La ricerca del valore nell'impresa cooperativa di lavorazione e trasformazione: cooperative e imprese capitalistiche a confronto

La ricerca si propone un duplice obbiettivo: 1. provare, attraverso l’applicazione di un metodo teorico tradizionale di analisi economico-finanziaria, il livello ottimale di equilibrio finanziario fra accesso al credito esterno e capitale proprio; 2. mostrare l’utilità di alcuni strumenti finanziari partecipativi per la ricapitalizzazione dell’impresa cooperativa. Oggetto di studio è l’impresa cooperativa che si occupa di una o più fasi del processo di lavorazione, trasformazione e prima commercializzazione del prodotto agricolo conferito dai soci, confrontata con le imprese di capitali che svolgono la medesima attività. La società cooperativa e quella capitalistica saranno, pertanto analizzate in termini di liquidità generata, redditività prodotta e grado di indebitamento, attraverso il calcolo e l’analisi di una serie di indici, tratti dai rispettivi bilanci d’esercizio. È opportuno sottolineare che nella seguente trattazione sarà riservato uno spazio al tema della ricerca del valore nell’impresa cooperativa inteso come espressione della ricchezza creata dai processi aziendali in un determinato periodo di tempo tentando di definire, se esiste, una struttura finanziaria ottimale , ossia uno specifico rapporto tra indebitamento finanziario e mezzi propri, che massimizzi il valore dell’impresa. L’attenzione verso la struttura finanziaria, pertanto, non sarà solo rivolta al costo esplicito del debito o dell’equity, ma si estenderà anche alle implicazioni delle scelte di finanziamento sulle modalità di governo dell’impresa. Infatti molti studi di economia aziendale, e in particolar modo di gestione d’impresa e finanza aziendale, hanno trattato il tema dell’attività di governo dell’impresa, quale elemento in grado di contribuire alla creazione di valore non solo attraverso la selezione dei progetti d’investimento ma anche attraverso la composizione della struttura finanziaria.

Variabilità spaziale dei parametri di modelli afflussi-deflussi

L’invarianza spaziale dei parametri di un modello afflussi-deflussi può rivelarsi una soluzione pratica e valida nel caso si voglia stimare la disponibilità di risorsa idrica di un’area. La simulazione idrologica è infatti uno strumento molto adottato ma presenta alcune criticità legate soprattutto alla necessità di calibrare i parametri del modello. Se si opta per l’applicazione di modelli spazialmente distribuiti, utili perché in grado di rendere conto della variabilità spaziale dei fenomeni che concorrono alla formazione di deflusso, il problema è solitamente legato all’alto numero di parametri in gioco. Assumendo che alcuni di questi siano omogenei nello spazio, dunque presentino lo stesso valore sui diversi bacini, è possibile ridurre il numero complessivo dei parametri che necessitano della calibrazione. Si verifica su base statistica questa assunzione, ricorrendo alla stima dell’incertezza parametrica valutata per mezzo di un algoritmo MCMC. Si nota che le distribuzioni dei parametri risultano in diversa misura compatibili sui bacini considerati. Quando poi l’obiettivo è la stima della disponibilità di risorsa idrica di bacini non strumentati, l’ipotesi di invarianza dei parametri assume ancora più importanza; solitamente infatti si affronta questo problema ricorrendo a lunghe analisi di regionalizzazione dei parametri. In questa sede invece si propone una procedura di cross-calibrazione che viene realizzata adottando le informazioni provenienti dai bacini strumentati più simili al sito di interesse. Si vuole raggiungere cioè un giusto compromesso tra lo svantaggio derivante dall’assumere i parametri del modello costanti sui bacini strumentati e il beneficio legato all’introduzione, passo dopo passo, di nuove e importanti informazioni derivanti dai bacini strumentati coinvolti nell’analisi. I risultati dimostrano l’utilità della metodologia proposta; si vede infatti che, in fase di validazione sul bacino considerato non strumentato, è possibile raggiungere un buona concordanza tra le serie di portata simulate e osservate.

Il conferimento di azienda

Affrontare il tema del conferimento di azienda, così come esaminare ogni aspetto inerente, più in generale, l'azienda, può apparire estremamente arduo e complicato, stante il rischio di ripetere, in modo quasi scontato, "cose già dette" nel corso degli anni, prendendo le mosse da contributi noti ed arcinoti, soprattutto con riferimento alla disciplina dell'imprenditore commerciale, ossia alla prima tematica che viene presa in considerazione da parte del neofita del diritto commerciale. Tuttavia, a ben vedere, l'esaustività e completezza di tali studi non impedisce di affrontare, nell'attualità, alcuni aspetti che, anche grazie ai continui interventi del legislatore, presentano elementi degni di approfondimento. In tale ottica, quindi, è stato impostato il presente lavoro di ricerca. Così, ad un primo capitolo prevalentemente compilativo e volto ad individuare, nell'ordinamento giuridico, tutte le disposizioni che possono assumere rilevanza nell'inquadramento della disciplina del conferimento di azienda, nonchè le nozioni base di tale operazione, ne seguono altri due che si caratterizzano, rispettivamente: a) l'uno (il secondo capitolo), quale concreta individuazione delle modalità di esecuzione dell'operazione di conferimento di azienda, dalla decisione di procedere in tal senso, alla concreta esecuzione dell'apporto; b) l'altro (il terzo capitolo), quale esame di alcuni aspetti problematici che emergono a seguito dell'esecuzione dell'apporto, sia con riferimento agli effetti prodotti nei rapporti ricompresi nell'oggetto dell'apporto, sia con riferimento al ruolo dei diversi soggetti che, direttamente e/o indirettamente, ne subiscono i riflessi. In entrambi i capitoli (due e tre), peraltro, si affrontano non solo aspetti connessi alla disciplina dell'impresa ancora in bonis, ma anche, data l'attualità degli interventi operati dal legislatore nell'ambito della risoluzione della crisi dell'impresa, le questioni inerenti l'utilizzo di tale operazione quale forma di liquidazione dell'attivo. Si chiude l'elaborato con alcune riflessioni inerenti le forme di reazione agli abusi che, sovente, caratterizzano l'apporto dell'azienda.

Electrospun Polymeric Scaffolds with Enhanced Biomimetic Properties for Tissue Engineering Applications

This PhD Thesis is focused on the development of fibrous polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications and on the improvement of scaffold biomimetic properties. Scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning, which allows to obtain scaffolds made of polymeric micro or nanofibers. Biomimetism was enhanced by following two approaches: (1) the use of natural biopolymers, and (2) the modification of the fibers surface chemistry. Gelatin was chosen for its bioactive properties and cellular affinity, however it lacks in mechanical properties. This problem was overcome by adding poly(lactic acid) to the scaffold through co-electrospinning and mechanical properties of the composite constructs were assessed. Gelatin effectively improves cell growth and viability and worth noting, composite scaffolds of gelatin and poly(lactic acid) were more effective than a plain gelatin scaffold. Scaffolds made of pure collagen fibers were fabricated. Modification of collagen triple helix structure in electrospun collagen fibers was studied. Mechanical properties were evaluated before and after crosslinking. The crosslinking procedure was developed and optimized by using - for the first time on electrospun collagen fibers - the crosslinking reactant 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, with good results in terms of fibers stabilization. Cell culture experiments showed good results in term of cell adhesion and morphology. The fiber surface chemistry of electrospun poly(lactic acid) scaffold was modified by plasma treatment. Plasma did not affect thermal and mechanical properties of the scaffold, while it greatly increased its hydrophilicity by the introduction of carboxyl groups at the fiber surface. This fiber functionalization enhanced the fibroblast cell viability and spreading. Surface modifications by chemical reactions were conducted on electrospun scaffolds made of a polysophorolipid. The aim was to introduce a biomolecule at the fiber surface. By developing a series of chemical reactions, one oligopeptide every three repeating units of polysophorolipid was grafted at the surface of electrospun fibers.

Erasure error correcting codes applied to DTN communications.

The space environment has always been one of the most challenging for communications, both at physical and network layer. Concerning the latter, the most common challenges are the lack of continuous network connectivity, very long delays and relatively frequent losses. Because of these problems, the normal TCP/IP suite protocols are hardly applicable. Moreover, in space scenarios reliability is fundamental. In fact, it is usually not tolerable to lose important information or to receive it with a very large delay because of a challenging transmission channel. In terrestrial protocols, such as TCP, reliability is obtained by means of an ARQ (Automatic Retransmission reQuest) method, which, however, has not good performance when there are long delays on the transmission channel. At physical layer, Forward Error Correction Codes (FECs), based on the insertion of redundant information, are an alternative way to assure reliability. On binary channels, when single bits are flipped because of channel noise, redundancy bits can be exploited to recover the original information. In the presence of binary erasure channels, where bits are not flipped but lost, redundancy can still be used to recover the original information. FECs codes, designed for this purpose, are usually called Erasure Codes (ECs). It is worth noting that ECs, primarily studied for binary channels, can also be used at upper layers, i.e. applied on packets instead of bits, offering a very interesting alternative to the usual ARQ methods, especially in the presence of long delays. A protocol created to add reliability to DTN networks is the Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP), created to obtain better performance on long delay links. The aim of this thesis is the application of ECs to LTP.

Variabilita' ed evoluzione dei prioni: Mutabilita' in vitro

I prioni, privi di acidi nucleici, esistono come ceppi e possono mutare, in particolare quando attraversano una barriera di specie. Numerosi studi convergono sulla conclusione che le caratteristiche ceppo-specifiche siano inscritte nella conformazione della PrPSc, con la variabilità di ceppo associata a varianti conformazionali della PrPSc. In questo studio ci siamo avvalsi del PMCA, tecnica che riproduce in vitro molti aspetti della biologia dei prioni, per mettere a punto condizioni sperimentali di replicazione che permettessero di osservare fenomeni di mutazione e selezione, onde investigare i meccanismi molecolari e di popolazione alla base della mutabilità dei prioni. In condizioni di replicazione eterologa, che mima la trasmissione tra diverse specie, è stato inizialmente possibile identificare un mutante difettivo della scrapie, caratterizzato da una diversa conformazione della PrPSc e capace di replicare in vitro ma non più in vivo. Le condizioni in cui tale mutante è emerso hanno permesso di sviluppare ulteriori ipotesi di lavoro, basate sul concetto della quasi-specie. Impartendo diversi regimi di replicazione e seguendo l’evoluzione di due ceppi, è stato possibile evidenziare fenomeni di mutazione anche in condizioni di replicazione omologa, in assenza di forti pressioni selettive. In entrambi i ceppi sono emerse varianti conformazionali di PrPSc durante passaggi replicativi ad ampia popolazione, mentre le popolazioni sottoposte a ripetuti colli di bottiglia hanno mostrato un rapido declino del tasso di replicazione. Sono stati infine investigati l’efficacia e il potenziale mutageno di molecole anti-prioniche, ottenendo importanti risultati preliminari sull’efficacia di molecole che legano la PrPC. Questi risultati evidenziano come la mutabilità sia una caratteristica intrinseca dei prioni e supportano l’idea che i prioni siano molto variabili, similmente alle quasi-specie virali, e perciò adattabili e proni a fenomeni di mutazione e selezione. Tali conclusioni hanno impatto su problematiche sanitarie quali lo studio del potenziale zoonotico e i fenomeni di farmaco-resistenza dei prioni.

Envy: A Psychometric Refinement of the Construct

The noticeable differences in the theoretical and operative definitions of envy across studies and approaches have produced a fragmentary representation and understanding of the envious emotion. The present dissertation aimed to clarify the inherent nature of the construct of envy through the integration of findings from three independent studies. We focused on malicious envy, and investigated it from both a dispositional and an episodic perspective. Studies 1 and 2 investigated the dimensionality of envy as a stable individual characteristic and an episodic emotional state, respectively. In order to elicit episodic envy, a scenario-based experiment was conducted. Results indicated that, in both its dispositional and episodic facets, envy is a bidimensional construct composed by an inner-directed dimension of inferiority and helplessness, and an outer-directed dimension of feelings of anger and ill will. Moreover, findings from Study 1 allowed to establish boundaries between envy and competing constructs that have often been included in conceptualizations of envy. The psychometrically validated definition of envy provided by Studies 1 and 2 represents a valuable contribution to empirical research. Implications for envy research concern the promotion of a shared operationalization of envy in future studies, which will arguably facilitate the comparison of findings between studies and between approaches. Study 3 examined the mechanisms through which dispositional envy affects individuals’ social adjustment and psychological wellbeing. Findings revealed that the detrimental effects of envy on perceived social support and subjective well-being are mostly mediated by other personal characteristics, such as neuroticism and self-esteem. By reducing global self-esteem, the envious disposition may damage supportive social networks via antisocial direct and indirect behaviors that may arise from envy and that are likely to drive others away. On the other hand, by damaging both emotional stability and self-worth, dispositional envy leads to reduced subjective well-being. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Analysis of the pig genome for the identification of genomic regions affecting production traits

The aim of this work was to identify markers associated with production traits in the pig genome using different approaches. We focused the attention on Italian Large White pig breed using Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and applying a selective genotyping approach to increase the power of the analyses. Furthermore, we searched the pig genome using Next Generation Sequencing (NSG) Ion Torrent Technology to combine selective genotyping approach and deep sequencing for SNP discovery. Other two studies were carried on with a different approach. Allele frequency changes for SNPs affecting candidate genes and at Genome Wide level were analysed to identify selection signatures driven by selection program during the last 20 years. This approach confirmed that a great number of markers may affect production traits and that they are captured by the classical selection programs. GWAS revealed 123 significant or suggestively significant SNP associated with Back Fat Thickenss and 229 associated with Average Daily Gain. 16 Copy Number Variant Regions resulted more frequent in lean or fat pigs and showed that different copies of those region could have a limited impact on fat. These often appear to be involved in food intake and behavior, beside affecting genes involved in metabolic pathways and their expression. By combining NGS sequencing with selective genotyping approach, new variants where discovered and at least 54 are worth to be analysed in association studies. The study of groups of pigs undergone to stringent selection showed that allele frequency of some loci can drastically change if they are close to traits that are interesting for selection schemes. These approaches could be, in future, integrated in genomic selection plans.

The use of satellite remote sensing for flood risk management

Over the last decades the impact of natural disasters to the global environment is becoming more and more severe. The number of disasters has dramatically increased, as well as the cost to the global economy and the number of people affected. Among the natural disaster, flood catastrophes are considered to be the most costly, devastating, broad extent and frequent, because of the tremendous fatalities, injuries, property damage, economic and social disruption they cause to the humankind. In the last thirty years, the World has suffered from severe flooding and the huge impact of floods has caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, destruction of infrastructures, disruption of economic activity and the loss of property for worth billions of dollars. In this context, satellite remote sensing, along with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), has become a key tool in flood risk management analysis. Remote sensing for supporting various aspects of flood risk management was investigated in the present thesis. In particular, the research focused on the use of satellite images for flood mapping and monitoring, damage assessment and risk assessment. The contribution of satellite remote sensing for the delineation of flood prone zones, the identification of damaged areas and the development of hazard maps was explored referring to selected cases of study.

Eine ökologische Landeskunde der Rhön

Die Ökologische Landeskunde der Rhön – mit einem Schwerpunkt auf dem hessischen Teil – behandelt als moderne Landeskunde neben der Geostruktur und der humangeographischen Struktur im Besonderen die ökologische Struktur, denn nur durch diese Pointierung können Räume in ihrer Gesamtheit und Komplexität beschrieben werden. Das gilt im Besonderen für ökologisch bedeutsame Schutzräume wie die Rhön. Der Mittelgebirgsraum Rhön ist eine über Jahrhunderte gewachsene Kulturlandschaft mit einem weitgehend intakten, aber fragilen Ökosystem, das eine einzigartige und schützenswerte floristische und faunistische Ausstattung aufweist. Durch die weitreichenden mittelalterlichen Rodungen und die anschließende extensive Weidenutzung haben sich unter dem Eingriff des Menschen besonders auf den Höhenlagen im Laufe der Zeit artenreiche und ökologisch bedeutsame Ökosystemtypen, wie Borst- und Kalkmagerrasen, entwickelt. Um das naturräumliche und touristische Potential des Untersuchungsraums langfristig erhalten zu können, haben ökologische und nachhaltige Entwicklungen in den einzelnen Wirtschaftssektoren eine überragende Funktion. Im primären, sekundären und tertiären Sektor zeigen sich deutliche Entwicklungen hin zu ökologischen Erzeugnissen und Dienstleistungen. Der Ökolandbau gewinnt in der Rhön zunehmend an Bedeutung, Betriebe spezialisieren sich immer mehr auf Bio-zertifizierte und regionale Produkte und werben verstärkt mit ökologischen und rhöntypischen Begrifflichkeiten. Vor allem der für die Rhön wirtschaftlich bedeutende Tourismussektor, der im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökonomie und Ökologie steht, entwickelt sich ebenfalls in Richtung nachhaltiger und umweltfreundlicher Formen. Am Beispiel des Milseburgradwegs konnte anhand einer Besucherbefragung auf Basis standardisierter Fragestellungen mit vornehmlich geschlossenen Fragen gezeigt werden, wie wichtig den Nutzern eine intakte Natur ist und wie Ökotourismus, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Naturschutz koexistieren können. Die Prämierung der Rhön zum Biosphärenreservat Rhön durch die UNESCO im Jahre 1991 erwies sich als Glücksfall und konnte dem strukturschwachen ländlichen Raum wichtige ökologische und wirtschaftliche Impulse geben, vor allem in Richtung ökologischer und nachhaltiger Erzeugnisse und Dienstleistungen. Die Auszeichnung kann dabei als Synthese zwischen Geostruktur und humangeographischer Struktur angesehen werden und ist Würdigung, Mahnung und Pflicht zugleich. Zusätzlich verdeutlicht sie auf eindringliche Weise die Fragilität und Schutzwürdigkeit des Ökosystems. Gegenwärtig zeichnen sich im Untersuchungsraum einige Entwicklungen ab, die die ökologische Raumstruktur gefährden und zusätzlich zur Aberkennung des Titels Biosphärenreservat führen könnten, weshalb sie kritisch gesehen werden müssen. Hier stechen der Bau der geplanten Bundesstraße B 87n von Fulda nach Meiningen oder das Kernzonendefizit hervor. Die Arbeit ist deshalb ein Plädoyer für den unbedingten Erhalt des identitätsstiftenden Titels Biosphärenreservat sowie für eine aktive Umweltbildung, denn eine erfolgreiche Zukunft und Identifikation der Bewohner mit ihrem Heimatraum ist unmittelbar an das Prädikat gekoppelt. Ökologische Landeskunden verstehen sich als aktive Elemente in der Umweltbildung und richten sich an die Menschen, die immer mehr zum prägenden Faktor von Räumen und ihren Ökosystemen werden. In der Rhön können sie sogar als Ausgangspunkt für die Herausbildung aufgefasst werden. Trotz der begrenzten Aussagekraft der Arbeit und der Komplexität des Untersuchungsraums zeigen sich vielfältige, ökologisch relevante Entwicklungen, die jedoch durch weitere sozialwissenschaftliche und wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Arbeiten erweitert, vertieft und stetig abgeglichen werden müssen.

Videogame localization. A case study: Final Fantasy XII

Globalization has influenced all economic sectors and the demand for translation services has increased like never before. The videogame industry has become a worldwide phenomenon worth billions. Many people around the globe, male and female, children and adults alike, choose this leisure activity and enjoy it like reading or watching a film. It is a global phenomenon capable of producing as much revenue and anticipation as the film industry. Most games are developed in Japanese or English and the new global market requires this product to be translated into many other languages. The scenario has brought about a new field of specialization in translation studies, commonly known as videogame localization. The emergence of this new field calls not only for a review of translation studies, but also a shift in the role that some translators and translated products are expected to play within a globalized world. The aim of this dissertation is to provide an overview of videogame localization and its challenges under the guidance of a professional translator such as Alexander O. Smith, who agreed to provide counsel through several Skype interviews. This provided a first-hand insight into how translation decisions are carried out by game translators. Alexander O. Smith was a former translator for Square Enix, one of the biggest Japanese videogame developer, publisher and distribution company in the market. He now works as an independent translator and in 2003 he founded the localization agency called Kajiya Productions with his friend and fellow translator Joseph Reeder. Together with Alexander O. Smith, the twelfth installment of the Final Fantasy series by Square Enix has been chosen as a very good example of the issues and challenges brought on by videogame localization. The game which revealed itself to be one of the most fun, challenging and rewarding professional experiences of Alexander O. Smith.

Analisi del film L'appartamento spagnolo: multilinguismo e comunicazione interculturale

The present research study focuses on intercultural communication and how its dynamics are portrayed in the Italian version of the movie L’appartamento spagnolo (original title: L’auberge espagnol) by Cédric Klapisch. The first chapter introduces the movie in all its main features, such as plot, setting, characters, languages, main themes, and sequels. The second chapter focuses on the dynamics of intercultural communication through the analysis of the most representative scenes of the movie. It is worth noting that the notion of intercultural communication comprises a lot of different kinds of communication, meaning not only communication among people coming from different countries and speaking a different language, but also among different generations, people with different social backgrounds, with a different social status, etc. However, language is indeed crucial to mutual understanding and it plays a fundamental role in communication. For this reason, the third chapter focuses on the multilingual dimension of the movie, since the issue of intercultural communication is also conveyed through a variety of languages. The aim is to analyze the different strategies used in the Italian dubbed version in order to manage the presence of different languages and to examine how such strategies affect the overall consistency of the dialogues and the effect achieved on the audience.

No evidence for large differences in genomic methylation between wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

When salmonid fish that have been raised in hatcheries spawn in the wild, they often produce fewer surviving adult offspring than wild fish. Recent data from steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Hood River (Oregon, USA) show that even one or two generations of hatchery culture can result in dramatic declines in fitness. Although intense domestication selection could cause such declines, it is worth considering alternative explanations. One possibility is heritable epigenetic changes induced by the hatchery environment. Here, we show, using methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism, that hatchery and wild adult steelhead from the Hood River do not appear to differ substantially in overall levels of genomic methylation. Thus, although altered methylation of specific DNA sites or other epigenetic processes could still be important, the hatchery environment does not appear to cause a global hypo- or hypermethylation of the genome or create a large number of sites that are differentially methylated.

Review of Nineteenth-Century Geographies: The Transformation of Space from the Victorian Age to the American Century, eds. H. Michie and R. Thomas

It is by now a banal observation that published collections of conference papers tend to add up to a whole that is considerably less than the sum of the parts. Nineteenth-Century Geographies, a book that grew out of an interdisciplinary conference held at Rice University in 1998 falls into this category. While assuring my readers that each individual contribution is independently worth a read is likewise a predictable cliché, it is in fact the case that every one of the 17 articles collected here—notwithstanding the rather convoluted Introduction—has much to offer the study, broadly speaking, of ‘cultural spaces’ of British and American imperialisms in the nineteenth century. . . . All of my complaints aside, this turns out to be a much more enjoyable book to read than to review, and I would recommend skimming and dipping at length. I cannot quite imagine when a read-through of this book might be called for, except perhaps in graduate seminars on related topics.

Feminist Tigers and Patriarchal Lions: Rhetorical Strategies and Instrument Effects in the Struggle for Definition and Control over Development in Nepal

This article offers an analysis of a struggle for control of a women’s development project in Nepal. The story of this struggle is worth telling, for it is rife with the gender politics and neo-colonial context that underscore much of what goes on in contemporary Nepal. In particular, my analysis helps to unravel some of the powerful discourses, threads of interest, and yet unintended effects inevitable under a regime of development aid. The analysis demonstrates that the employment of already available discursive figures of the imperialist feminist and the patriarchal third world man are central to the rhetorical strategies taken in the conflict. I argue that the trans-discursive or “borderland” nature of development in general and women’s development in particular result in different constructions of “development” goals, means and actors based not only on divergent cultural categories but on historically specific cultural politics. I argue further that the apolitical discourse of development serves to cloak its inherently political project of social and economic transformation, making conflicts such as the one that occurred in this case not only likely to occur but also likely to be misunderstood.