Determination of vibrational polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities using field-induced coordinates

An analytical set of field-induced coordinates is defined and is used to show that the vibrational degrees of freedom required to completely describe nuclear relaxation polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities is reduced from 3N-6 to a relatively small number. As this number does not depend upon the size of the molecule, the process provides computational advantages. A method is provided to separate anharmonic contributions from harmonic contributions as well as effective mechanical from electrical anharmonicity. The procedures are illustrated by Hartree-Fock calculations, indicating that anharmonicity can be very important

Electron localization function at the correlated level

The electron localization function (ELF) has been proven so far a valuable tool to determine the location of electron pairs. Because of that, the ELF has been widely used to understand the nature of the chemical bonding and to discuss the mechanism of chemical reactions. Up to now, most applications of the ELF have been performed with monodeterminantal methods and only few attempts to calculate this function for correlated wave functions have been carried out. Here, a formulation of ELF valid for mono- and multiconfigurational wave functions is given and compared with previous recently reported approaches. The method described does not require the use of the homogeneous electron gas to define the ELF, at variance with the ELF definition given by Becke. The effect of the electron correlation in the ELF, introduced by means of configuration interaction with singles and doubles calculations, is discussed in the light of the results derived from a set of atomic and molecular systems

The curvature of the conical intersection seam: an approximate second-order analysis

We present a method for analyzing the curvature (second derivatives) of the conical intersection hyperline at an optimized critical point. Our method uses the projected Hessians of the degenerate states after elimination of the two branching space coordinates, and is equivalent to a frequency calculation on a single Born-Oppenheimer potential-energy surface. Based on the projected Hessians, we develop an equation for the energy as a function of a set of curvilinear coordinates where the degeneracy is preserved to second order (i.e., the conical intersection hyperline). The curvature of the potential-energy surface in these coordinates is the curvature of the conical intersection hyperline itself, and thus determines whether one has a minimum or saddle point on the hyperline. The equation used to classify optimized conical intersection points depends in a simple way on the first- and second-order degeneracy splittings calculated at these points. As an example, for fulvene, we show that the two optimized conical intersection points of C2v symmetry are saddle points on the intersection hyperline. Accordingly, there are further intersection points of lower energy, and one of C2 symmetry - presented here for the first time - is found to be the global minimum in the intersection space

C-H···O H-bonded complexes: how does basis set superposition error change their potential-energy surfaces?

Geometries, vibrational frequencies, and interaction energies of the CNH⋯O3 and HCCH⋯O3 complexes are calculated in a counterpoise-corrected (CP-corrected) potential-energy surface (PES) that corrects for the basis set superposition error (BSSE). Ab initio calculations are performed at the Hartree-Fock (HF) and second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) levels, using the 6-31G(d,p) and D95++(d,p) basis sets. Interaction energies are presented including corrections for zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE) and thermal correction to enthalpy at 298 K. The CP-corrected and conventional PES are compared; the unconnected PES obtained using the larger basis set including diffuse functions exhibits a double well shape, whereas use of the 6-31G(d,p) basis set leads to a flat single-well profile. The CP-corrected PES has always a multiple-well shape. In particular, it is shown that the CP-corrected PES using the smaller basis set is qualitatively analogous to that obtained with the larger basis sets, so the CP method becomes useful to correctly describe large systems, where the use of small basis sets may be necessary

A quantum molecular similarity analysis of changes in molecular electron density caused by basis set flotation and electric field application

Quantum molecular similarity (QMS) techniques are used to assess the response of the electron density of various small molecules to application of a static, uniform electric field. Likewise, QMS is used to analyze the changes in electron density generated by the process of floating a basis set. The results obtained show an interrelation between the floating process, the optimum geometry, and the presence of an external field. Cases involving the Le Chatelier principle are discussed, and an insight on the changes of bond critical point properties, self-similarity values and density differences is performed

How does basis set superposition error change the potential surfaces for hydrogen-bonded dimers?

We describe a simple method to automate the geometric optimization of molecular orbital calculations of supermolecules on potential surfaces that are corrected for basis set superposition error using the counterpoise (CP) method. This method is applied to the H-bonding complexes HF/HCN, HF/H2O, and HCCH/H2O using the 6-31G(d,p) and D95 + + (d,p) basis sets at both the Hartree-Fock and second-order Møller-Plesset levels. We report the interaction energies, geometries, and vibrational frequencies of these complexes on the CP-optimized surfaces; and compare them with similar values calculated using traditional methods, including the (more traditional) single point CP correction. Upon optimization on the CP-corrected surface, the interaction energies become more negative (before vibrational corrections) and the H-bonding stretching vibrations decrease in all cases. The extent of the effects vary from extremely small to quite large depending on the complex and the calculational method. The relative magnitudes of the vibrational corrections cannot be predicted from the H-bond stretching frequencies alone

A comparative analysis by means of quantum molecular similarity measures of density distributions derived from conventional ab initio and density functional methods

A procedure based on quantum molecular similarity measures (QMSM) has been used to compare electron densities obtained from conventional ab initio and density functional methodologies at their respective optimized geometries. This method has been applied to a series of small molecules which have experimentally known properties and molecular bonds of diverse degrees of ionicity and covalency. Results show that in most cases the electron densities obtained from density functional methodologies are of a similar quality than post-Hartree-Fock generalized densities. For molecules where Hartree-Fock methodology yields erroneous results, the density functional methodology is shown to yield usually more accurate densities than those provided by the second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory

Ab initio benchmark study for the oxidative addition of CH4 to Pd: importance of basis-set flexibility and polarization

To obtain a state-of-the-art benchmark potential energy surface (PES) for the archetypal oxidative addition of the methane C-H bond to the palladium atom, we have explored this PES using a hierarchical series of ab initio methods (Hartree-Fock, second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, fourth-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory with single, double and quadruple excitations, coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD), and with triple excitations treated perturbatively [CCSD(T)]) and hybrid density functional theory using the B3LYP functional, in combination with a hierarchical series of ten Gaussian-type basis sets, up to g polarization. Relativistic effects are taken into account either through a relativistic effective core potential for palladium or through a full four-component all-electron approach. Counterpoise corrected relative energies of stationary points are converged to within 0.1-0.2 kcal/mol as a function of the basis-set size. Our best estimate of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters is -8.1 (-8.3) kcal/mol for the formation of the reactant complex, 5.8 (3.1) kcal/mol for the activation energy relative to the separate reactants, and 0.8 (-1.2) kcal/mol for the reaction energy (zero-point vibrational energy-corrected values in parentheses). This agrees well with available experimental data. Our work highlights the importance of sufficient higher angular momentum polarization functions, f and g, for correctly describing metal-d-electron correlation and, thus, for obtaining reliable relative energies. We show that standard basis sets, such as LANL2DZ+ 1f for palladium, are not sufficiently polarized for this purpose and lead to erroneous CCSD(T) results. B3LYP is associated with smaller basis set superposition errors and shows faster convergence with basis-set size but yields relative energies (in particular, a reaction barrier) that are ca. 3.5 kcal/mol higher than the corresponding CCSD(T) values

The hardness profile as a tool to detect spurious stationary points in the potential energy surface

The energy and hardness profile for a series of inter and intramolecular conformational changes at several levels of calculation were computed. The hardness profiles were found to be calculated as the difference between the vertical ionization potential and electron affinity. The hardness profile shows the correct number of stationary points independently of the basis set and methodology used. It was found that the hardness profiles can be used to check the reliability of the energy profiles for those chemical system

Density functional energy decomposition into one- and two-atom contributions

The present work provides a generalization of Mayer's energy decomposition for the density-functional theory (DFT) case. It is shown that one- and two-atom Hartree-Fock energy components in Mayer's approach can be represented as an action of a one-atom potential VA on a one-atom density ρ A or ρ B. To treat the exchange-correlation term in the DFT energy expression in a similar way, the exchange-correlation energy density per electron is expanded into a linear combination of basis functions. Calculations carried out for a number of density functionals demonstrate that the DFT and Hartree-Fock two-atom energies agree to a reasonable extent with each other. The two-atom energies for strong covalent bonds are within the range of typical bond dissociation energies and are therefore a convenient computational tool for assessment of individual bond strength in polyatomic molecules. For nonspecific nonbonding interactions, the two-atom energies are low. They can be either repulsive or slightly attractive, but the DFT results more frequently yield small attractive values compared to the Hartree-Fock case. The hydrogen bond in the water dimer is calculated to be between the strong covalent and nonbonding interactions on the energy scale

New Ruthenium complexes containing N, P and S-donor type of ligands: coordination chemistry, characterization and application to asymetric and non-asymetric catalysis

Síntesi de nous complexos de Ruteni amb lligands no quirals que tenen per fórmula [Ru(phen)([9]aneS3)X] (on X = H2O, py i MeCN). Caracterització espectroscòpica electroquímica i estructural d'aquesta família de complexos. Estudi de les seves propietats catalítiques en front a l'oxidació de substrats orgànics com l'alcohol benzílic en reaccions d'electrocatàlisi. Avaluació cinètica dels mecanismes de substitució entre els complexos Ru-py i Ru-MeCN. Generació d'un interruptor molecular foto-induït. Síntesi de nous complexos quirals de Ru atropoisomèricament purs amb lligands oxazolínics que tenen per fórmula [Ru(trpy)(Ph-box-R)X] on (X = Cl, H2O, py, MeCN, 2-OH-py). Caracterització estructural exhaustiva en estat sòlid (Raig-X) en solució (RMN) i en fase gas (càlculs DFT). Avaluació de la seva activitat catalítica en reaccions asimmetriques d'epoxidació de substrats proquirals. Síntesi de nous lligands polipiridílics quirals amb simetria C3. Estudi de la seva química de coordinació i avaluació de la seva activitat catalítica en reaccions asimmetriques d'oxidació i reducció.

Noves aproximacions a la síntesi i caracterització de poliglicols al·lílics, polihidrosiloxans i surfactants copolimèrics. Avaluació d'aquests surfactants en formulacions de poliuretà

Els polímers són una sèrie de compostos que troben un ampli ventall d'aplicacions en la indústria actual. Un exemple són les espumes de poliuretà, estructures de tipus cel·lular obtingudes mitjançant la reacció química entre compostos de tipus isocianat i compostos de tipus poliol (polièters amb diferent nombre de grups hidroxil). És imprescindible l'ús d'additius d'estructura tensioactiva (surfactants de silicona) per estabilitzar el procés d'espumació i per proporcionar una estructura cel·lular ordenada i homogènia en mida i distribució. La síntesis i caracterització de les molècules precursores (polihidrosiloxans i polièters al·lílics), l'estudi de la reacció d'hidrosililació com a via d'obtenció dels diferents surfactants per reacció d'addició entre els polihidrosiloxans i els polièters al·lílics i la caracterització i avaluació en formulacions comercials de poliuretà dels surfactants sintetitzats han constituït els objectius del present treball. MEMÒRIA La Tesi Doctoral ha estat presentada seguint el següent esquema: CAPÍTOL I. INTRODUCCIÓ A LA QUÍMICA DEL POLIURETÀ. Es presenten els principis de la química del poliuretà, fent esment dels recents avenços en la síntesis i caracterització d'aquests compostos polimèrics, així com un apartat concret centrat en els surfactants de silicona. Es presenten les estructures habituals d'aquests compostos comercials i es detallen les reaccions de síntesi i les característiques físiques que aquests compostos proporcionen a les espumes de poliuretà. CAPÍTOL II. OBJECTIUS. 1.- Síntesis y caracterització d'una àmplia gamma de poliglicols al·lílics i de polihidrosiloxans amb grups hidrur reactius, ambdós precursors d'estructures polimèriques de tipus surfactant. 2.- Estudi de la reacció d'hidrosililació com a via de formació d'enllaços Si-C no hidrolitzables, mitjançant la reacció d'addició entre els substrats al·lílics insaturats i els polisiloxans amb grups hidrur reactius. 3.- Caracterització de les estructures polimèriques de tipus surfactant sintetitzades i avaluació d'aquestes en formulacions de poliuretà, a fi de relacionar l'estructura química d'aquests oligómers amb els efectes físics que originen en l'espuma de poliuretà. CAPÍTOL III. SÍNTESI I CARACTERITZACIÓ DE SUBSTRATS AL·LÍLICS INSATURATS DE TIPUS POLIGLICOL. S'han caracteritzat per HPLC-UV una sèrie de polietilenglicols comercials. S'ha estudiat la reacció de derivatització al·lílica sobre els grups hidroxil dels polièters comercials (PEG, PPG i copolímers PEG-PPG) i s'han caracteritzat exhaustivament els productes sintetitzats (1H,13C-RMN, GC, GC-MS, FTIR, ESI-MS, HPLC-UV). S'ha iniciat un estudi de polimerització aniònica sobre nous epòxids amb un punt de diversitat molecular, sintetitzant-se i caracteritzant-se els corresponents nous polièters obtinguts. CAPÍTOL IV. SÍNTESI I CARACTERITZACIÓ DE POLIHIDROSILOXANS REACTIUS. S'estudia la síntesis de polihidrosiloxans amb grups hidrur reactius, mitjançant la reacció de polimerització aniònica d'obertura d'anell ("AROP, anionic ring opening polimerization") i mitjançant la reacció de polimerització per equilibració catiònica. Es presenta una caracterització exhaustiva dels productes sintetitzats i es descriu la naturalesa de la microestructura polimèrica a partir de la distribució bivariant dels copolímers PDMS-co-PHMS (poli(dimetilsiloxà)-co-poli(hidrometilsiloxà)). CAPÍTOL V. ESTUDI SISTEMÀTIC DE LA REACCIÓ D'HIDROSILILACIÓ. S'ha estudiat la reacció d'hidrosililació amb la finalitat de sintetitzar estructures copolimèriques poliglicol-polisiloxà a partir de la reacció de polisiloxans hidrur reactius i polièters al·lílics. S'han provat diferents catalitzadors (Pt/C 5%, cat. de Speier i cat. de Karstedt), s'han sintetitzat diferents estructures tensoactives (lineals i ramificades) i s'ha modelitzat les diferents reaccions secundàries observades, per presentar un estudi mecanístic de la reacció d'hidrosililació aplicada a la síntesis de molècules d'elevat PM a partir de la reacció entre substrats al·lílics insaturats i polihidrosiloxans. CAPÍTOL VI. AVALUACIÓ DELS SURFACTANTS EN FORMULACIONS DE POLIURETÀ. S'ha estudiat la idoneïtat dels surfactants de silicona sintetitzats en diferents formulacions de poliuretà comercials. S'ha relacionat el comportament físic d'aquests surfactants en les espumes de poliuretà amb la seva estructura química a partir de l'anàlisi per microscòpia electrònica de rastreig. CAPÍTOL VII. CONCLUSIONS. S'han esposat les conclusions extretes de cada capítol.

Reaccions de cicloaddició [2+2+2] catalitzades per Rh(I)

The development of new chemical processes and efficient catalysts for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds is an important topic in organic chemistry. In particular, the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction involving different insaturations mainly alkynes, alkenes and nitriles is a highly efficient synthetic tool that allows polysubstituted benzenic, cyclohexadienic and pyridinic compounds to be obtained in one reaction step and in an atom economy process, resulting in the simultaneous formation of three new bonds in the formed ring. In recent years, research to produce new catalysts that can work effectively in mild reaction conditions has attracted great interest, as has the use of these processes in the synthesis of products of potential biological interest. This doctoral thesis is based on the methodological study of the rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction.

Rhodium(I) catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions: experimental and theoretical studies

The [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction involves the formation of three carbon-carbon bonds in one single step using alkynes, alkenes, nitriles, carbonyls and other unsaturated reagents as reactants. This is one of the most elegant methods for the construction of polycyclic aromatic compounds and heteroaromatic, which have important academic and industrial uses. The thesis is divided into ten chapters including six related publications. The first study based on the Wilkinson’s catalyst, RhCl(PPh3)3, compares the reaction mechanism of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition process of acetylene with the cycloaddition obtained for the model of the complex, RhCl(PH3)3. In an attempt to reduce computational costs in DFT studies, this research project aimed to substitute PPh3 ligands for PH3, despite the electronic and steric effects produced by PPh3 ligands being significantly different to those created by PH3 ones. In this first study, detailed theoretical calculations were performed to determine the reaction mechanism of the two complexes. Despite some differences being detected, it was found that modelling PPh3 by PH3 in the catalyst helps to reduce the computational cost significantly while at the same time providing qualitatively acceptable results. Taking into account the results obtained in this earlier study, the model of the Wilkinson’s catalyst, RhCl(PH3)3, was applied to study different [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions with unsaturated systems conducted in the laboratory. Our research group found that in the case of totally closed systems, specifically 15- and 25-membered azamacrocycles can afford benzenic compounds, except in the case of 20-membered azamacrocycle (20-MAA) which was inactive with the Wilkinson’s catalyst. In this study, theoretical calculations allowed to determine the origin of the different reactivity of the 20-MAA, where it was found that the activation barrier of the oxidative addition of two alkynes is higher than those obtained for the 15- and 25-membered macrocycles. This barrier was attributed primarily to the interaction energy, which corresponds to the energy that is released when the two deformed reagents interact in the transition state. The main factor that helped to provide an explanation to the different reactivity observed was that the 20-MAA had a more stable and delocalized HOMO orbital in the oxidative addition step. Moreover, we observed that the formation of a strained ten-membered ring during the cycloaddition of 20-MAA presents significant steric hindrance. Furthermore, in Chapter 5, an electrochemical study is presented in collaboration with Prof. Anny Jutand from Paris. This work allowed studying the main steps of the catalytic cycle of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction between diynes with a monoalkyne. First kinetic data were obtained of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition process catalyzed by the Wilkinson’s catalyst, where it was observed that the rate-determining step of the reaction can change depending on the structure of the starting reagents. In the case of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction involving two alkynes and one alkene in the same molecule (enediynes), it is well known that the oxidative coupling may occur between two alkynes giving the corresponding metallacyclopentadiene, or between one alkyne and the alkene affording the metallacyclopentene complex. Wilkinson’s model was used in DFT calculations to analyze the different factors that may influence in the reaction mechanism. Here it was observed that the cyclic enediynes always prefer the oxidative coupling between two alkynes moieties, while the acyclic cases have different preferences depending on the linker and the substituents used in the alkynes. Moreover, the Wilkinson’s model was used to explain the experimental results achieved in Chapter 7 where the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction of enediynes is studied varying the position of the double bond in the starting reagent. It was observed that enediynes type yne-ene-yne preferred the standard [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction, while enediynes type yne-yne-ene suffered β-hydride elimination followed a reductive elimination of Wilkinson’s catalyst giving cyclohexadiene compounds, which are isomers from those that would be obtained through standard [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis is based on the use of DFT calculations to determine the reaction mechanism when the macrocycles are treated with transition metals that are inactive to the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction, but which are thermally active leading to new polycyclic compounds. Thus, a domino process was described combining an ene reaction and a Diels-Alder cycloaddition.

Single and multiple addition to C60. A computational chemistry study

Des del seu descobriment, a la molècula C60 se li coneixen una varietat de derivats segons el tipus de funcionalització amb propietats fisicoquímiques específiques de gran interès científic. Una sel·lecció de derivats corresponents a addicions simple o múltiple al C60 s'ha considerat en aquest treball d'investigació. L'estudi a nivell de química computacional de diversos tipus d'addició al C60 s'han portat a terme per tal de poder donar resposta a aspectes que experimentalment no s'entenen o són poc clars. Els sistemes estudiats en referència a l'addició simple al C60 han estat en primer lloc els monoiminoful·lerens, C60NR, (de les dues vies proposades per la seva síntesi, anàlisis cinètic i termodinàmic han ajudat a explicar els mecanismes de formació i justificar l'addició a enllaços tipus [5,6]), i en segon lloc els metanoful·lerens i els hidroful·lerens substituits, C60CHR i C60HR, (raons geomètriques, electròniques, energètiques i magnètiques justifiquen el diferent caràcter àcid ente ambdós derivats tenint en compte una sèrie de substituents R amb diferent caràcter electrònic donor/acceptor). Els fluoroful·lerens, C60Fn, i els epoxid ful·lerens, C60On, (anàlisi sistemàtic dels seus patrons d'addició en base a poder justificar la força que els governa han aportat dades complementàries a les poques que existeixen experimentalment al respecte).