973 resultados para École secondaire


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Cette recherche est née de constats (Sénéchal, 2012) et de la volonté d’outiller l’enseignement de la communication orale dans la perspective du développement de la compétence langagière orale des élèves. En vue d’atteindre le principal objectif de cette thèse, qui est de proposer des séquences didactiques valides pour l’enseignement de la discussion et de l’exposé critique, nous avons emprunté aux recherches d’ingénierie didactique de première génération (Artigue, 1988; Goigoux, 2012) afin de proposer une démarche d’ingénierie didactique collaborative, dont l’originalité tient à la collaboration qui sous-tend les étapes de la conception, de l’expérimentation et de la validation de son produit en deux phases. Pour cibler les outils et les pratiques à privilégier pour enseigner les deux genres ciblés, nous avons cherché à vérifier en quoi l’utilisation du dispositif de la séquence didactique facilite ou non la transposition didactique interne des prescriptions ministérielles les concernant, en étudiant la transformation des pratiques d’enseignement de nos collaborateurs à travers l’observation de leur mise en oeuvre des séquences didactiques. Quatre outils méthodologiques ont soutenu la collecte des données par la méthode d’observation directe : la captation audiovisuelle, le journal de bord, l’examen des documents des enseignants (notes personnelles) ainsi que le bilan collaboratif, une forme d’entretien mené auprès de nos collaborateurs permettant de faire le point sur la mise en oeuvre et sur le produit de l’ingénierie (notamment en ce qui concerne les ajustements nécessaires à une utilisation optimale du dispositif). Les résultats de l’analyse de ces données montrent non seulement que les séquences didactiques élaborées et expérimentées dans le cadre de notre démarche de recherche sont valides sur le plan de la légitimité, de la pertinence et de la cohérence des contenus, mais également que leur usage permet d’engendrer des gains en termes d’apprentissage pour les élèves et donne lieu à une transformation des pratiques d’enseignement de la communication orale de leurs utilisateurs. Les interventions des enseignants, notamment une augmentation significative des gestes didactiques de régulation et d’institutionnalisation, montrent, en effet, qu’ils se sont suffisamment approprié les contenus et les manières de faire du dispositif pour arriver à opérer seuls certaines des transformations adaptatives nécessaires à la transposition interne des objets en vue de rendre ces derniers enseignables et apprenables.

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Méthodologie: Recherche qualitative de type phénoménologique, ethnographique (Fortin, Côté, & Filion, 2006) ; Interactionnisme symbolique (Poisson, 1992)

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Le frioulan est une langue régionale appartenant au groupe linguistique rhéto-roman, diffusée dans la région historique du Frioul. Sa diffusion, le nombre de ses locuteurs, son histoire, le prestige de sa littérature et le statut de région autonome du Frioul-Vénétie julienne font que cette langue est encore pratiquée par de larges pans de la population. Cependant, des études sociolinguistiques entamées dès 1977 estiment à 1 % la perte annuelle en nombre de locuteurs. Pour contribuer à photographier la donne actuelle et éventuellement formuler des propositions pour contrecarrer cette dérive, nous illustrons dans cet article les résultats d’une récente enquête de terrain concernant les représentations sociales de la langue et de l’identité frioulanes auprès d’une population d’étudiants de 14 à 18 ans. Cette enquête a suivi la méthodologie de l’analyse combinée.

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Cet essai traite de la présence des stéréotypes sexuels en rapport avec les aspirations professionnelles des filles et des garçons de 4e et 5e secondaire. Ainsi, malgré le fait que divers travaux de recherche se sont penchés sur les facteurs d’influence des choix d’orientation d’élèves du secondaire, peu d’études se sont spécifiquement attardées à considérer la place qu’occupent les stéréotypes sexuels dans les aspirations professionnelles de ces jeunes. Pour ce faire, une analyse des aspirations professionnelles recueillies l’aide du Questionnaire de maturité vocationnelle (QMV) (Fangeaux, Gingras, Yergeau, Yergeau et Thériault, 2014; Gingras, Yergeau et Bolduc, 2014) administré à 1416 jeunes a été effectuée de façon globale et en fonction du genre. Cette démarche a permis de procéder au classement des aspirations professionnelles des filles et des garçons selon le secteur de la formation professionnelle et technique représenté ainsi qu’en fonction de la profession mentionnée. Les résultats démontrent que ces élèves ont tendance à indiquer des aspirations professionnelles qui se retrouvent dans certains secteurs du monde du travail en particulier et que la majorité de celles-ci réfèrent à des stéréotypes sexuels. En ce sens, les filles aspirent généralement à des professions et des secteurs du monde du travail qui sont traditionnellement féminins alors que pour les garçons, ces secteurs et professions sont dans la plupart des cas, traditionnellement masculins. D’autres recherches pourraient être menées afin quantifier l’influence des stéréotypes sexuels sur les aspirations professionnelles de ces jeunes ainsi que pour vérifier si ceux-ci se maintiennent ou non dans le temps.

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La présente recherche porte sur l'intégration des élèves ayant un trouble envahissant du développement sans déficience (TEDSD) dans une école primaire de la grande région de Montréal. Dans ce contexte, la question générale est : quelles sont les caractéristiques qui influencent l'intégration des élèves ayant un TEDSD? La première sous-question porte sur les caractéristiques qui favorisent l'intégration au plan des relations et des communications entre les individus, de l'organisation matérielle et celle liée à la formation. Les deux autres sous-questions s'attachent aux rôles des acteurs qui favorisent l'intégration et aux freins à celle-ci. La recherche vise à décrire les caractéristiques tout en faisant ressortir celles qui contribuent à faciliter l'intégration et lesquelles peuvent constituer un obstacle au bon déroulement de celle-ci.

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Nonobstant l’importance de l’exploitation des mines dans l’Empire portugais, la formation en ingénierie minière c’est développé tard dans le pays, ainsi pour surmonter la manque de formation en génie minier, le gouvernement a contracté avec des ingénieurs étrangers et au même temps plusieurs ingénieurs portugais ont complété sa formation à l’étranger. Dans ce texte, après une brève analyse des moyens par lesquels le gouvernent a essayé de créer une formation en mines et métallurgie au Portugal sont analysés les parcours professionnels de quelques ingénieurs portugais qui ont fréquenté l’École des mines de Paris.

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Recibido 15 de marzo de 2012 • Corregido 17 de setiembre de 2012 • Aceptado 07 de noviembre de 2012Este artículo, presentado en forma de ensayo, propone en su temática un acercamiento a la realidad que se vive en el sistema educativo a nivel de secundaria; visualiza algunas debilidades en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, con el objetivo de analizar el rumbo que se pretende dar a la educación costarricense. El planteamiento conceptual se elabora a través de preguntas generadoras, mediante las cuales se repasa la situación actual de los centros de enseñanza, el rumbo por el cual se está llevando a cabo el proceso, la imperante búsqueda de equidad e inclusión en educación, así como la exposición de algunas propuestas para el mejoramiento. Se concluye con una reflexión sobre la necesidad de cambiar el modelo educativo tradicional por un modelo educativo transformador, para la emancipación y liberación de los seres humanos que participan en este proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje.

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There is clearly contention over the shape and formation of science curriculum and over, ultimately, what will count as scientific knowledge, skill, capacity and world view. The Cold War set the policy context for an ongoing focus on science education across Western nations. Sputnik-era US and UK educational policy offered a broad premise for the purpose of school science: in a risky geopolitical environment, high levels of advanced scientific expertise were central to the national interest and necessary for the maintenance of military/industrial and technological power. Half a century on, in the context of global economic and environmental crisis, as a justification for digital, industrial and biomedical innovation, the rationale for the production of scientific capital is central to curriculum settlements and educational policy in Europe, Asia and the Americas.

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Policy instruments of education, regulation, fines and inspection have all been utilised by Australian jurisdictions as they attempt to improve the poor performance of occupational health and safety (OH&S) in the construction industry. However, such policy frameworks have been largely uncoordinated across Australia, resulting in differing policy systems, with differing requirements and compliance systems. Such complexity, particularly for construction firms operating across jurisdictional borders, led to various attempts to improve the consistency of OH&S regulation across Australia, four of which will be reviewed in this report. 1. The first is the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991 (Commonwealth) which enabled certain organisations to opt out of state based regulatory regimes. 2. The second is the development of national standards, codes of practice and guidance documents by the National Occupational Health and Safety Council (NOHSC). The intent was that the OHS requirements, principles and practices contained in these documents would be adopted by state and territory governments into their legislation and policy, thereby promoting regulatory consistency across Australia. 3. The third is the attachment of conditions to special purpose payments from the Commonwealth to the States, in the form of OH&S accreditation with the Office of the Federal Safety Commissioner. 4. The fourth is the development of national voluntary codes of OHS practice for the construction industry. It is interesting to note that the tempo of change has increased significantly since 2003, with the release of the findings of the Cole Royal Commission. This paper examines and evaluates each of these attempts to promote consistency across Australia. It concludes that while there is a high level of information sharing between jurisdictions, particularly from the NOSHC standards, a fragmented OH&S policy framework still remains in place across Australia. The utility of emergent industry initiatives such as voluntary codes and guidelines for safer construction practices to enhance consistency are discussed.

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Key topics: Since the birth of the Open Source movement in the mid-80's, open source software has become more and more widespread. Amongst others, the Linux operating system, the Apache web server and the Firefox internet explorer have taken substantial market shares to their proprietary competitors. Open source software is governed by particular types of licenses. As proprietary licenses only allow the software's use in exchange for a fee, open source licenses grant users more rights like the free use, free copy, free modification and free distribution of the software, as well as free access to the source code. This new phenomenon has raised many managerial questions: organizational issues related to the system of governance that underlie such open source communities (Raymond, 1999a; Lerner and Tirole, 2002; Lee and Cole 2003; Mockus et al. 2000; Tuomi, 2000; Demil and Lecocq, 2006; O'Mahony and Ferraro, 2007;Fleming and Waguespack, 2007), collaborative innovation issues (Von Hippel, 2003; Von Krogh et al., 2003; Von Hippel and Von Krogh, 2003; Dahlander, 2005; Osterloh, 2007; David, 2008), issues related to the nature as well as the motivations of developers (Lerner and Tirole, 2002; Hertel, 2003; Dahlander and McKelvey, 2005; Jeppesen and Frederiksen, 2006), public policy and innovation issues (Jullien and Zimmermann, 2005; Lee, 2006), technological competitions issues related to standard battles between proprietary and open source software (Bonaccorsi and Rossi, 2003; Bonaccorsi et al. 2004, Economides and Katsamakas, 2005; Chen, 2007), intellectual property rights and licensing issues (Laat 2005; Lerner and Tirole, 2005; Gambardella, 2006; Determann et al., 2007). A major unresolved issue concerns open source business models and revenue capture, given that open source licenses imply no fee for users. On this topic, articles show that a commercial activity based on open source software is possible, as they describe different possible ways of doing business around open source (Raymond, 1999; Dahlander, 2004; Daffara, 2007; Bonaccorsi and Merito, 2007). These studies usually look at open source-based companies. Open source-based companies encompass a wide range of firms with different categories of activities: providers of packaged open source solutions, IT Services&Software Engineering firms and open source software publishers. However, business models implications are different for each of these categories: providers of packaged solutions and IT Services&Software Engineering firms' activities are based on software developed outside their boundaries, whereas commercial software publishers sponsor the development of the open source software. This paper focuses on open source software publishers' business models as this issue is even more crucial for this category of firms which take the risk of investing in the development of the software. Literature at last identifies and depicts only two generic types of business models for open source software publishers: the business models of ''bundling'' (Pal and Madanmohan, 2002; Dahlander 2004) and the dual licensing business models (Välimäki, 2003; Comino and Manenti, 2007). Nevertheless, these business models are not applicable in all circumstances. Methodology: The objectives of this paper are: (1) to explore in which contexts the two generic business models described in literature can be implemented successfully and (2) to depict an additional business model for open source software publishers which can be used in a different context. To do so, this paper draws upon an explorative case study of IdealX, a French open source security software publisher. This case study consists in a series of 3 interviews conducted between February 2005 and April 2006 with the co-founder and the business manager. It aims at depicting the process of IdealX's search for the appropriate business model between its creation in 2000 and 2006. This software publisher has tried both generic types of open source software publishers' business models before designing its own. Consequently, through IdealX's trials and errors, I investigate the conditions under which such generic business models can be effective. Moreover, this study describes the business model finally designed and adopted by IdealX: an additional open source software publisher's business model based on the principle of ''mutualisation'', which is applicable in a different context. Results and implications: Finally, this article contributes to ongoing empirical work within entrepreneurship and strategic management on open source software publishers' business models: it provides the characteristics of three generic business models (the business model of bundling, the dual licensing business model and the business model of mutualisation) as well as conditions under which they can be successfully implemented (regarding the type of product developed and the competencies of the firm). This paper also goes further into the traditional concept of business model used by scholars in the open source related literature. In this article, a business model is not only considered as a way of generating incomes (''revenue model'' (Amit and Zott, 2001)), but rather as the necessary conjunction of value creation and value capture, according to the recent literature about business models (Amit and Zott, 2001; Chresbrough and Rosenblum, 2002; Teece, 2007). Consequently, this paper analyses the business models from these two components' point of view.

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The endeavour to obtain estimates of durability of components for use in lifecycle assessment or costing and infrastructure and maintenance planning systems is large. The factor method and the reference service life concept provide a very valuable structure, but do not resolve the central dilemma of the need to derive an extensive database of service life. Traditional methods of estimating service life, such as dose functions or degradation models, can play a role in developing this database, however the scale of the problem clearly indicates that individual dose functions cannot be derived for each component in each different local and geographic setting. Thus, a wider range of techniques is required in order to devise reference service life. This paper outlines the approaches being taken in the Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation project to predict reference service life. Approaches include the development of fundamental degradation and microclimate models, the development of a situation-based reasoning ‘engine’ to vary the ‘estimator’ of service life, and the development of a database on expert performance (Delphi study). These methods should be viewed as complementary rather than as discrete alternatives. As discussed in the paper, the situation-based reasoning approach in fact has the possibility of encompassing all other methods.

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The majority of Australian construction firms are small businesses, with 97% of general construction businesses employing less than 20 employees and 85% employing less than five employees (Lin and Mills, 2001; Lingard and Holmes, 2001). The Australian Bureau of Statistics’ definition of a small to medium enterprise was used for the purpose of this study (McLennan, 2000). This included small business employing less than twenty people and medium business employing less than 200 people. Although small to medium enterprises (SME) make up the major share of construction organisations in Australia, there is a paucity of published research in relation to occupational health and safety (OHS) issues for this group. Typically, SME organisations “are frequently undercapitalized and depend on continuous cash flow for their continued business” (Cole, 2003; 12). Research by Lin and Mills (2001) indicates that these factors influence the smaller operators’ ability and motivation to achieve high levels of OHS compared to larger firms which tend to integrate OHS into their management systems. According to Lin and Mills (2001; 137) small firms “do not feel the need to focus on OHS in their management systems, instead they often believe that the control of risk is the responsibility of employees”. This report documents findings from a qualitative research study that examined SME organisations’ views of a newly developed voluntary code of practice (VCOP), and ways in which they might implement the code in their businesses. The research also explored respondents’ awareness of current safety issues in industry in the context of their personal experiences.

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It is often postulated that an increased hip to shoulder differential angle (`X-Factor') during the early downswing better utilises the stretch-shorten cycle and improves golf performance. The current study aims to examine the potential relationship between the X-Factor and performance during the tee-shot. Seven golfers with handicaps between 0 and 10 strokes comprised the low-handicap group, whilst the high-handicap group consisted of eight golfers with handicaps between 11 and 20 strokes. The golfers performed 20 drives and three-dimensional kinematic data were used to quantify hip and shoulder rotation and the subsequent X-Factor. Compared with the low-handicap group, the high-handicap golfers tended to demonstrate greater hip rotation at the top of the backswing and recorded reduced maximum X-Factor values. The inconsistencies evident in the literature may suggest that a universal method of measuring rotational angles during the golf swing would be beneficial for future studies, particularly when considering potential injury.