems with a suitable local order. Hence, they are often not strong enough to control the local order. In contrast, hydrogen bonds predominantly influence the structural organization and packing. In comparison the size of the alkyl side chains is only of minor importance. The suppression of certain hydrogen bonds can lead to completely different structures and can induce a specific aggregation behavior. Thus, for the design of a supramolecular ordered system the presence of hydrogen bonding efficiently stabilizes the corresponding structure, but the ratio of hydrogen bond forming groups should be kept low to be able to influence the structure selectively.

Valutazione del rischio ambientale associato alla presenza di metalli pesanti (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) nei sedimenti della Pialassa dei Piomboni.

I metalli pesanti presenti nei sedimenti marini possono essere rilasciati alla colonna d’acqua, in seguito a variazioni delle condizioni ambientali, ed entrare nelle catene trofiche degli organismi marini. A partire da una serie di campioni di sedimenti superficiali provenienti dalla Pialassa dei Piomboni (sito SIC-ZPS, a nord della Provincia di Ravenna), prelevati tra novembre e dicembre del 2012, è stato valutato il rischio potenziale associato alla presenza di metalli pesanti (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) per il biota residente nei sedimenti. È stato valutato il comportamento del rapporto SEM/AVS (contenuto di metalli simultaneamente estratti (SEM) e solfuri acidi volatili (AVS)) per ciascuno dei metalli oggetto dello studio. La metodica analitica ha previsto il trattamento dei campioni con HCl 6M, sotto flusso di azoto, e successivamente la lettura del contenuto di solfuro (raccolto in soluzioni di NaOH) e dei metalli pesanti allo spettrometro. Dal valore dei parametri chimico-fisici ottenuti nel momento del campionamento, è evidente che la zona interna della laguna risulta meno influenzata dalle maree rispetto a quella lungo il canale di navigazione. Le concentrazioni di metalli potenzialmente biodisponibili hanno evidenziato una distribuzione eterogenea. Del set di campioni analizzati, soltanto tre presentano un contenuto totale di metalli potenzialmente biodisponibili superiore al contenuto di solfuri labili (∑SEM/AVS>1), per cui la presenza di metalli bivalenti potrebbe rappresentare un rischio per il biota. Come suggerito da diversi autori, si è proceduto con l’ulteriore normalizzazione del rapporto (∑SEM/AVS) con il contenuto di carbonio organico relativo ad ogni campione di sedimento, escludendo possibili rischi associati alla presenza di metalli pesanti.

Einfluss unterschiedlicher polymerer Nanopartikel auf das Differenzierungsverhalten von humanen Stammzellen

n der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde systematisch die Interaktion von rnunterschiedlichen polymeren Nanopartikeln auf die Zellfunktionalität und das rnDifferenzierungspotential zweier humaner Stammzelllinien (mesenchymale und rnhämatopoetische Stammzellen) untersucht. Als Modellsystem wurden Polystyrol-rnPartikel für bioinerte Nanopartikel und PLLA-Partikel als Modell für bioabbaubare Nanopartikel gewählt. rnDie Analyse der Partikelaufnahme und der Zytotoxizität ergab, dass alle getesteten Partikel nach einen Zeitraum von 24 h und einer Inkubation mit 300 µg/mL Partikeln in beiden Zellsorten nicht toxisch waren. Für die CTMA-Cl-stabilisierten Partikel wurde während Differenzierungsversuche mit hMSCs eine Langzeittoxizität festgestellt, so dass diese Partikel für weitere Versuche nicht verwendet werden konnten. rnAlle Partikel wurden in die Zellen aufgenommen. Die Lutensol-stabilisierten Polystyrol-Partikel zeigten sowohl in unfunktionalisierter Form als auch mit Aminogruppen auf der Oberfläche ein geringeres Aufnahmeverhalten in hMSCs und wurden deswegen nicht für weitere Versuche verwendet. Die SDS-stabilisierten Polystyrol-Partikel zeigten eine gute Aufnahme, die durch die funktionalisierung mit Carboxylgruppen um ca. das 3-fache rnverstärkt werden konnte (hMSCs). Gleiches wurde für die CTMA-Cl stabilisierten rnPolystyrol und dem dazugehörigen aminofunktionalisierten Partikel beobachtet rn(hMSCs). In hHSCs wurden nur die SDS-stabilisierten Polystyrol-Partikel (nicht rnfunktionalisiert, carboxylfunktionalisiert) getestet. Hierbei konnte kein Unterschied bezüglich der Aufnahme festgestellt werden. Die PLLA- und PLLA-Fe-Partikel wurden sowohl in hMSCs als auch in hHSCs sehr gut und besser als die Polystyrol-Partikel aufgenommen. Das in den Partikeln eingebaute Magnetit zeigt keine Auswirkungen auf die Zellaufnahme. Für weitere Versuche wurden deshalb auf Grund der Aufnahme und Toxizitätsdaten die SDS-stabilisierten Polystyrol-Partikel (PS und PS-COOH) sowie die ebenfalls SDS-stabilisierten PLLA-Partikel (PLLA und PLLA-Fe) gewählt. Somit standen 4 Partikel zur Auswahl, die sich sowohl in ihrer Größe als auch im verwendeten Tensid nicht unterscheiden und so Aussagen über den Einfluss von Oberflächenfunktionalisierung sowie Magnetit zulassen. rnDie Zellfunktionalität der hMSCs unter Partikeleinfluss wurde mit Hilfe von IL-6 und IL-8 Messungen untersucht, hierbei zeigte sich, dass nur der PLLA-Fe-Partikel zu einer signifikant erhöhten IL-8 Ausschüttung führte, die Sekretion von IL-6 blieb vollständig unverändert. Die IL-8 Sekretion der hHSCs wurde durch die Anwesenheit der Partikel nicht verändert. rnUm den Einfluss der oben beschriebenen Partikel auf das Differenzierungspotential von hMSCs und hHSCs zu untersuchen, wurden beide Zelllinien vor der Induktion der Differenzierung für 24 h mit 300 µg/mL Partikeln inkubiert. Sowohl die histochemischen Färbungen der differenzierten hMSCs als auch die CD-Marker-Färbungen der differenzierten hHSCs zeigten keinen Einfluss der Partikel auf die Differenzierungsfähigkeit. Bei den hMSCs konnte auch keine durch die Partikel hervorgerufene Differenzierung nachgewiesen werden. Die Analyse der Differenzierung auf RNA-Ebene (qPCR) ergab jedoch für beide Zelllinien, dass einzelne Partikel einzelne Differenzierungsmarker in ihrer Expression positiv oder negativ beeinflussen. Einzig der PLLA-Partikel zeigt bei allen untersuchten Differenzierungsrichtungen in beiden Zelllinien rnkeine Veränderung der Expression. Die jeweils beobachteten Expressionsveränderungen sind jedoch nicht stark genug, um die Differenzierung sichtbar zu beeinflussen, was die histologischen bzw. CD-Marker-Färbungen gezeigt haben. rnIn einem Kooperationsprojekt mit der Gruppe von Arancha del Campo (MPI für rnPolymerforschung) wurde der Einfluss unterschiedlicher BMP-2-Peptide auf die rnosteogene Differenzierung von hMSCs untersucht. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die unterschiedlichen Peptide in keiner Konzentration und Kombination eine positive Wirkung auf die osteogene Differenzierung haben. rnIm Rahmen eines Kooperationsprojekts mit Kerstin Münnemann (MPI für rnPolymerforschung) konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine quantitative Bestimmung des rnzellulären Eisengehalts nach Inkubation mit SPIOs sowohl mit Hilfe von MRT, H1rn NMR als auch UV/VIS Messungen bis zu einem Detektionslimit von 100.000 Zellen /mL (bei einer Beladung von 10 pg Fe/Zelle) erfolgen kann.

Hundertneunundzwanzig Xe NMR for investigations of complex and dynamic systems

In this work, the remarkable versatility and usefulness of applications of Xe-129 NMR experiments is further extended. The application of Xe-129 NMR spectroscopy to very different system is studied, including dynamic and static, solid and liquid, porous and non-porous systems. Using the large non-equilibrium polarization created by hyperpolarization of Xe-129, time-resolved NMR measurements can be used for the online-monitoring of dynamic systems. In the first part of this work, several improvements for medical applications of hyperpolarized Xe-129 are achieved and their feasibility shown experimentally. A large gain in speed and reproducibility of the accumulation process of Xe-129 as ice and an enhancement of the usable polarization in any experiment requiring prior accumulation are achieved. An enhancement of the longitudinal relaxation time of Xe-129 is realized by admixture of a buffer gas during the storage of hyperpolarized Xe-129. Pursuing the efforts of simplifying the accumulation process and enhancing the storage time of hyperpolarized Xe-129 will allow for a wider use of the hyperpolarized gas in (medical) MRI experiments. Concerning the use of hyperpolarized Xe-129 in MRI, the influence of the diffusion coefficient of the gas on parameters of the image contrast is experimentally demonstrated here by admixture of a buffer gas and thus changing the diffusion coefficient. In the second part of this work, a polymer system with unique features is probed by Xe-129 NMR spectroscopy, proving the method to be a valuable tool for the characterization of the anisotropic properties of semicrystalline, syndiotactic polystyrene films. The polymer films contain hollow cavities or channels with sizes in the sub-nanometer range, allowing for adsorption of Xe-129 and subsequent NMR measurements. Despite the use of a ’real-world’ system, the transfer of the anisotropic properties from the material to adsorbed Xe-129 atoms is shown, which was previously only known for fully crystalline materials. The anisotropic behavior towards atomar guests inside the polymer films is proven here for the first time for one of the phases. For the polymer phase containing nanochannels, the dominance of interactions between Xe-129 atoms in the channels compared to interactions between Xe atoms and the channel walls are proven by measurements of a powder sample of the polymer material and experiments including the rotation of the films in the external magnetic field as well as temperature-dependent measurements. The characterization of ’real-world’ systems showing very high degrees of anisotropy by Xe-129 are deemed to be very valuable in future applications. In the last part of this work, a new method for the online monitoring of chemical reactions has been proposed and its feasibility and validity are experimentally proven. The chemical shift dependence of dissolved Xe-129 on the composition of a reaction mixture is used for the online monitoring of free-radical miniemulsion polymerization reactions. Xe-129 NMR spectroscopy provides an excellent method for the online monitoring of polymerization reactions, due to the simplicity of the Xe-129 NMR spectra and the simple relationship between the Xe-129 chemical shift and the reaction conversion. The results of the time-resolved Xe-129 NMR measurements are compared to those from calorimetric measurements, showing a good qualitative agreement. The applicability of the new method to reactions other than polymerization reactions is investigated by the online monitoring of an enzymatic reaction in a miniemulsion. The successful combination of the large sensitivity of Xe-129, the NMR signal enhancements due to hyperpolarization, and the solubility of Xe-129 gives access to the large new field of investigations of chemical reaction kinetics in dynamic and complex systems like miniemulsions.

Festkörper-NMR an polymeren Kompositmaterialien

In dieser Arbeit wurden polymere Kompositmaterialien mit Hilfe von Festkörper-NMR-Techniken untersucht, um den Einfluß von Polymer-Festkörper-Kontakten auf molekulare Materialeigenschaften zu betrachten. Dabei wurden sowohl Analysen am Polymer als auch am Füllmaterial durchgeführt.rnrnIm ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Dynamik von Poly(ethylmethacrylat) (PEMA) in sphärischen Bürstenpartikeln gemessen. Diese Bürsten bestanden aus einem Poly(silsesquioxan)-Kern und verpfropften PEMA-Ketten, die über ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) an verschiedenen Kettensequenzen mit 13C an der Carboxylgruppe markiert wurden. Statische 13C-NMR-Messungen konnten zeigen, dass die Dynamik dieser Sequenzen unabhängig vom Abstand zur Oberfläche verlangsamt ist, was auf eine eingeschränkte Reptation zurückgeführt wurde.rnrnDer zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den molekularen Unterschieden von Silika-Naturkautschuk-Kompositen, die über mechanisches Mischen bzw. über eine Sol-Gel-Reaktion hergestellt wurden. Durch kinetische 1H-NMR-Messungen wurde der Umsatz der Sol-Gel-Reaktion bestimmt. Mittels heteronuklearen 29Si{1H}-NMR-Korrelationsexperimenten wurde ein direkter räumlicher Kontakt zwischen dem Inneren der Partikel und dem Polymer nachgewiesen. Dies belegt experimentell, dass im Kompositmaterial die Polymerketten in den durch Sol-Gel-Reaktion hergestellten Silikapartikeln eingeschlossen sind.

Synthetic routes toward functional block copolymers and bioconjugates via RAFT polymerization

Synthetic Routes toward Functional Block Copolymers and Bioconjugates via RAFT PolymerizationrnSynthesewege für funktionelle Blockcopolymere und Biohybride über RAFT PolymerisationrnDissertation von Dipl.-Chem. Kerstin T. WissrnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden effiziente Methoden für die Funktionalisierung beider Polymerkettenenden für Polymer- und Bioanbindung von Polymeren entwickelt, die mittels „Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer“ (RAFT) Polymerisation hergestellt wurden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Dithioester-basiertes Kettentransferagens (CTA) mit einer Aktivestereinheit in der R-Gruppe (Pentafluorphenyl-4-phenylthiocarbonylthio-4-cyanovaleriansäureester, kurz PFP-CTA) synthetisiert und seine Anwendung als universelles Werkzeug für die Funktionalisierung der -Endgruppe demonstriert. Zum Einen wurde gezeigt, wie dieser PFP-CTA als Vorläufer für die Synthese anderer funktioneller CTAs durch einfache Aminolyse des Aktivesters genutzt werden kann und somit den synthetischen Aufwand, der üblicherweise mit der Entwicklung neuer CTAs verbunden ist, reduzieren kann. Zum Anderen konnte der PFP-CTA für die Synthese verschiedener Poly(methacrylate) mit enger Molekulargewichtsverteilung und wohl definierter reaktiver -Endgruppe verwendet werden. Dieses Kettenende konnte dann erfolgreich mit verschiedenen primären Aminen wie Propargylamin, 1-Azido-3-aminopropan und Ethylendiamin oder direkt mit den Amin-Endgruppen verschiedener Peptide umgesetzt werden.rnAus der Reaktion des PFP-CTAs mit Propargylamin wurde ein Alkin-CTA erhalten, der sich als effizientes Werkzeug für die RAFT Polymerisation verschiedener Methacrylate erwiesen hat. Der Einbau der Alkin-Funktion am -Kettenende wurde mittels 1H und 13C NMR Spektroskopie sowie MALDI TOF Massenspektroskopie bestätigt. Als Modelreaktion wurde die Kopplung eines solchen alkin-terminierten Poly(di(ethylenglykol)methylethermethacrylates) (PDEGMEMA) mit azid-terminiertem Poly(tert-butylmethacrylat), das mittels Umsetzung einer Aktivester-Endgruppe erhalten wurde, als kupferkatalysierte Azid-Alkin-Cycloaddition (CuAAC) durchgeführt. Die Aufarbeitung des resultierenden Diblockcopolymers durch Fällen ermöglichte die vollständige Abtrennung des Polymerblocks 1, der im Überschuss eingesetzt wurde. Darüber hinaus blieb nur ein sehr kleiner Anteil (< 2 Gew.-%) nicht umgesetzten Polymerblocks 2, was eine erfolgreiche Polymeranbindung und die Effizienz der Endgruppen-Funktionalisierung ausgehend von der Aktivester--Endgruppe belegt.rnDie direkte Reaktion von stimuli-responsiven Polymeren mit Pentafluorphenyl(PFP)ester-Endgruppen, namentlich PDEGMEMA und Poly(oligo(ethylenglykol)methylethermethacrylat), mit kollagen-ähnlichen Peptiden ergab wohl definierte Polymer-Peptid-Diblockcopolymere und Polymer-Peptid-Polymer-Triblockcopolymer unter nahezu quantitativer Umsetzung der Endgruppen. Alle Produkte konnten vollständig von nicht umgesetztem Überschuss des Homopolymers befreit werden. In Analogie zu natürlichem Kollagen und dem nicht funktionalisierten kollagen-ähnlichen Peptid bilden die PDEGMEMA-basierten, entschützten Hybridcopolymere Trimere mit kollagen-ähnlichen Triple-Helices in kalter wässriger Lösung, was mittels Zirkular-Dichroismus-Spektroskopie (CD) nachgewiesen werden konnte. Temperaturabhängige CD-Spektroskopie, Trübungsmessungen und dynamische Lichtstreuung deuteten darauf hin, dass sie bei höheren Temperaturen doppelt stimuli-responsive Überstrukturen bilden, die mindestens zwei konformative Übergänge beim Aufheizen durchlaufen. Einer dieser Übergänge wird durch den hydrophoben Kollaps des Polymerblocks induziert, der andere durch Entfalten der kollagen-ähnlichen Triple-Helices.rnAls Ausweitung dieser synthetischen Strategie wurde homotelecheles PDEGMEMA mit zwei PFP-Esterendgruppen dargestellt, wozu der PFP-CTA für die Funktionalisierung der -Endgruppe und die radikalische Substitution des Dithioesters durch Behandlung mit einem Überschuss eines funktionellen AIBN-Derivates für die Funktionalisierung der -Endgruppe ausgenutzt wurde. Die Umsetzung der beiden reaktiven Kettenenden mit dem N-Terminus eines Peptidblocks ergab ein Peptid-Polymer-Peptid Triblockcopolymer.rnSchließlich konnten die anorganisch-organischen Hybridmaterialien PMSSQ-Poly(2,2-diethoxyethylacrylat) (PMSSQ-PDEEA) und PMSSQ-Poly(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethylacrylat) (PMSSQ-PDMA) für die Herstellung robuster, peptid-reaktiver Oberflächen durch Spin Coaten und thermisch induziertes Vernetzen angewendet werden. Nach saurem Entschützen der Acetalgruppen in diesen Filmen konnten die resultierenden Aldehydgruppen durch einfaches Eintauchen in eine Lösung mit einer Auswahl von Aminen und Hydroxylaminen umgesetzt werden, wodurch die Oberflächenhydrophilie modifiziert werden konnte. Darüber hinaus konnten auf Basis der unterschiedlichen Stabilität der zwei hier verglichenen Acetalgruppen Entschützungsprotokolle für die exklusive Entschützung der Diethylacetale in PMSSQ-PDEEA und deren Umsetzung ohne Entschützung der zyklischen Ethylenacetale in PMSSQ-PDMA entwickelt werden, die die Herstellung multifunktioneller Oberflächenbeschichtungen z.B. für die Proteinimmobilisierung ermöglichen.

Integrazione di misure NMR e microscopiche per la descrizione quantitativa degli effetti di stress esterni su colture cellulari

La tesi si occupa dell’integrazione di misure NMR e microscopiche per la descrizione quantitativa degli effetti di stress esterni su colture cellulari. Una maggiore comprensione dei dati ricavati tramite NMR potrebbe consentire di interpretare la vitalità e funzionalità cellulare attraverso la localizzazione spaziale degli idrogeni. L'ipotesi di partenza è che la compartimentazione degli idrogeni (associati a molecole di acqua) nel citoplasma possa fornire una stima del numero di cellule vitali (e quindi in grado di mantenere l'acqua al proprio interno mediante processi attivi). I risultati NMR, prodotti dal gruppo di ricerca del Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università di Bologna della Prof.ssa Fantazzini, sono stati comparati con le informazioni acquisite dal candidato tramite metodologie di conteggio cellulare (sia vive che morte) presenti in un campione sottoposto a forte e prolungato stress (assenza di terreno di coltura e di bilanciamento del sistema tampone tramite CO2 per 400 ore). Cellule da una linea di glioblastoma multiforme (T98G) mantenute in condizioni di coltura standard sono state preparate secondo lo stesso protocollo per entrambe le tecniche di indagine, e monitorate per intervalli di tempo paragonabili. Le immagini delle cellule ottenute al microscopio ottico in modalità “contrasto di fase” sono state acquisite e utilizzate per l’analisi. Una volta definito un metodo di conteggio sperimentale, è stato possibile dedurre il comportamento delle concentrazioni di cellule sopravvissute in funzione del tempo di campionamento. Da una serie ripetuta di esperimenti è stato caratterizzato un andamento nel tempo di tipo esponenziale decrescente per il numero di cellule vive, permettendo la stima della costante di decadimento in buon accordo tra i vari esperimenti. Un analogo modello esponenziale è stato utilizzato per la descrizione dell'aumento del numero di cellule morte. In questo caso, la difficoltà nell'individuare cellule morte integre (per la frammentazione delle membrane cellulari dopo la morte) ha contribuito a determinare una sistematica sottostima nei conteggi. Il confronto dei risultati NMR e microscopici indica che la diminuzione del numero di cellule vive corrisponde ad una analoga diminuzione degli H1 compartimentalizzati fino ad un tempo specifico di circa 50-60 ore in tutti gli esperimenti. Oltre questo tempo, i dati di NMR mostrano invece un incremento di H1 compartimentalizzati, quando invece il numero di cellule vive continua a diminuire in modo monotono. Per interpretare i risultati ottenuti, è stato quindi ipotizzato che, a partire da cellule morte frammentate, strutture micellari e liposomiali formate dai lipidi di membrana in soluzione possano intrappolare gli H1 liberi, aumentando il segnale di risposta della componente compartimentalizzata come evidenziato in NMR.

NMR Based Foodomics to Investigate the Digestibility of Protein-Rich Food Products

Nowadays, in developed countries, the excessive food intake, in conjunction with a decreased physical activity, has led to an increase in lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type -2 diabetes, a range of cancer types and arthritis. The socio-economic importance of such lifestyle-related diseases has encouraged countries to increase their efforts in research, and many projects have been initiated recently in research that focuses on the relationship between food and health. Thanks to these efforts and to the growing availability of technologies, the food companies are beginning to develop healthier food. The necessity of rapid and affordable methods, helping the food industries in the ingredient selection has stimulated the development of in vitro systems that simulate the physiological functions to which the food components are submitted when administrated in vivo. One of the most promising tool now available appears the in vitro digestion, which aims at predicting, in a comparative way among analogue food products, the bioaccessibility of the nutrients of interest.. The adoption of the foodomics approach has been chosen in this work to evaluate the modifications occurring during the in vitro digestion of selected protein-rich food products. The measure of the proteins breakdown was performed via NMR spectroscopy, the only techniques capable of observing, directly in the simulated gastric and duodenal fluids, the soluble oligo- and polypeptides released during the in vitro digestion process. The overall approach pioneered along this PhD work, has been discussed and promoted in a large scientific community, with specialists networked under the INFOGEST COST Action, which recently released a harmonized protocol for the in vitro digestion. NMR spectroscopy, when used in tandem with the in vitro digestion, generates a new concept, which provides an additional attribute to describe the food quality: the comparative digestibility, which measures the improvement of the nutrients bioaccessibility.

Spins, moments and radii of cd isotopes

The complex nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the wide range of systems covered by the roughly 3000 known nuclides leads to a multitude of effects observed in nuclear structure. Among the most prominent ones is the occurence of shell closures at so-called ”magic numbers”, which are explained by the nuclear shell model. Although the shell model already is on duty for several decades, it is still constantly extended and improved. For this process of extension, fine adjustment and verification, it is important to have experimental data of nuclear properties, especially at crucial points like in the vicinity of shell closures. This is the motivation for the work performed in this thesis: the measurement and analysis of nuclear ground state properties of the isotopic chain of 100−130Cd by collinear laser spectroscopy.rnrnThe experiment was conducted at ISOLDE/CERN using the collinear laser spectroscopy apparatus COLLAPS. This experiment is the continuation of a run on neutral atomic cadmium from A = 106 to A = 126 and extends the measured isotopes to even more exotic species. The required gain in sensitivity is mainly achieved by using a radiofrequency cooler and buncher for background reduction and by using the strong 5s 2S1/2 → 5p 2P3/2 transition in singly ionized Cd. The latter requires a continuous wave laser system with a wavelength of 214.6 nm, which has been developed during this thesis. Fourth harmonic generation of an infrared titanium sapphire laser is achieved by two subsequent cavity-enhanced second harmonic generations, leading to the production of deep-UV laser light up to about 100 mW.rnrnThe acquired data of the Z = 48 Cd isotopes, having one proton pair less than the Z = 50 shell closure at tin, covers the isotopes from N = 52 up to N = 82 and therefore almost the complete region between the neutron shell closures N = 50 and N = 82. The isotope shifts and the hyperfine structures of these isotopes have been recorded and the magnetic dipole moments, the electric quadrupole moments, spins and changes in mean square charge radii are extracted. The obtained data reveal among other features an extremely linear behaviour of the quadrupole moments of the I = 11/2− isomeric states and a parabolic development in differences in mean square nuclear charge radii between ground and isomeric state. The development of charge radii between the shell closures is smooth, exposes a regular odd-even staggering and can be described and interpreted in the model of Zamick and Thalmi.

Rilassometria NMR per lo studio degli ioni cobalto nel cobaltismo da artroprotesi

Il rilascio di detriti d’usura metallici è una grave problematicità connessa ai sistemi protesici, e principalmente riguarda le protesi d’anca ad accoppiamento metallo su metallo in lega CoCr. La presenza di un livello di ioni Co nel siero che supera la soglia di tossicità è correlata a metallosi periprotesica eal fallimento del l’impianto. Recentemente è emersa un’altra casistica, presumibilmente connessa alla distribuzione e accumulo di questi ioni in tessuti di organi anche lontani dall’impianto, che si manifesta con una sintomatologia sistemica analoga a casi noti di avvelenamento da Cobalto. Nel contesto di questa nuova patologia sarebbe di grande interesse la possibilità di monitorare in-vivo la distribuzione del Cobalto rilasciato da protesi articolari, in organi o tessuti di pazienti che manifestano alti ivelli ionici di Co nel siero utilizzando metodiche non invasive come l’NMR. L’ipotesi sperimentale di applicabilità prende spunto dalle proprietà magnetiche che alcuni composti del Cobalto possono presentare nell’organismo. In questo lavoro sperimentale, nato dalla collaborazione tra il laboratorio NMR del DIFA dell’Università di Bologna e l’Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR) di Bolgna, si presentano i risultati relativi allo studio di fattibilità condotto con diverse metodiche di rilassometria NMR su campioni biologici in presenza di Co. L’obiettivo riguarda la caratterizzazione delle proprietà di rilassamento con elettromagnete a temperatura ambiente e fisiologica, e la valutazione delle dinamiche molecolari dai profili NMRD ottenuti alle basse frequenze con metodica Fast Field Cycling, dei nuclei 1H di tali sistemi in presenza di Co.

The use of mobile single-sided NMR for the diagnosis of osteoporosis: a preliminary study

Una nuova ed originale tecnica è stata messa a punto, finalizzata alla realizzazione di una procedura per la diagnosi dell’osteoporosi, mediante l’utilizzo di scanner low field single-sided NMR. Tre differenti scanner (NMR MOLE, MOUSE PM 10 e MOUSE PM5) sono stati usati per determinare il Bone Volume-to-Total Volume ratio (BV/TV), parametro che fornisce indicazioni sulla microstruttura dell’osso. I risultati sono stati confrontati con le analisi micro-CT. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti nel Lab. NMR del dipartimento DIFA di UNIBO e nel Lab. NMR della Victoria University di Wellington (NZ), durante un periodo di visita di cinque mesi, supportato da una borsa di studio della “Facoltà di Scienze” di UNIBO. Le analisi micro-CT sono state condotte presso il Lab. di Tecnologie Mediche dell’Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna. La ricerca è stata parzialmente finanziata dalla “Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna”. La caratterizzazione dell’osso trabecolare di campioni animali e dei tessuti che lo circondano (come cartilagine e muscolo) è stata condotta tramite mappe di correlazione T1-T2 e D-T2 , dove T1 e T2 sono, rispettivamente, il tempo di rilassamento longitudinale e trasversale del nucleo 1H, e D è il coefficiente di autodiffusione molecolare. E’ stata sviluppata una sequenza di impulsi (Diffusion-Weighted T1-T2) per ottenere mappe T1-T2 pesate in diffusione. I risultati hanno consentito di mettere a punto una procedura che elimina il segnale NMR proveniente da cartilagine e muscolo, rendendo più realistico lo scenario di applicazione in-vivo. I tre diversi dispositivi NMR hanno dato risultati consistenti tra loro e con le immagini micro-CT. L’intera catena di esperimenti condotti ha mostrato che dispositivi NMR single-sided possono essere usati per valutare il BV/TV di ossa trabecolari, con il vantaggio di essere portatili, a basso costo e non invasivi, permettendo campagne di screening della popolazione a rischio osteoporosi.

Two-dimensional relaxation-diffusion analysis to study water compartmentalization in cells by a single-sided NMR device

In questo lavoro di tesi è presentato un metodo per lo studio della compartimentalizzazione dell’acqua in cellule biologiche, mediante lo studio dell’autodiffusione delle molecole d’acqua tramite uno strumento NMR single-sided. Le misure sono state eseguite nel laboratorio NMR all’interno del DIFA di Bologna. Sono stati misurati i coefficienti di autodiffusione di tre campioni in condizione bulk, ottenendo risultati consistenti con la letteratura. È stato poi analizzato un sistema cellulare modello, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, allo stato solido, ottimizzando le procedure per l’ottenimento di mappe di correlazione 2D, aventi come assi il coefficiente di autodiffusione D e il tempo di rilassamento trasversale T2. In questo sistema l’acqua è confinata e l’autodiffusione è ristretta dalle pareti cellulari, si parla quindi di coefficiente di autodiffusione apparente, Dapp. Mediante le mappe sono state individuate due famiglie di nuclei 1H. Il campione è stato poi analizzato in diluizione in acqua distillata, confermando la separazione del segnale in due distinte famiglie. L’utilizzo di un composto chelato, il CuEDTA, ha permesso di affermare che la famiglia con il Dapp maggiore corrisponde all’acqua esterna alle cellule. L’analisi dei dati ottenuti sulle due famiglie al variare del tempo lasciato alle molecole d’acqua per la diffusione hanno portato alla stima del raggio dei due compartimenti: r=2.3±0.2µm per l’acqua extracellulare, r=0.9±0.1µm per quella intracellulare, che è probabilmente acqua scambiata tra gli organelli e il citoplasma. L’incertezza associata a tali stime tiene conto soltanto dell’errore nel calcolo dei parametri liberi del fit dei dati, è pertanto una sottostima, dovuta alle approssimazioni connesse all’utilizzo di equazioni valide per un sistema poroso costituito da pori sferici connessi non permeabili. Gli ordini di grandezza dei raggi calcolati sono invece consistenti con quelli osservabili dalle immagini ottenute con il microscopio ottico.

pH-dependent distribution of chlorin e6 derivatives across phospholipid bilayers probed by NMR spectroscopy

The pH-dependent membrane adsorption and distribution of three chlorin derivatives, chlorin e6 (CE), rhodin G7 (RG), and monoaspartyl-chlorin e6 (MACE), in the physiological pH range (pH 6-8) were probed by NMR spectroscopy. Unilamellar vesicles consisting of dioleoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DOPC) were used as membrane models. The chlorin derivatives were characterized with respect to their aggregation behavior, the pK(a) values of individual carboxylate groups, the extent of membrane adsorption, and their flip-flop rates across the bilayer membrane for pH 6-8. External membrane adsorption was found to be lower for RG than for CE and MACE. Both electrostatic interactions and the extent of aggregation seemed to be the main determinants of membrane adsorption. Rate constants for chlorin transfer across the membrane were found to correlate strongly with the pH of the surrounding medium, in particular, for CE and RG. In acidic solution, CE and RG transfer across the membrane was strongly accelerated, and in basic solution, all compounds were retained, mostly in the outer monolayer. In contrast, MACE flip-flop across the membrane remained very low even at pH 6. The protonation of ionizable groups is suggested to be a major determinant of chlorin transfer rates across the bilayer. pK(a) values of CE and RG were found to be between 6 and 8, and two of the carboxylate groups in MACE had pK(a) values below 6. For CE and RG, the kinetic profiles at acidic pH indicated that the initial fast membrane distribution was followed by secondary steps that are discussed in this article.