Cáncer gástrico en Colombia entre 2000 y 2009

Introducción: De todos los casos de cáncer en el mundo el 80% se presentan en países en vía de desarrollo siendo el cáncer de estómago o cáncer gástrico la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo con aproximadamente 700.000 muertes cada año. En Colombia, el cáncer gástrico es la primera causa de muerte por tumores malignos en ambos sexos, aún cuando no es la primera neoplasia en frecuencia. Metodología: Estudio observacional descriptivo, de registros de defunción del DANE, Colombia 2000 a 2009. Se analizaron tasas anuales crudas y por grupos de edad, género, procedencia geográfica, estado civil, nivel educativo y área de residencia habitual estableciendo diferencias estadísticas entre las variables y sus categorías. Resultados: En el período estudiado se registraron 43759 defunciones por cáncer gástrico, con mayor frecuencia en hombres 1,5:1. Las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer gástrico ajustadas por grupos etáreos aumentan después de la quinta década de la vida. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todos los años estudiados y el departamento de residencia habitual del fallecido presentando Cauca (18,11- 19) y Boyacá (14,54-1742) las tasas más altas por 100.000 habitantes. Las tasas más altas se concentran en la zona de la Cordillera de los Andes, al estandarizar por grupos etáreos el Cauca tiene una tasa de 114,98 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Conclusión: El cáncer gástrico es la neoplasia que causa más muertes en Colombia por lo cual es necesario diseñar e implementar programas de detección precoz que vayan dirigidos al control de la mortalidad.

Creating a Table of Contents to cover only part of a file's content using MS Word 2011 for Apple computers

A Table of Contents can be tweaked so that it picks up the content from only part of a file (such as an Appendix). This video shows you how to make such a change to a Table of Contents that is based upon Heading Styles. For best viewing Download the video.

Sustaining Success Week 4 Task: Student Generated Content

Description of student generated content which you can choose to submit

Caches and Content Delivery

Getting content from server to client can be more complicated than we have discussed so far. This lecture discusses how caching and content delivery networks help to make the Web work.

"Thematically Analysing Social Network Content During Disasters Through the Lens of the Disaster Management Lifecycle" & "Investigating Similarity Between Privacy Policies of Social Networking Sites as a Precursor for Standardization"

Abstract 1: Social Networks such as Twitter are often used for disseminating and collecting information during natural disasters. The potential for its use in Disaster Management has been acknowledged. However, more nuanced understanding of the communications that take place on social networks are required to more effectively integrate this information into the processes within disaster management. The type and value of information shared should be assessed, determining the benefits and issues, with credibility and reliability as known concerns. Mapping the tweets in relation to the modelled stages of a disaster can be a useful evaluation for determining the benefits/drawbacks of using data from social networks, such as Twitter, in disaster management.A thematic analysis of tweets’ content, language and tone during the UK Storms and Floods 2013/14 was conducted. Manual scripting was used to determine the official sequence of events, and classify the stages of the disaster into the phases of the Disaster Management Lifecycle, to produce a timeline. Twenty- five topics discussed on Twitter emerged, and three key types of tweets, based on the language and tone, were identified. The timeline represents the events of the disaster, according to the Met Office reports, classed into B. Faulkner’s Disaster Management Lifecycle framework. Context is provided when observing the analysed tweets against the timeline. This illustrates a potential basis and benefit for mapping tweets into the Disaster Management Lifecycle phases. Comparing the number of tweets submitted in each month with the timeline, suggests users tweet more as an event heightens and persists. Furthermore, users generally express greater emotion and urgency in their tweets.This paper concludes that the thematic analysis of content on social networks, such as Twitter, can be useful in gaining additional perspectives for disaster management. It demonstrates that mapping tweets into the phases of a Disaster Management Lifecycle model can have benefits in the recovery phase, not just in the response phase, to potentially improve future policies and activities. Abstract2: The current execution of privacy policies, as a mode of communicating information to users, is unsatisfactory. Social networking sites (SNS) exemplify this issue, attracting growing concerns regarding their use of personal data and its effect on user privacy. This demonstrates the need for more informative policies. However, SNS lack the incentives required to improve policies, which is exacerbated by the difficulties of creating a policy that is both concise and compliant. Standardization addresses many of these issues, providing benefits for users and SNS, although it is only possible if policies share attributes which can be standardized. This investigation used thematic analysis and cross- document structure theory, to assess the similarity of attributes between the privacy policies (as available in August 2014), of the six most frequently visited SNS globally. Using the Jaccard similarity coefficient, two types of attribute were measured; the clauses used by SNS and the coverage of forty recommendations made by the UK Information Commissioner’s Office. Analysis showed that whilst similarity in the clauses used was low, similarity in the recommendations covered was high, indicating that SNS use different clauses, but to convey similar information. The analysis also showed that low similarity in the clauses was largely due to differences in semantics, elaboration and functionality between SNS. Therefore, this paper proposes that the policies of SNS already share attributes, indicating the feasibility of standardization and five recommendations are made to begin facilitating this, based on the findings of the investigation.

Review of A-level Chemistry content 2015

ITEM DESCRIPTION After producing reviews of A-level Chemistry content in 2007 and 2010, we have updated the document to reflect the changes which have been introduced for first teaching in September 2015. We will be working with our network of teachers locally to monitor the impacts of the changes on teaching and the student experience with a view to releasing an updated version in the summer of 2017. This will aim to provide insights for university staff regarding the experiences of incoming students who will have been in the first cohort to have studied the new specifications. We are grateful to the Royal Society of Chemistry for support for the final stages of compiling this report. If you spot any errors or omissions, please don't hesitate to contact us.

The regulation of Internet content. A qualitative, Colombian and comparative law study

 The incursion of Internet has created new forms of information and communication. As a result, today’s generation is culturally socialized by the influence of information and communication technologies in their various forms. This has generated a series of characteristics of social and cultural behaviour which are derivative of didactic, academic or recreational use. Nevertheless the use of the Internet from an early age represents not only a useful educational tool; it can constitute a great danger when it is used to access contents unsuitable for their adaptive development. Accordingly, it is necessary to study the legal regulation of internet content and to evaluate how such regulation may affect rights. Further, it is also important to study of the impact and use of this technological tool at level of the familiar unit, to understand better how it can suggest appropriate social mechanisms for the constructive use of Internet. The present investigation involves these two aspects with the purpose of uniting the legal and social perspective in a joint analysis that allows one more a more integral vision of this problem of great interest at the global level. 

Face and content validity of smoking-related and matched control pictures

Smoking-related pictures and matched controls are useful tools in experimental tasks of attentional bias. Noteworthy the procedures used to produce and validate these pairs of pictures are poorly reported. This study aimed to describe the production and evidence of validity of a set of smoking-related pictures and their matched controls. Two studies were conducted to assess validity. An online internet-based survey was used to assess face validity of 12 pictures related to smoking behavior and 12 matched controls. All pictures were colored and were 95mm length x 130mm width. Participants were asked if the pictures were related or not to the smoking behavior and also rated how much each picture was related to smoking behavior. The second study investigated attentional bias in smokers (n = 47) and non-smokers (n = 50), and examined how they assessed all pictures in terms of pleasantness and the 12 smoking-related pictures in terms of relevance to their own smoking behavior. Craving was assessed before and after the experiment. Results indicate that this set of pictures are valid since smoking-related pictures were considered more related to smoking behavior compared to their matched controls. Moreover, smokers showed greater attentional bias for smoking-related pictures than non-smokers. Craving and relevance of the smoking-related pictures were higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Smokers considered smoking-related pictures them less unpleasant than non-smokers. These findings provide evidence of face and content validity of this set of pictures, which will be available to researchers, contributing to maximize the standardization of future investigations.

Uncovering CLIL : Content and Language Integrated Learning in Bilingual and Multilingual Education.

Una guía para los profesores de idiomas con diferentes metodologías y técnicas utilizadas en la enseñanza del Aprendizaje Integrado de Conocimientos Curriculares y Lengua Extranjera (AICLE). Ofrece ideas y sugerencias prácticas sobre lo que funciona en el aula, explicaciones y ejemplos de cómo utilizar AICLE en la enseñanza primaria, secundaria y profesional para contribuir a conseguir el plurilingüismo.

CLIL : content and language integrated learning.

Los autores se basan en su experiencia en las escuelas secundarias, escuelas primarias y escuelas de idioma inglés en toda Europa para ofrecer una visión global de Content and Language Integral Learning (CLIL). Se resume la teoría que sustenta la enseñanza de una asignatura a través de otro idioma y se discute su aplicación práctica, destacando los ejes importantes para el desarrollo de la investigación y la práctica. Reconocen la incertidumbre que muchos docentes sienten sobre el CLIL, debido a la exigencia del lenguaje y conocimiento de la materia, al tiempo que presentan rutas teóricas y prácticas con éxito para todos.

The TKT Teaching Knowledge Test. course : CLIL module ( Content and Language Integrate Learning).

El TKT es un examen que se centra en los conocimientos esenciales que requiere todo profesor de inglés como segunda lengua. Evalúa los conocimientos pedagógicos y no las habilidades didácticas. Quienes se preparan para él profundizan sus conocimientos sobre la enseñanza del inglés y mejoran su comprensión de los conceptos relacionados con la lengua y su uso, así como la teoría y la práctica del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. La prueba es adecuada para todos los profesores de Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE) que trabajan en primaria y secundaria. Cubre las cuatro áreas claves de la prueba: conocimiento y principios de AICLE, preparación de la lección, entrega de la lección y evaluación La prueba también es adecuada para los profesores que trabajan en inglés como segunda lengua (EAL). Es una prueba de ochenta minutos que cuenta con ochenta preguntas. Éstas son una mezcla de distintas opciones verdadero - falso, selección múltiple, etc.

Making content comprehensible for English learners : the SIOP model

El libro presenta el modelo educativo SIOP (Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol) aplicado en diferentes estados de Estados Unidos para detectar la problem??tica de los alumnos que no son nativos en ingl??s y que tienen que aprender el idioma para el desarrollo de sus estudios, y para hacer los contenidos del programa de estudios comprensibles para ellos. El libro est?? estructurado en once cap??tulos: introducci??n de la ense??anza adaptada, preparaci??n de las clases, construcci??n del contexto, informaci??n comprensible, estrategias, interacci??n, pr??ctica y aplicaci??n, impartir la clase, revisi??n y valoraci??n, desarrollo de la lectura y la educaci??n especial para estudiantes de ingl??s, y uso eficaz del protocolo SIOP.

Validity evidence based on test content

Resumen tomado de la publicación