COMENIUS E O DIREITO À EDUCAÇÃO: A VISÃO PIONEIRA A CAMINHO DA UNIVERSALIDADE

Essa dissertação teve a seguinte hipótese de trabalho: Comenius e seu pensamento compõem uma das bases estruturais do direito à educação, como é entendido atualmente . Para discuti-la, buscou-se promover um diálogo entre o pensamento comeniano e a Declaração Mundial Sobre Educação Para Todos de Jomtien, 1990, UNESCO. Jan Amos Comenius, pedagogo e bispo morávio do século XVII, empenhou-se na criação e disseminação de sua proposta pansófica na sociedade, tendo a educação como papel central na renovação da cultura. Pretendeu-se apresentar Comenius como um pioneiro da educação , haja vista sua defesa por uma educação universal em meio a um contexto social desigual em meados dos anos mil e seiscentos, bem como na atualidade, o reconhecimento de seu pioneirismo pela própria UNESCO, considerando-o o antecessor espiritual daquela Organização. O pedagogo buscava uma sistematização do saber em chave pansófica, representada pela tríade omnes, omnia, omnino - ensinar tudo a todos e totalmente. Assim, objetivou-se especificamente: a) conhecer as fases de sua vida, que abarcam suas obras, bases teológicas e pedagógicas e vivências em seu contexto histórico; b) apresentar seu pensamento educacional e c) compreender especificamente sua proposta pansófica, que se liga ao direito à educação. A opção metodológica na análise histórico-documental, inspiração para a pesquisa, foi a História da Longa Duração, fundamentada em Fernand Braudel, Jacques Le Goff, Marc Bloch e Peter Burke. Autores que serviram como referência sobre Comenius são, entre outros: Olivier Cauly, João Luiz Gasparin, Franco Cambi, Frederick Eby, Jean Piaget, Will Monroe, Sérgio Covello, Latourette e Walker. A conclusão deste trabalho filosófico-jurídico apontou para a constatação de convergências entre o pensamento de Comenius e a citada Declaração de Jomtien, demonstrando sua notável presença na construção do conceito de direito à educação como um de seus pilares fundamentais na contemporaneidade. A pesquisa foi edificada sobre um ideal universal, que transcende épocas e encontra-se com o desejo intrinsecamente humano da igualdade através do conhecimento e pretende servir de subsídio e motivação para novos estudos a respeito do pensamento de Comenius relacionado ao direito à educação.

A turma da primeira carteira: os bons alunos no imaginário das escolas públicas

Este trabalho tem por objetivo, pesquisa a formação do imaginário a respeito dos estudantes considerados bons alunos ao longo da história da educação brasileira. O presente trabalho analisa ainda, o imaginário existente numa escola pública da rede estadual do Estado de São Paulo quanto ao que sua comunidade escolar considera como sendo o modelo ideal de estudante, e por isso um bom aluno para o nível de ensino fundamental II. A pesquisa empírica foi realizada através do estudo das visões que professores, gestores e alunos tinham sobre o assunto a partir da resposta de questionários respondidos por estes no decorrer do ano letivo de 2006. Acreditamos que através da compreensão das idéias que compõe o imaginário escolar a respeito dos bons alunos possamos propor uma reflexão sobre as constantes queixas de que não temos mais estudantes estudiosos, inteligentes e dedicados nas escolas públicas. Pretendemos ainda, re-pensar os discursos que destacam apenas as questões relacionadas ao fracasso da rede pública de ensino, gerando o quase desaparecimento do sucesso e dos bons alunos no imaginário das comunidades escolares acerca da educação pública. E por fim nos questionar a respeito dos problemas que determinados posicionamentos acabam acarretando na prática pedagógica de professores e no posicionamento das escolas diante do conhecimento e de seus estudantes.(AU)

Lei de Diretrizes e Bases:um caminho a percorrer entre a teoria e a prática

Essa dissertação objetiva apontar a diferença entre a teoria e a prática no que se refere à Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação brasileira. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida entre professores universitários e tem o intuito de apontar a dimensão da distância entre teoria e prática no dia a dia desses professores. A quase totalidade dos entrevistados afirmou que o texto da lei brasileira é exemplar, contudo, boa parte deles também assumiu que nem sempre os pressupostos da lei podem ser executados. Na parte que se refere à natureza da lei e suas implicações, a pesquisa apresenta em seus dois primeiros capítulos uma análise histórica e social do surgimento da atual LDB brasileira. À guisa de conclusão, fica atestado o pressuposto inicial, ou seja, a distância entre a teoria e a prática nos temas relacionados à LDB e tão extenso quanto às diversidades de pensamento típicas do universo da educação.(AU)

COMPREENSÃO DO FUNCIONAMENTO MENTAL EM PACIENTES COM ACIDENTE CEREBROVASCULAR: UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA PSICOLOGIA DA SAÚDE

O acidente cerebrovascular é uma doença de grande incidência no Brasil e no mundo. As pessoas que sofreram este tipo de acometimento podem apresentar seqüelas variadas, como motoras, cognitivas, sensoriais, sociais, afetivo-emocionais e transtornos psiquiátricos, levando a graus variados de dependência. Sendo assim, um estudo psicológico se faz importante, pois estas pessoas sofrerão mudanças em suas rotinas e no seu mundo interno.O presente trabalho trata-se de uma pesquisa clínico qualitativa, e teve como objetivos investigar as repercussões psicológicas de pacientes adultos que sofreram acidente cerebrovascular; compreender o funcionamento mental, a deterioração neuropsicológica e a adaptação humana desses pacientes, através da Escala de Avaliação Global do Funcionamento, do Desenho da Figura Humana, e da Escala do Diagnóstico Adaptativo Operacionalizado; compreender o sofrimento psicológico em narrativas da entrevista psicológica dessas pessoas e investigar como os indivíduos contam sua própria história numa compreensão psicossomática e psicanalítica. Para isso, utilizou-se o referencial teórico da Psicanálise e as concepções de Neuropsicanálise e Psicossomática. Foram analisados os relatos de cinco pacientes em tratamento num centro de reabilitação. Observou-se que por tratar-se de uma lesão cerebral, as repercussões psicológicas de quem sofreu acidente cerebrovascular devem ser observadas do ponto de vista neuropsicológico e a dinâmica afetivo-emocional. Os dados do Eixo V do DSM-IV, Escala de Avaliação Global do Funcionamento, e da Escala do Diagnóstico Adaptativo Operacionalizado de Ryad Simon apresentaram forte correlação estatística, embora a última seja mais compreensiva do ponto de vista psicanalítico; todos os pacientes apresentaram Adaptação Ineficaz. Quanto ao Desenho da Figura Humana, questionou-se a fidedignidade deste tipo de técnica nessa população, uma vez que os dados de organicidade interferem bastante. A história construída foi um instrumento importante para investigar como o indivíduo que sofreu acidente cerebrovascular contou sua própria história, seus mecanismos de defesa e as fantasias inconscientes, surgindo nesses relatos histórias importantes de depressão. Os mecanismos de defesa predominante no funcionamento mental desses pacientes foram a repressão e a desvalorização, no funcionamento neurótico, e a onipotência no funcionamento psicótico.(AU)

A experiência do usuário idoso no design de jogo digital para a reabilitação neural de pacientes com quadro de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC)

Stroke is nowadays one of the main causes of death in Brazil and worldwide. During the rehabilitation process, patients undergo physioterapic exercises based on repetition, which may cause them to feel little progress is being made. Focusing on themes from the areas of Human-Computer Interaction and Motor Imagery, the present work describes the development of a digital game concept aimed at motor rehabilitation to the neural rehabilitation of patients who have suffered a stroke in a playful and engaging way. The research hypothesizes that an interactive digital game based on Motor Imagery contributes to patients' raised commitment in the stroke sequel rehabilitation process. The research process entailed the investigation of 10 subjects who live with sequels caused by stroke - it was further established that subjects were over 60 years old. Using as foundation an initial survey regarding target-users' specificities, where an investigation on subjectrelated aspects was carried out through Focus Group (n=9) and Contextual Analysis (n=3), having as subjects elderly individuals, a list with the necessary requirements for the conceptualization of a digital game was fleshed out. The initial survey also enabled the establishment of preliminary interactions for the formulation of game prototypes. At first, low-resolution prototypes were used, with two distinct interaction models for the game - one with a direct approach to the Motor Imagery concept, and another using a narrative with characters and scene settings. The goal was to verify participants' receptivity regarding the addition of playful activities into game dynamics. Prototypes were analyzed while being used by five patients, through the Cooperative Evaluation technique. The tests indicated a preference for option with elements in a playful narrative. Based on these results high fidelity prototypes were created, where concepts close to the game's final version were elaborated. The High Fidelity prototype was also evaluated with four patients through the Cooperative Evaluation technique. It was concluded that elderly individuals and patients were receptive to the idea of a digital game for the rehabilitation from sequels caused by stroke; that, for the success of devices aimed at these cohorts, their contexts, needs and expectations must be respected above all; and that user-centered design is an essential approach in that regard.

Ser cuidador de paciente com acidente vascular cerebral: histórias não contadas

The present study aimed to understand the experience of being a family caregiver of a patient with Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). The relevance of the study is to prove existence of a large number of caregivers of incapacitated patients, due to the CVA and it is not an academic research object, according to the literature. It is a qualitative research, which the guiding principle is the oral history of life, according to the theoretical foundation and operating of Meihy. Therefore, the following steps were highlighted: the target community, composed of all family caregivers of CVA patients; the colony, composed by family caregivers of CVA patients assisted by Home Care Service (HCS) of the Hospital José Pedro Bezerra (HJPB), in the city of Natal/RN; the network was composed of six caregivers who met the criteria for inclusion, and as zero point the first volunteer group. The population was composed of all family caregivers of patients attended by the HCS, of the HJPB having been addressed through interviews. For the empirical research there was the consent of that institution and approval by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte as CAAE 24569413.0.0000.5537 and, above all, with the acquiescence of employees in participating in the investigation, signing an informed consent. Of the empirical material, five categories of analysis were identified: the sense of being a caregiver; what has changed in the life of the caregiver; the feelings emerge in the relationship of care; the distance from family and friends; difficulties faced by the caregiver. The results show that the caregiver's life goes through profound transformations within the family as well as in all spheres of life. For the caregivers, assuming the care of a relative with CVA means renunciation and donation, compromising sometimes the individual projects and the family as a whole. In addition, they point out the confrontation of difficulties within the the assistance and humanization in healthcare, information, physical and emotional overload, as well as financial problems. Despite all the adversities that compromise the caregiver's life, it was possible to identify attitudes of resilience among caregivers, making them their daily life less strenuous and with more lightness. It is expected, therefore, that this research can contribute to a better orientation of professionals with the caregivers

Punição e controle: o “caminho punitivo” do jovem autor de ato infracional em Fortaleza - CE

This research aims to analyze the punitive pathway taken by youth for committing acts of offense in Fortaleza, capital city of Ceará, in Brazil. Therefore, we focus the analysis in institutions that mark the beginning of punitive “institutionalization” of youth in the city, such as the Child and Adolescent Specialized Police Precinct, the Luis Barros Montenegro Shelter Unit, the Public Prosecutor’s Office for Childhood and Youth, and the Child and Youth Court. Ethnography and semi-structured interviews were used as methodological tools to approach the research subjects and relevant places for the research, seeking to highlight their punitive perspective. As a result, we find that the punishment and control imposed in such loci are an extension of the punishment and control used against these same youths in society. Considering that the analyzed institutions exist in society and are composed by its members, they do not surpass the perspective of repression, control and punishment carried out towards a segment of the population, especially towards those that Souza (2011; 2012) called “subcitizens”.

O erro produzido pelo aluno no contexto pedagógico: uma luz ou uma pedra no meio do caminho?

Student’s mistakes as viewed in a didactic and pedagogical perspective are a phenomenon inevitably observed in any context in which formal teaching-andlearning processes are taking place. Researchers have shown that such mistakes are viewed most of the times as undesirable and often as a consequence of lack of attention or poor commitment on the part of the student and rarely considered didactically useful. The object of our reflections in this work is exactly those mistakes, which are born in the entrails of the teaching-and-learning processes. It is our understanding that a mistake constitutes a tool which mediates knowledge and may therefore become a strong ally of the instructor’s actions in her/his teaching tasks and thus should be taken into the teacher’s best consideration. Understanding a mistake as so, we postulate that the teacher must face it as a possibility to be exploited rather than as a negative occurrence. Such an attitude on the part of the teacher would undoubtedly render profitable didactic situations. To deepen the understanding of our aim, we took a case study on the perception of senior college students in the program of Mathematics at UFRN in the year 2009, 2nd term. The reason of this choice is the fact that Mathematics is the field presenting traditionally the poorest records in terms of school grades. In this work we put forth data associated to ENEM1 , to the UFRN Vestibular2 and the undergraduate courses on Mathematics. The theoretical matrixes supporting our reflections in this thesis follow the ideas proposed by Castorina (1988); Davis e Espósito (1990); Aquino (1997); Luckesi (2006); Cury (1994; 2008); Pinto (2000); Torre (2007). To carry out the study, we applied a semi-structured questionnaire containing 14 questions, out of which 10 were open questions. The questions were methodologically based on the Thematic Analysis – One of the techniques for Content Analysis schemed by Bardin (1977) – and it was also used the computer program Modalisa 6.0 (A software designed by faculties the University of Paris VIII). The results indicate that most of the teachers training instructors in their pedagogical practice view the mistakes made by their students only as a guide for grading and, in this procedure, the student is frequently labeled as guilty. Conclusive analyses, therefore, signal to the necessity of orienting the teachers training instructors in the sense of building a new theoretical contemplation of the students’ mistakes and their pedagogical potentialities and so making those professionals perceive the importance of such mistakes, since they reveal gaps in the process of learning and provide valuable avenues for the teaching procedures.

Atividade eletroencefalográfica de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral na aprendizagem motora de um jogo baseado em realidade virtual

Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability among adults and motor relearning is essential in motor sequelae recovery. Therefore, various techniques have been proposed to achieve this end, among them Virtual Reality. The aim of the study was to evaluate electroencephalographic activity of stroke patients in motor learning of a virtual reality-based game. The study included 10 patients with chronic stroke, right-hande; 5 with left brain injury (LP), mean age 48.8 years (± 4.76) and 5 with injury to the right (RP), mean age 52 years (± 10.93). Participants were evaluated for electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and performance while performing 15 repetitions of darts game in XBOX Kinect and also through the NIHSS, MMSE, Fugl-Meyer and the modified Ashworth scale. Patients underwent a trainning with 45 repetitions of virtual darts game, 12 sessions in four weeks. After training, patients underwent reassessment of EEG activity and performance in virtual game of darts (retention). Data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures. According to the results, there were differences between the groups (PD and PE) in frequencies Low Alpha (p = 0.0001), High Alpha (p = 0.0001) and Beta (p = 0.0001). There was an increase in alpha activation powers and a decrease in beta in the phase retention of RP group. In LP group was observed increased alpha activation potency, but without decrease in beta activation. Considering the asymmetry score, RP group increased brain activation in the left hemisphere with the practice in the frontal areas, however, LP group had increased activation of the right hemisphere in fronto-central areas, temporal and parietal. As for performance, it was observed a decrease in absolute error in the game for RP group between assessment and retention (p = 0.015), but this difference was not observed for LP group (p = 0.135). It follows then that the right brain injury patients benefited more from darts game training in the virtual environment with respect to the motor learning process, reducing neural effort in ipsilesionais areas and errors with the practice of the task. In contrast, patients with lesions in left hemisphere decrease neural effort in contralesionais areas important for motor learning and showed no performance improvements with practice of 12 sessions of virtual dart game. Thus, the RV can be used in rehabilitation of stroke patients upper limb, but the laterality of the injury should be considered in programming the motor learning protocol.

Observação da ação na reabilitação do membro superior de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral: uma revisão sistemática com metanálise

Background: stroke causes long-term impairments, limitation of activities and restriction in participation in daily life situations, especially for upper limb impairment (UL). Action Observation (AO) has been used for the rehabilitation of UL in these patients. It's a multisensory therapy which consists in observing a healthy subject performing a motor task, followed by physical practice. Objectives: assess whether the AO improves motor function of UL and dependence for activities of daily living (ADLs) of stroke patients or cause any adverse effects. Search methods: a search strategy was words and terms used for the identification of articles, in the following scientific basis Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; PsycINFO; CINAHL and LILACS. In addition to manual search of the references of articles and search for theses and dissertations in Portal Capes and LILACS. The identification of the studies was conducted from October to December 2015, being the last search on December 3. Selection criteria: randomised controlled trials (RCT) involving adults with stroke who had deficits in upper limb function and used AO as an intervention. Data collection and analysis: the data extracted from the studies were used to analyze the risk of bias, the effect of the treatment and the quality of the body of evidence. Main results: 6 studies were included, totaling 270 patients. The primary outcome analyzed was the motor function of MS. Were combined in meta-analyzes studies comparing AO versus placebo or an active control, considering the immediate and long-term effect (n=241). Regarding the motor function of the arm (5 trials), the estimated effect for the therapy was not significant. However, when considering the hand function estimating the effect was favorable to the group that conducted the AO, in short (mean difference = 6.93, 95% CI 1.48 to 12.39; P = 0.01) and long-term (mean difference = 7.57; 95% CI 1.34 the 13.80; p = 0.02). Unable to perform the analysis for functional dependency. The studies showed a low or uncertain risk of bias, but the quality of evidence the body was considered low and very low quality. Authors’ conclusions: AO was effective in improving hand function of stroke patients. Despite the low quality evidence that the use of OA in clinical practice should not be discouraged. RCT new studies should be conducted with greater methodological rigor and larger samples, covering important outcomes such as functional dependence for ADLs.

A produção textual no ensino fundamental: processo de retextualização com o gênero memórias

Teaching Portuguese language in Brazilian public schools is still limited mostly to studying decontextualized text fragments, memorizing classifications and cult of grammar rules. Considering the language as a social, cultural practice which emerges from the intersubjective interaction, we sought to propose an educational intervention that prioritizes the retextualization processes from speech to the writing of memoirs as a textual genre, so as to contribute for improving learner’s discursive performances. Therefore, paying attention to these concerns and in attempt to contribute for improving the teaching of Portuguese language in elementary school, we chose as privileged locus a 9th grade class from a state school in Bento Fernandes, RN. The corpus is formed by texts produced and retextualized by students from the elders’ oral reports within local community. We sought thus to understand what memory is, its importance for registering local spoken language and culture, as much as to carry out didactic actions that favor students’ learning in the activities of textual production. In light of the theoretical overviews about linguistic-discursive relations, based on Marcuschi’s (1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2010) conception of oralitiy-writing continuum and the debates proposed by Antunes (2003, 2014), Alves Filho (2011), Koch (2012) and Bakhtin (1992, 2011), we aimed to understand, by analyzing the retextualized memoirs, how these practices complement each other within the process of orality and writing. As for the proposal of didactic sequences, the study has been oriented by Dolz and Scheneuely (2004); as for the memoirs, by the guidelines of Coracine and Ghiraldelo (2011) and Le Goff (2010, 2013). In this way, this work followed the action-research methodology in a qualitative approach, considering the teacher (researcher) as an active agent involved in the process of knowledge production in his own educational practice, so as to interfere in the mediation, knowledge production and its dissemination in classroom context, which is the privileged locus for constructing and transforming process. There is much to be research within the area of retextualization. Yet we verified that this educational intervention, based on discursive operators of retextualization, has been proven viable as an efficient path so that we teachers can work the peculiarities of usages and functions of textual genres in oral and written modalities of a language, without grasping both as a dichotomy. This accredited us to strengthen a discourse that undoes many myths still present in that order, especially the one that causes more damage for the learners of Portuguese language – that writing is a representation of speech.

Efeitos do treino de marcha em esteira com adição de carga ao membro inferior não parético de indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral: ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado

Introduction: Gait after stroke is characterized by a significant asymmetry between the lower limbs, with predominant use of the non-paretic lower limb (NPLL) over using the paretic lower limb. Accordingly, it has been suggested that adding load/weight to the NPLL as a form of restricting the movement of this limb may favor the use of the paretic limb, reducing interlimb asymmetry. However, few studies have been conducted up to this moment, which only investigated the immediate effects of this practice. Objectives: 1) Investigating whether there is an influence of adding load to the NPLL during treadmill training on cardiovascular parameters and on gait performance of individuals with stroke, compared to treadmill training without load addition; 2) Analyzing the effects of treadmill training with and without load added to the NPLL on kinematic parameters of each lower limb during gait; 3) Analyzing the effects of treadmill training with and without load added to the NPLL on measurements of functional mobility and postural balance of these patients. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized single blinded clinical trial involving 38 subjects, with a mean age of 56.5 years, at the subacute post-stroke phase (with mean time since stroke of 4.5 months). Participants were randomly assigned into an experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). EG (n= 19) was submitted to gait training on a treadmill with the addition of load to the NPLL by ankle weights equivalent to 5% of body weight. CG (n= 19) was only submitted to gait training on a treadmill. Behavioral strategies which included home exercises were also applied to both groups. The interventions occurred daily for two consecutive weeks (Day 1 to Day 9), being of 30 minutes duration each. Outcome measures: postural balance (Berg Functional Balance Scale – BBS), functional mobility (Timed Up and Go – TUG; kinematic variables of 180° turning) and kinematic gait variables were assessed at baseline (Day 0), after four training sessions (Day 4), after nine training sessions (Day 9), and 40 days after completion of training (Follow-up). Cardiovascular parameters (mean arterial pressure and heart rate) were evaluated at four moments within each training session. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare outcomes between EG and CG in the course of the study (Day 0, Day 4, Day 9 and Follow-up). Unpaired t-tests allowed for intergroup comparison at each training session. 5% significance was used for all tests. Results: 1) Cardiovascular parameters (systemic arterial pressure, heart rate and derivated variables) did not change after the interventions and there were no differences between groups within each training session. There was an improvement in gait performance, with increased speed and distance covered, with no statistically significant difference between groups. 2) After the interventions, patients had increased paretic and non-paretic step lengths, in addition to exhibiting greater hip and knee joint excursion on both lower limbs. The gains were observed in the EG and CG, with no statistical difference between the groups and (mostly) maintained at follow-up. 3) After the interventions, patients showed better postural balance (higher scores on BBS) and functional mobility (reduced time spent on the TUG test and better performance on the 180° turning). All gains were observed in the EG and CG, with no statistically significant difference between groups and were maintained at follow-up. Conclusions: The addition of load to the NPLL did not affect cardiovascular parameters in patients with subacute stroke, similar to treadmill training without load, thus seemingly a safe training to be applied to these patients. However, the use of the load did not bring any additional benefits to gait training. The gait training program (nine training sessions on a treadmill + strategies and exercises for paretic limb stimulation) was useful for improving gait performance and kinematics, functional mobility and postural balance, and its use is suggested to promote the optimization of these outcomes in the subacute phase after stroke.

Refletindo sobre a Prática Pedagógica O professor e o desenvolvimento da Comunicação Matemática de uma turma do 5.ºano. Investigação sobre a própria prática.

Este relatório foi realizado no âmbito da Prática Pedagógica do Mestrado em 1.º e 2.º ciclos do Ensino Básico e integra duas componentes essenciais da mesma, a Reflexiva e a Investigativa. Na Componente Reflexiva podemos encontrar quatro reflexões: as duas primeiras relativas ao trabalho desenvolvido no 1.ºciclo, em turmas do 2.º e 3.ºano de escolaridade. Seguem-se as duas experiências em contexto de 2.ºciclo, ambas com turmas do 5.ºano de escolaridade, nos grupos de disciplinas Português/História e Geografia de Portugal e Matemática e Ciências Naturais. Destas reflexões emanam as principais dificuldades sentidas na prática pedagógica, bem como parte das aprendizagens realizadas. A Componente Investigativa, por sua vez, apresenta um estudo desenvolvido no 2.ºciclo do Ensino Básico, com a turma do 5.ºano de Matemática. O seu principal objetivo foi compreender de que forma uma professora, em contexto de formação inicial, desenvolveu a Comunicação Matemática dos alunos. Partindo deste objetivo, procurou-se conhecer as estratégias que a professora adotou nesse sentido, quais as dificuldades que decorreram da implementação dessas estratégias e qual a natureza do discurso que predominou na sala de aula. Deste modo, (i) o questionamento foi uma das estratégias mais utilizadas pela professora para promover momentos de discussão de ideias em sala de aula; (ii) as dificuldades da professora passaram por colocar questões de forma clara e objetiva e que exigissem ao aluno um nível de raciocínio elevado e (iii) o tipo de comunicação predominante foi a contributiva.