印刷线路板废弃物的热解与动力学实验研究

分别应用管式炉反应器和热重分析手段对印刷线路板废弃物的热解行为和热解动力学进行了实验研究。在管式炉中，研究不同的热解温度：700～950℃，对产物分布和气体成分分布的影响。实验结果表明：PCB热解气体的主要成分是H2和CO2，气体的热值较低，仅为2.09～5.41MJ/m^3，PCB不适合以气体产物为目标的能源利用方式。应用Friedman方法对PCB的热解动力学进行了研究，求得PCB的热解动力学参数分别是：表观活化能190.92kJ/mol，反应级数5.97，指前因子lnA47.14min^-1。

受迫内流气体发生的理论及实验关联

受迫内流气体发生的理论及实验关联郭开华，陈阵，舒碧芬，蒙宗信（中国科学院广州能源研究所热泵及空调制冷技术研究中心广州510070）关键词气体发生，多相流，混合物，传热传质1引言在吸收式能量转换系统（如吸收人热泵、制冷机、吸收压缩复合式热泵、卡林纳动力...

Pool boiling heat transfer of ultra-light copper foam with open cells

High speed visualizations and thermal performance studies of pool boiling heat transfer on copper foam covers were performed at atmospheric pressure, with the heating surface area of 12.0 mm by 12.0 mm, using acetone as the working fluid. The foam covers have ppi (pores per inch) from 30 to 90, cover thickness from 2.0 to 5.0 mm, and porosity of 0.88 and 0.95. The surface superheats are from -20 to 190 K, and the heat fluxes reach 140 W/cm(2). The 30 and 60 ppi foam covers show the periodic single bubble generation and departure pattern at low surface superheats. With continuous increases in surface superheats, they show the periodic bubble coalescence and/or re-coalescence pattern. Cage bubbles were observed to be those with liquid filled inside and vented to the pool liquid. For the 90 ppi foam covers, the bubble coalescence takes place at low surface superheats. At moderate or large surface superheats, vapor fragments continuously escape to the pool liquid. Boiling curves of copper foams show three distinct regions. Region I and II are those of natural convection heat transfer, and nucleate boiling heat transfer for all the foam covers. Region III is that of either a resistance to vapor release for the 30 and 60 ppi foam covers, or a capillary-assist liquid flow towards foam cells for the 90 ppi foam covers. The value of ppi has an important effect on the thermal performance. Boiling curves are crossed between the high and low ppi foam covers. Low ppi foams have better thermal performance at low surface superheats, but high ppi foams have better one at moderate or large surface superheats and extend the operation range of surface superheats. The effects of other factors such as pool liquid temperature, foam cover thickness on the thermal performance are also discussed.

Low potential detection of glutamate based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at thionine/single-walled carbon nanotubes composite modified electrode

A glutamate biosensor based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which was generated by the enzymatic reaction, was developed via employing a single-walled carbon nanotubes/thionine (Th-SWNTs) nanocomposite as a mediator and an enzyme immobilization matrix. The biosensor, which was fabricated by immobilizing glutamate dehydrogenase (GIDH) on the surface of Th-SWNTs, exhibited a rapid response (ca. 5 s), a low detection limit (0.1 mu M), a wide and useful linear range (0.5-400 mu M), high sensitivity (137.3 +/- 15.7) mu A mM(-1) cm(-2), higher biological affinity, as well as good stability and repeatability. In addition, the common interfering species, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and 4-acetamidophenol, did not cause any interference due to the use of a low operating potential (190 mV vs. NHE). The biosensor can be used to quantify the concentration of glutamate in the physiological level. The Th-SWNTs system represents a simple and effective approach to the integration of dehydrogenase and electrodes, which can provide analytical access to a large group of enzymes for wide range of bioelectrochemical applications including biosensors and biofuel cells.

涌泉根灌湿润体特征值变化规律研究

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行原状土涌泉根灌入渗试验,研究了不同流量、不同灌水历时条件下涌泉根灌湿润体特征值的变化规律。结果表明:湿润体的水平扩散半径、向上入渗距离、向下入渗深度随流量的增大而增大,且均与入渗时间有显著的幂函数关系;在相同流量情况下,向上入渗最快,水平扩散次之,向下入渗最慢;湿润体体积受灌水量和流量的影响;在不同流量条件下,湿润体体积与灌水量间,湿润体水平扩散半径、垂直扩散距离与灌水量间均存在极显著的幂函数关系;针对五年生枣树根系分布特征,确定了枣树适宜灌水时间和灌水量。

干旱胁迫下蚕豆叶片抗氧化酶活性的变化

抗氧化防御系统在植物抗旱中发挥着极大的作用。本试验采用PEG胁迫和叶片35℃烘干处理的方法,研究了模拟干旱胁迫条件下蚕豆叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性变化。结果表明,三种抗氧化酶随胁迫时间的延长活性升高;随胁迫程度增加SOD活性活性降低,POD和CAT活性变化规律性不明显。总体而言,SOD活性对胁迫的耐受性更强。

草甘膦的土壤酶效应研究

为了探讨当今世界使用量最大的除草剂——草甘膦的土壤环境效应,本文采用室内模拟方法,较为系统地研究了我国4类土壤:褐土、黄绵土、风沙土和红壤,共11个土样中4种主要酶类(脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶以及脱氢酶)活性与草甘膦间的关系,计算并得到了能够表征土壤轻度污染的生态剂量值ED10。结果表明:非缓冲液法较好地反映了土壤酶的实际情况;草甘膦总体上激活土壤脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性,最大增幅分别为190%、1372%和42%;抑制磷酸酶活性,最大幅度为35%;磷酸酶与草甘膦间为完全抑制作用机理;激活脱氢酶活性揭示出草甘膦导致了土壤中微生物活性增强,从侧面反映出草甘膦是一种毒性较低的农药。计算获得4类供试土壤褐土、黄绵土、风沙土和红壤ED10值分别为168.3、438.5、35.1和141.4mg·kg-1;在一定程度上用土壤酶活性比生物来表征土壤污染程度更敏感。土壤性质对草甘膦的毒性有重要影响。