Costos metabólicos de Engraulis ringens y Sardinops sagax en relación al peso, temperatura y el nivel de actividad

El metabolismo estándar de la anchoveta es más alto que el de la sardina; en .las larvas por un factor promedio de 2.3 y por 2.1 en juveniles y adultos en el rango de temperaturas de 14-20ºC. Lo opuesto sucede en el metabolismo activo: para una velocidad de natación de un cuerpo por segundo( =metabolismo de rutina), la anchoveta adulta con un peso mayor de 20 g a 20ºC y mayor de 50 g a 14ºC gasta menos energía que la sardina de tamaños similares; incrementándose la velocidad a 3 c.p .seg a 17°C.todos los tamaños mayores de 1.5 g de Sardina necesitan más energía que las anchovetas de pesos similares (una sardina de 5 g 1.5 veces y una de 25 g 3.8 veces más). Un cambio de temperatura de 6ºc (de 14° C a 20°c) afecta a ambas especies en una forma diferente : asumiendo una velocidad de natación de 1 cuerpo por segundo, una larva de anchoveta( 0.1 g) tiene que incrementar sus gastos metabólicos dos veces más que la larva de sardina, pero una anchoveta adulta( 40 g)necesita solo un 60% de lo que requiere una sardina del mismo tamaño .

Variaciones en la intensidad del desove de la sardina Sardinops sagax sagax (J) en la costa peruana en los años 1966-1973

Un marcado incremento den la extensión y densidad de las áreas de desove de la "sardina" en 1972 con respecto al los años anteriores así como el aumento considerable de las capturas comerciales de esta especie, nos indujo a efectuar un estudio de las variaciones del desove con el fin de analizar las fluctuaciones, como parte del Programa de Ictioplancton que desarrolla el Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE). Con el propósito anterior hemos analizado un total de 3,389 muestras de zooplancton colectadas en 29 cruceros, desde febrero de 1966 hasta enero de 1973. Las muestras fueron colectadas a lo largo del litoral peruano, de 03°16 ' a 20°52 ' Latitud Sur y hasta una distancia máxima de 350 millas de la costa. Se describe el huevo de "sardina", en la diferentes fases de desarrollo y larva hasta la longitud de 16.6 mm. El huevo de "sardina" es característico por la presencia de una sola gota oleosa y amplio espacio perivitelínico y mide de 1.12 a 1.94 mm. La larva es diferenciable por las proporciones del cuerpo, especialmente, boca-ano en longitud estándar y posición de aletas dorsal y anal. Las temperaturas superficiales en las que fueron hallados los huevos, fluctúan entre 15.4 a 27.2 °C, y las más adecuadas para el desove de esta especie variaron entre 19 y 22 °C, y salinidades entre 35 y 35.26%, a juzgar por el hallazgo de las mejores y más frecuentes concentraciones de huevos en estos niveles.

[Specula Parisiensis astronomica] . De tabularum motibus ad observationum trutinam revocandis

Comprend : Aenigma astronomicum adulterium Solis et Lunae visibile in hemisph. Parisiensi, quod pseudo-umbra illico teget. Anno M. DC. LXVI. die XVI. Junii. Si vera sit Kepleri aequatio menstrua ; Emblema astronomicum larva dimidiam Solis faciem tegens, Lunae dichotomiae speciem mentitur ; Monopolion coeleste majoris conjunctionis Saturni & Jovis visae anno 1663. die 16 octobris quatriduo ante tabularum praedictionem, cum magna conjunctione Saturni et Veneris anno 1666. die 29 nov. visibili : si caelum calculis Rudolphinis consentiat

Oxygen exchange in galls of Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Hypoxia in plant tissue should affect animals living within. Gallmakers stimulate their plant hosts to produce the gall they inhabit and feed on, and also influence the gall phenotype for other adaptations, such as defense against predators. The potential for hypoxia in galls of Eurosta solidaginis was studied in the context of potential adaptations to gall oxygen level, using a combination of direct measurement, mathematical modelling, and respirometry on both gallmakers and hosts. Modelling results suggested mild hypoxia tolerable to the larva persists for most of the growth season, whereas more severe hypoxia may occur earlier in fully-grown young galls. Field data from one of the two years studied showed hypoxia more severe than expected, and coincided with adverse weather conditions and high larval mortality. The hypoxia may be related to host response to adverse weather. Whether hypoxia directly caused larval mortality requires further study.

Characterization of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) silk proteins

Black fly (Simuliidae) silk is produced by the larvae and pharate pupae and is used for anchorage and cocoon production. There exists limited information on simuliid silks, including protein composition and genetic sequences encoding such proteins. The present study aimed to expand what is known about simuliid silks by examining the silks of several simuliid species and by making comparisons to the silk of non-biting midges (Chironomidae). Silk glands were dissected out of larval and pupal simuliids, and protein contents were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and visualized with silver stain. Protein contents were compared by mass in kilodaltons (kDa) between life stages and among species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to expand upon known gene sequence information, and to determine the presence of genes homologous to chironomid silk. SDS-PAGE of cocoons revealed the presence of a 56 kDa and a 67 kDa protein. Silk gland contained as many as 28 different proteins ranging from 319 kDa to 8 kDa. Protein profiles vary among species, and group into large (>200), intermediate(>100), and small (<100) protein classes as is found in chironomids. It is likely that silk evolved in a common ancestor of simuliids and chironomids

Studies on lipid nutrition in larvae and juveniles of the indian white prawn penaeus indicus h. milne edwards

Recent studies with prawns indicate that their growth, metamorphosis, maturation and moulting are affected by the typo and level of lipids supplied in the diets. Despite the recognition of the importance of lipids in the diets of prawns there is no information on the essentiality and quantitative lipid requirements of Indian penaeid prawns. Therefore during the present study about 24 laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the essentiality and dietary requirements of total lipids, phoapholipida, fatty acids cholestrol, and to ascertain the nutritional value of natural lipid sources for the larvae, post-larvae tad juveniles of one of the most suitable cultivable species of panaeid prans. All the experiments were conducted in the laboratory following standard procedures, using isonitrogen and approaximately isocaloric purified diets. Changes were made in tha ingridients as required for specific requirements. For the larvae diets of particle size < 37) were fed, For the postlarvae and juveniles pellet feed was given. while data on survival and growth of larvae and pout-larvae 1-10 were recorded, data were collected on the survival, growth, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and biochemical composition at the body for post-larva 11-25 and juveniles. The influence ot fatty acid pattern of dietary lipid sources on the fatty acids profile of prawns were also studied in the case of juvenile prawns. Analysis of variance andleast significant differences test were employed to determine the significant differences between treatments in the observed parameters with the help of a newlett Packard master computer.

Studies on some fish larvae of the arabian sea and bay of bengal

Though several scientific expeditions surveyed tha Indian ocean. their findings on larval fishes were fragmentory and incomplete. During the International Indian ocean expedition (1960-1965) zooplankton samples were collected from vast area at the lndian ocean adopting standard procedures by participating vessels. These planktons provided an opportunity for a general study of the zooplanltton as well as their anotomy. abundance and distribution.. Realising the imortance of the analysis and classification of fish larvae at the family level being one of the most important information required then for the Indian Ocean region the fish larval portion sorted out from the above zooplankton samples was allocated to the author by the UNESCO consultative committee for the Indian Ocean Biological centre. In spite of the emhasis laid on The study of the family scombridae. owing to the paucity of the scombridae material in tne collection. much could not be done about it.However the record and description of the very early stages of morakel larvae made in 1967 as part of this study was the first of its kind. The present study on the distribution aspects o fish larva of such large area in the Indian ocean is also unique and first of its kind

Predictors of Attitudes toward Cosmetic Surgery among U.S. and Colombian College Women: The Roles of Eating Behaviors and Demographic Variables

Cross-cultural studies on eating behaviors and related constructs can identify cultural and social factors that contribute to eating disorder symptomatology. Eating disorders (EDs) are a major cause for concern in the U.S., and recent studies in Colombia have shown growing rates among their female population. In addition, cosmetic surgery procedures have been increasing rapidly in both the U.S. and Colombia, and preliminary research suggests a positive relation between disordered eating and endorsement of plastic surgery. In samples of college women from Colombia and the U.S., we investigated patterns of association between disordered eating variables and cosmetic surgery acceptance. Our approach utilized separate analyses for various subcomponents of disordered eating (to determine their unique associations with cosmetic surgery acceptance) while adjusting for potentially relevant covariates and examining cross-cultural patterns. Participants were students at an urban, public college in the U.S. (n=163) and an urban, private college in Colombia (n=179). Overall, our findings suggested that participants from Colombia with greater disordered eating were more likely to endorse cosmetic surgery for social reasons, while those from the U.S. were more likely to consider undergoing cosmetic surgery for personal reasons. Differing findings between the two samples may be due to cultural and social factors, which we delineate. These findings also have potential implications for presurgical counseling of cosmetic surgery candidates.

Evaluation of the Larval Therapy in the Healing Process of Infected Wounds with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Rabbits

Introduction. During the last two decades the larval therapy has reemerged as a safe and reliable alternative for the healing of cutaneous ulcers that do not respond to the conventional treatments. Objective. To evaluate the use of the larvae of Lucilia sericata as a treatment for infected wounds with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an animal model. Materials and methods. Twelve rabbits were randomly distributed in 3 groups: the first group was treated with larval therapy; the second was treated with antibiotics therapy and to the third no treatment was applied, therefore was established as a control group. To each animal a wound was artificially induced, and then a suspension of P. aeruginosa was inoculated into the lesion. Finally, every rabbit was evaluated until the infection development was recognized and treatment was set up for the first two groups according with the protocols mentioned above. Macroscopic evaluation of the wounds was based on the presence of edema, exudates, bad odor, inflammation around the wound and the presence of granulation tissue. The healing process was evaluated by monitoring histological changes in the dermal tissue. Results. Differences in the time required for wound healing were observed between the first group treated with larval therapy (10 days) and the second group treated with conventional antibiotics therapy (20 days). Conclusion. The L. sericata larva is and efficient tool as a therapy for infected wounds with P. aeruginosa.

Alimentación e identidades en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglos XVI y XVII

Este libro busca comprender la forma en que se crearon y transformaron identidades alimenticias en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, durante los siglos XVI y XVII. Para ello toma como punto de partida dos ejes centrales: las concepciones sobre la abundancia y las formas en las que el comercio hispánico modificó los panoramas alimenticios de los indígenas y de los españoles. Es un trabajo de Historia de la Alimentación que, dentro de su análisis, toma en cuenta las estructuras del gusto, los sistemas productivos, las concepciones simbólicas de la comida y el poder, porque, acorde con los trabajos que se han venido desarrollando en esta área de la disciplina, asume el principio de que no se puede entender la alimentación y su estudio como un elemento accesorio o curioso de la experiencia humana, sino como un punto nuclear que artícula el entramado social y cultural. Uno de los aportes de este libro es la forma en que logra mostrar cómo se articularon las realidades y posibilidades locales con las aspiraciones imperiales, en un proceso de adaptación que manifestó un conjunto de variables, ricamente analizadas.

Les abelles de la mel : quaderns de treball per a l'alumne. 'Las abejas de la miel : cuadernos de trabajo para el alumno'.

Material complementario del taller para escolares que se organiza en el museo con el mismo nombre. Consta de seis ejercicios para conocer el mundo de las abejas. Su morfología, fisiología, comportamiento y los diversos estados de desarrollo desde la larva hasta la abeja adulta. Incluye además un guión para trabajar en el centro educativo que proporciona tanto al alumnado como el profesorado la posibilidad de continuar trabajando el tema de las abejas.

Are you a bee?

Cuando el lector mira la vida desde la perspectiva de una abeja le permite ampliar su comprensión por estos insectos. El texto informativo que sigue a partir de la pregunta de si es una abeja lleva a los niños a imaginarse ser una larva, qué comer, cómo vivir en una celda con un límite máximo de cera, y emprender actividades a través de su metamorfosis en insecto. Al final hay un par de páginas de datos adicionales acerca de sus encarnaciones de fantasía para llegar a la conclusión de que un niño no tiene que estar tan ocupado como una abeja, pero puede disfrutar de la miel, gracias a ellas. Para niños de hasta ocho años.

Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of the Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile

The influence of temperature on the developmental times and survival of insects can largely determine their distribution. For invasive species, like the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), these data are essential for predicting their potential range based on mechanistic models. In the case of this species, such data are too scarce and incomplete to make accurate predictions based on its physiological needs. This research provides comprehensive new data about brood survival and developmental times at a wide range of temperatures under laboratory conditions. Temperature affected both the complete brood development from egg to adult worker and each of the immature stages separately. The higher the temperature, the shorter the development times. Brood survival from egg to adult was low, with the maximum survival rate being only 16% at 26º C. Temperature also affected survival of each of the immature stages differently: eggs were negatively affected by high temperatures, while larvae were negatively affected by low temperatures, and the survival of pupae was apparently independent of environmental temperature. At 32º C no eggs survived, while at 18º C less than 2% of the eggs hatched into larva. The data from the present study are essential for developing prediction models about the distribution range of this tramp species based on its physiological needs in relation to temperature

Novas alternativas terapêuticas para a administração oral da insulina

A Diabetes Mellitus é uma doença metabólica que se caracteriza fundamentalmente pela ausência de produção de insulina (sendo por isso designada de diabetes tipo 1), ou no caso de produzir a hormona, o organismo não consegue utilizá-la eficazmente (neste caso designada de diabetes tipo 2). Trata-se de uma doença em franca expansão e surge nos dias de hoje como uma das grandes preocupações para os profissionais de saúde. O aparecimento das complicações associadas à doença está relacionado com o controlo dos níveis sanguíneos de glucose. Nos casos de total ausência de produção de insulina (diabetes do tipo 1), o controlo da doença engloba injecções de insulina diárias, geralmente mais do que uma vez por dia, aliadas a um exercício físico frequente e a uma alimentação cuidada. Em termos terapêuticos, a insulina continua a ser a única forma de tratamento da diabetes do tipo 1. Até à data, a insulina tem sido administrada exclusivamente pela via parentérica. A investigação nesta doença incide na procura de novas vias de administração alternativas de insulina e na procura de novas terapêuticas com recurso, por exemplo, de implantação de células Pancreáticas. Entre as vias de administração alternativas de insulina, destaca-se a investigação na via de administração oral de insulina uma vez que esta é considerada a via mais favorável do ponto de vista do doente mas também porque reproduz mais fielmente o que se passa num indivíduo sem a doença. O presente artigo resume algumas das estratégias que foram investigadas e/ou outras estratégias que ainda se encontram sob investigação nomeadamente as tecnologias que envolvem promotores de absorção, inibidores enzimáticos, células, micro e nanopartículas ou combinações de estratégias anteriores.

Absenteísmo no setor de nutrição em um hospital público de Belém - Pará, ano-2009

O Setor de uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição, não se caracteriza como atrativo para a mão-de-obra, um dos indicadores para esse fato são os altos índices de absenteísmo. Desta forma, objetivou-se caracterizar o índice de absenteísmo em trabalhadores deste setor de uma instituição Hospitalar pública em Belém-PA no ano de 2009. A amostra foi composta por 63 funcionários. A coleta de dados foi realizada através pesquisa em documentos fornecidos pela instituição. Os dados foram analisados no Software Excel 2007 pertencente ao pacote Office 2007 da Microsoft. O estudo mostrou os elevados índices de absenteísmo no ano em questão principalmente nos meses de julho (9,7%) e setembro (8,9%), sendo que a maioria dos funcionários faltosos é do sexo feminino (81%) e o turno onde estas ausências são mais freqüentes corresponde ao turno da manhã (64,96%). Dentre os vários motivos de faltas, o maior percentual está relacionado à licença saúde. A taxa de absenteísmo mostrou-se como uma relação parcialmente completa, mas que permite uma referência para a intervenção tanto no aspecto preventivo de sua inserção quanto para reparar uma condição já instalada, fazendo-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos qualitativos e quantitativos sensíveis às diversas possibilidades de explicação.