A genome-wide approach accounting for body mass index identifies genetic variants influencing fasting glycemic traits and insulin resistance.

Recent genome-wide association studies have described many loci implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathophysiology and β-cell dysfunction but have contributed little to the understanding of the genetic basis of insulin resistance. We hypothesized that genes implicated in insulin resistance pathways might be uncovered by accounting for differences in body mass index (BMI) and potential interactions between BMI and genetic variants. We applied a joint meta-analysis approach to test associations with fasting insulin and glucose on a genome-wide scale. We present six previously unknown loci associated with fasting insulin at P < 5 × 10(-8) in combined discovery and follow-up analyses of 52 studies comprising up to 96,496 non-diabetic individuals. Risk variants were associated with higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, suggesting a role for these loci in insulin resistance pathways. The discovery of these loci will aid further characterization of the role of insulin resistance in T2D pathophysiology.

Lepidópteros visitantes florais de Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl (Verbenaceae) em remanescente de Mata Atlântica, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Foram analisadas a composição e sazonalidade da comunidade de lepidópteros visitantes florais de S. cayennensis na Estação Ambiental de Peti. Registrou-se a visita de 445 lepidópteros pertencentes a 98 espécies, distribuídos em 6 famílias: Hesperiidae (81,8%), Pieridae (10,8%), Lycaenidae (3,6%), Nymphalidae (2,2%), Papilionidae (1,3%) e Sesiidae (0,3%). Os hesperídeos também apresentaram a maior riqueza, com 70 espécies amostradas. Das espécies amostradas, apenas quatro tiveram abundância relativa acima de 5% (Pyrgus orcus (Stoll, 1780), Pompeius pompeius (Latreille, [1824]), Urbanus dorantes dorantes (Stoll, 1790) e Corticea corticea (Plötz, 1882)). De acordo com a classificação de Palma, duas espécies foram comuns, 12 intermediárias e 84 foram consideradas raras. Os valores de diversidade e uniformidade foram altos (H'= 3,98 e E = 0,87). Existe nítida diferença na composição e abundância das espécies ao longo do ano, onde foi observado que a maior riqueza de espécies e número de indivíduos estiveram concentrados na estação chuvosa. A similaridade entre as duas estações foi relativamente baixa, 25 ocorreram na estação seca, 93 na chuvosa e apenas 18 ocorreram nas duas estações. Os lepidópteros apresentaram maior atividade de forrageamento em temperaturas entre 23 e 32 ºC, sendo a maior abundância registradas por volta das 10:00 horas.

[Archives de l'Opéra. Régie. Journal de régie. Première série]

Calendrier des spectacles et des répétitions. - Pas de liste du personnel de la régie

Genome-wide association study of major recurrent depression in the U.K. population.

OBJECTIVE: Studies of major depression in twins and families have shown moderate to high heritability, but extensive molecular studies have failed to identify susceptibility genes convincingly. To detect genetic variants contributing to major depression, the authors performed a genome-wide association study using 1,636 cases of depression ascertained in the U.K. and 1,594 comparison subjects screened negative for psychiatric disorders. METHOD: Cases were collected from 1) a case-control study of recurrent depression (the Depression Case Control [DeCC] study; N=1346), 2) an affected sibling pair linkage study of recurrent depression (probands from the Depression Network [DeNT] study; N=332), and 3) a pharmacogenetic study (the Genome-Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression [GENDEP] study; N=88). Depression cases and comparison subjects were genotyped at Centre National de Génotypage on the Illumina Human610-Quad BeadChip. After applying stringent quality control criteria for missing genotypes, departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and low minor allele frequency, the authors tested for association to depression using logistic regression, correcting for population ancestry. RESULTS: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BICC1 achieved suggestive evidence for association, which strengthened after imputation of ungenotyped markers, and in analysis of female depression cases. A meta-analysis of U.K. data with previously published results from studies in Munich and Lausanne showed some evidence for association near neuroligin 1 (NLGN1) on chromosome 3, but did not support findings at BICC1. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies several signals for association worthy of further investigation but, as in previous genome-wide studies, suggests that individual gene contributions to depression are likely to have only minor effects, and very large pooled analyses will be required to identify them.

Mouse mammary tumor virus : a model system for regulation of gene expression

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) kommt prizipiell in zwei Formen vor. Erstens als integierte virale DNA (endogen vererbt), die in allen Zellen der Maus enthalten ist und zweitens als infektiöse Form, bei der sich die DNA nur im Kern von Brustdrüsenzellen integriert. Die erste Form verhält sich wie ein stummes Gen während die zweite Form aktiv ist, durch Glukocorticoide stimuliert wird und zum Mamma-Karzinom führt. Wir haben beide Typen von viralen Genen molekular geklont und durch Transfektion in verschiedene Zellen in Gewebekultur eingeführt. Wir konnten zeigen, dass sowohl die endogene DNA, wie dir infektiöse DNA in transfektieren Zellen aktiv ist und dass die Expression beider Gene durch Glukocorticoide stimuliert wird. Wir konnten die DNA Squenzen, die für dir Homonstimulierung nötig sind, in einem kleinen Fragment der viralen DNA lokalisieren. Bei der Sequenzanalyse dieses DNA-Stückes haben wir ein neues virales Gen entdeckt, das dir Information für ein Protein von ca. 40000 Moleklargewicht enthählt. Mit Hilfe eines Antikörpers suchen wir in verschiedenen Brustdrüsenzellen und Tumoren nach diesem Proetin, dessen Funktion noch nicht bekannt ist.

As Fórmulas resolventes

Como se sabe, uma equação suscetível de ser reduzida à forma: (a ib )xn (a ib )xn (a ib )x a ib 0 0 1 1 n n n n 1 1 1 1 + + + - + ××× + + + + = 0 - - ( ) com a b j j , ÎR, (j=0,1,..,n), a0 ¹ 0 ou b0 ¹ 0 , e onde i é a unidade imaginária, diz-se algébrica racional inteira na incógnita x , definida em C, e de grau n ÎN. Sabe-se, por igual, que toda a equação inteira de grau n >1, com coeficientes em C, tem, pelo menos, uma raiz neste conjunto. Contudo, no caso em que os coeficientes da equação são elementos de R, se existirem raízes imaginárias, terão de ser em número par e conjugadas duas a duas. Desde que os matemáticos procuraram encontrar as soluções de uma equação inteira qualquer, que se gerou o sonho de ser possível obter uma fórmula resolvente geral para a equação de grau n ³ 1. Para certo valor de n obter-se-ia a fórmula resolvente para a correspondente equação inteira.

Microscale patchiness of small plankton on the Chimbote shelf, Peru

Estudia el stock del plancton, densidad y los nutrientes necesarios para su desarrollo y las condiciones ambientales

Genome-wide association analysis of copy number variation in recurrent depressive disorder.

Large, rare copy number variants (CNVs) have been implicated in a variety of psychiatric disorders, but the role of CNVs in recurrent depression is unclear. We performed a genome-wide analysis of large, rare CNVs in 3106 cases of recurrent depression, 459 controls screened for lifetime-absence of psychiatric disorder and 5619 unscreened controls from phase 2 of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC2). We compared the frequency of cases with CNVs against the frequency observed in each control group, analysing CNVs over the whole genome, genic, intergenic, intronic and exonic regions. We found that deletion CNVs were associated with recurrent depression, whereas duplications were not. The effect was significant when comparing cases with WTCCC2 controls (P=7.7 × 10(-6), odds ratio (OR) =1.25 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.37)) and to screened controls (P=5.6 × 10(-4), OR=1.52 (95% CI 1.20-1.93). Further analysis showed that CNVs deleting protein coding regions were largely responsible for the association. Within an analysis of regions previously implicated in schizophrenia, we found an overall enrichment of CNVs in our cases when compared with screened controls (P=0.019). We observe an ordered increase of samples with deletion CNVs, with the lowest proportion seen in screened controls, the next highest in unscreened controls and the highest in cases. This may suggest that the absence of deletion CNVs, especially in genes, is associated with resilience to recurrent depression.