Culture of green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea in inexpensive media

The culture of the of green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea was conducted under natural conditions at the same place simultaneously in five different media, viz., medium-I (inorganic medium), medium-II (powdered whole-pulse medium), medium-III (medium of pulse bran), medium-IV (mixed medium = 50% inorganic medium + 50% whole-pulse powder medium), medium-V (mixed medium = 50% inorganic medium + 50% pulse bran medium). The culture was done in 500 ml conical flask. Growth rates of C. ellipsoidea in five different media were different and reached maximum cell densities of 0.63 x 10^6 cells per ml in 8 days in medium-I, 4.02 x 10^6 cells per ml in 10 days in medium-II, 3.62 x 10^6 cells per ml in 9 days in medium-III, 4.38 x 10^6 cells per ml in 11 days in medium-IV and 4.36 x 10^6 cells per ml in 11 days in medium-V. The range of air temperature was 20 to 33°C and that of culture media was 24 to 32°C and light intensity was 2000 to 7000 lux during the culture period. The inexpensive culture media were found to be significantly useful for algal culture.

An observation of performances in carp-prawn polyculture in respect of fingerlings size and water area

Performances of fingerling size and water area was studied. Seven species of fish included 25% of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 15% of Gada catla, 20% of Labeo rohita, 10% of Cirrhinus mrigala, 10% of Ctenophyringodon idella and 20% of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were stocked at the rate of 8,000 individual/ha along Barbodes gonionoms at 6.0g weight size with a stocking density of 2,000 indl./ ha. Survival of all species was in the range of 39.9 to 96.3% except M. rosenbergii The highest survival was obtained from L. rohita (96.3%) followed by C mrigala (96.0 %)., B. gonionotus (92.3%), C idella (90.6%), H. molitrix (84.0%), C cada (81.7%) respectively. While the survival of M. rosenbergiiwas 13.1%. The highest production of 4912 kg/ha/yr was obtained from the bigger ponds (0.4 ha) stocked with 20-32g size of fingerlings, while lowest production (3123 kg/ha/yr) from small pond (0.1 ha) stocked with 3-10 g fingerlings. Economic analysis shows the highest net profit in bigger ponds stocked with bigger fish seed.

Frog skins keep redox homeostasis by antioxidant peptides with rapid radical scavenging ability

The question of how amphibians can protect themselves from reactive oxygen species when exposed to the sun in an oxygen-rich atmosphere is important and interesting, not only from an evolutionary viewpoint, but also as a primer for researchers interested in mammalian skin biology, in which such peptide systems for antioxidant defense are not well studied. The identification of an antioxidant peptide named antioxidin-RL from frog (Odorrana livida) skin in this report supports the idea that a peptide antioxidant system may be a widespread antioxidant strategy among amphibian skins. Its ability to eliminate most of the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical tested within 2 s, which is much faster than the commercial antioxidant factor butylated hydroxytoluene, suggests that it has a potentially large impact on redox homeostasis in amphibian skins. Cys10 is proven to be responsible for its rapid radical scavenging function and tyrosines take part in the binding of antioxidin-RL to radicals according to our nuclear magnetic resonance assay. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Scalable robustness for consensus protocols with heterogeneous dynamics

It is shown in the paper how robustness can be guaranteed for consensus protocols with heterogeneous dynamics in a scalable and decentralized way i.e. by each agent satisfying a test that does not require knowledge of the entire network. Random graph examples illustrate that the proposed certificates are not conservative for classes of large scale networks, despite the heterogeneity of the dynamics, which is a distinctive feature of this work. The conditions hold for symmetric protocols and more conservative stability conditions are given for general nonsymmetric interconnections. Nonlinear extensions in an IQC framework are finally discussed. Copyright © 2005 IFAC.

Morphological overlap of fish community in Vamanapuram River, south Kerala

The morphological characteristics and overlap of fish community in Vamanapuram River have been studied in detail. In the 12 study sites, 19 fish species were encountered. Based on the body shape, four different types are apparent. The elongate bodied fishes (RBD<1.5) like Hemiramphus xanthopterus and Xenentodon cancila are grouped under one category. The deep bodied fishes (RBD>3.5) like Puntius filamentosus, P. ticto, P. vittatus, P. melanampyx, P. sarana, Etroplus maculatus and E. suratensis come under a separate category. Fishes with round to square cross section like Garra mullya and Glossogobius giuris form a separate group. All the other species are grouped as generalized bodied fishes. The morphological overlap studied for the Vamanapuram fish community showed that out of 190 combinations, 30 combinations have high overlaps (≥ 67). P. melanampyx has maximum number (6) of high overlaps. Puntius spp., which constituted 49.5% of the total population, have a mean morphological overlap of 52%. The morphological overlap of fish species in relation to the trophic structure is discussed in detail.

Substitution of live feed by formulated diet: effect on the growth and survival of Betta splendens (Regan) fry

The present work evaluates the effectiveness of partial or total replacement of live feed (LF) (Tubifex) together with formulated diet (FD) for Betta splendens. Three hundred Betta splendens fry of uniform size (mean weight 0.19±0.01g) were equally distributed in five treatment groups with three replicates in glass aquaria of 351itre capacity. Fishes were given diets at different ratio of LF and FD viz. T1(C) 100% LF; T2 75% LF, 25% FD; T3 50% LF, 50% FD; T4 25% LF, 75% FD and T5 100% FD and the experiment continued for 105 days. T2 group registered highest (P<0.05) % body weight gain (125.61±0.26) and specific growth rate (2.34±0.02), which was similar to T1 and T3 groups. Lowest FCR was recorded in T2 (2.40±0.11) group, which was similar to Tl, T3 and T4 groups. Highest (P<0.05) PER was observed in T4 (1.00±0.03) group, which was similar to T3 and T5 groups. At the end of experiment, highest % survival was recoded in T1, T2 and T3 groups (96.67±1.67), which was similar to T4 group. From the study, it is concluded that LF can be successfully replaced up to 75% by FD without any adverse effect on the growth and survival of Betta splendens.

黑叶猴和灰叶猴的线粒体DNA限制性片段长度多态研究

以15种限制性内切酶分析黑叶猴和灰叶猴种内及种间m+DNA多态。从各个样品中分别检出了41—50个酶切位点。综合15种限制性内切酶的酶切类型, 在2只黑叶猴和2只灰叶猴中分别检出了两种限制性类型, 并与其4个地理来源相对应。结合恒河猴和红面猴的资料, 构建了4种猴科动物的分子系统树。结果表明, 黑叶猴和灰叶猴种的分歧分别始于30和35万年以前, 两种叶猴的分离始于190万年以前, 猴亚科和疣猴亚科的分离应早于1100万年。叶猴属在中国的 扩散不是很晚才发生的。图2表2参15

The study of biological characteristics and determination of population dynamic parameters of sawtooth barracuda (Sphyraena putnamae) in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgun Province waters)

The biological characteristics and population dynamisms of Sphyraena putnamae, were studied in the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea restricted to Hormuzgan province waters within 13 months period, from November 2006 up to November 2007. Biometrical and anatomical measurements were carried out, and biological surveys were conducted on 486 specimens. On the other hand, the growth and mortality parameters were estimated by using 3096 samples. These samples were collected from 3 landings, namely Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh and Bandar Jask. The measurements of the minimum and maximum Fork lengths and weights were 11.7 to 8.03 cm and 135.0 to 4140.0 g, respectively. The results indicated that this species, having the Relative Length of Gut, RLG=0.34±0.002, is strongly carnivorous (often fish-eater), proven by the fact that more than 98% of its stomach contents were fish pieces. Examining the changes in the index of stomach emptiness by the percentage of CV = 0.47% indicates that this fish is Moderate feeder. The level of feeding increased in March, before spawning and decreased in June and September, simultaneously with the spawning season. There are 2 peaks of reproduction or spawning seasons during the months of April-May and September, of which the prior is assumed as the main spawning. The sex ratio (M:F) was calculated 0.5:1.0(X2 =2.11), which did not show a significant difference with expected level of 1:1 (P>0.05). The average absolute and relative reproduction rates of Sphyraena putnamae is respectively as follows: 1866827.1±255448.9 and 1097.7±94.3. The highest and the lowest diameter of matured egg are from 200 to 750 μ, and its average diameter is 402.10 ± 0.190 μ. A parameter for Saw-tooth barracuda length measurement, Lm50, based on the Fork-length, was calculated as 54.01 cm. In other words, as far as the fisheries management is concerned, the fish whose lengths are less than 54.01 cm should not be caught. The calculated level of (R2) (correlations of total length & weight), indicated strong correlations between length and weight of this fish, and the obtained formula included W =0.007100 FL 2.9295 and reinforced this assumption. The “K” Index for this fish in 3 above mentioned landings (Jask, Bandar-Abbas and Bandar-Length) were 1.24, 0.37 and 0.46 per year, respectively and the FL index for the same landings were estimated as 129, 110 and 134 cm, respectively. The growth coefficient (MONRO) for the above mentioned regions were calculated as 3.601, 3.647 and 3.917, respectively; and in the surveyed regions there were no significant differences in populations. The Total mortality coefficient (Z) was calculated 0.76, 1.12 and 1.07 per year, the Natural mortality coefficient was 0.46, 0.63 and 0.70, and the Fishing mortality coefficient (rate) (F) was found to be 0.30, 0.49 and 0.37 per year. The value of the exploitation rate (E) is equal to 0.39 per year, indicating that this species is an under-exploited resource, and there is no excessive fishing pressure on the fish supply of this species in the afore-said regions. The highest level of exploitation was found for ‘Bandar Abbas’ fishing region and the lowest level of exploitation is in ‘Bandar Lengeh’ waters.

西双版纳部分地区鸟类多样性初步考察

1992年12月,1993年11月及1994年4-5月,对西双版纳自然保护区内外的数个工作点进行了鸟类物种多样性的调查,共记录鸟类190种。分析表明雀形目鸟类物种多样性状态尚佳,而非雀形目鸟类类群(科种)多样性及物种多样性状态均有恶化趋势。保护区内鸟类物种多样性状态明显较好。傣族墓葬地之龙山因依傍村落、农田及其地多种生境而具有相当丰富的鸟类物种多样性,是保护鸟类物种多样性不可忽视的一个方面。

衰老及促智药影响神经细胞膜流动性机制的研究进展

细胞膜流动性通常是指膜脂质的流动性。神经细胞膜功能的正常进行要求膜脂质保持适宜的流动状 态。膜流动性改变将导致膜电位、离子通透性、跨膜物质运输、信号转导等一系列改变。老年动物及阿尔茨海 默氏病(AD) 患者脑神经细胞膜流动性显著降低, 主要与自由基增多引起的脂质过氧化反应、神经细胞钙平衡 失调有关, 此外, 还与其脑内神经元上的受体密度、β- 淀粉样蛋白沉积有关。促智药(吡咯烷酮类、人参皂 甙、银杏叶提取物EGb761) 能明显增强老年动物及AD 患者脑神经细胞膜的流动性。