Model For Regulation Of Delta-Aminolevulinate Synthetase Induction In Rat-Liver

A reciprocal relationship exists between the cytochrome P-450 content and d-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity in adult rats. In young rats the basal d-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity is higher and the cytochrome P-450 content is lower compared with the adult rat liver. Administration of allylisopropylacetamide neither induces the enzyme nor causes degradation of cytochrome P-450 in the young rat liver, unlike adult rat liver. Allylisopropylacetamide fails to induce d-aminolaevulinate synthetase in adrenalectomized–ovariectomized animals or intact animals pretreated with successive doses of the drug, in the absence of cortisol. The cortisol-mediated induction of the enzyme is sensitive to actinomycin D. Allylisopropylacetamide administration degrades microsomal haem but not nuclear haem. Haem does not counteract the decrease in cytochrome P-450 content caused by allylisopropylacetamide administration, but there is evidence for the formation of drug-resistant protein-bound haem in liver microsomal material under these conditions. Phenobarbital induces d-aminolaevulinate synthetase under conditions when there is no breakdown of cytochrome P-450. On the basis of these results and those already published, a model is proposed for the regulation of d-aminolaevulinate synthetase induction in rat liver.

Vaggvisor i Kvevlax : Språkliga strukturer och konstruktioner

Lullabies in Kvevlax. Linguistic structures and constructions. The study is a linguistic analysis of constructions that shape the texts used in lullabies in Kvevlax in Ostrobothnia in Finland. The empirical goal is to identify linguistic constructions in traditional lullabies that make use of the dialect of the region. The theoretical goal was to test the usability of Construction Grammar (CxG) in analyses of this type of material, and to further develop the formal description of Construction Grammar in such a way as to make it possible to analyze all kinds of linguistically complex texts. The material that I collected in the 1960s comprises approximately 600 lullabies and concomitant interviews with the singers on the use of lullabies. In 1991 I collected additional material in Kvevlax. The number of informants is close to 250. Supplementary material covering the Swedish-language regions in Finland was compiled from the archives of the Society of Swedish Literature in Finland. The first part of the study is mainly based on traditional grammar and gives general information about the language and the structures used in the lullabies. In the detailed study of the Kvevlax lullabies in the latter part of the study I use a version of Construction Grammar intended for the linguistic analysis of usage-based texts. The analysis focuses on the most salient constructions in the lullabies. The study shows that Construction Grammar as a method has more general applicability than traditional linguistic methods. The study identifies important constructions, including elements typical of this genre, that structure the text in different variants of the same lullabies. In addition, CxG made it possible to study pragmatic aspects of the interactional, cultural and contextual language that is used in communication with small children. The constructions found in lullabies are also used in language in general. In addition to being able to give detailed linguistic descriptions of the texts, Construction Grammar can also explain the multidimensionality of language and the variations in the texts. The use of CxG made it possible to show that variations are not random but follow prototypical linguistic patterns, constructions. Constructions are thus found to be linguistic resources with built-in variation potentials.

Moralpanik eller förnuftslogik - i Jokela-fallets diskursiva efterdyningar

I denna pro gradu avhandling undersöker jag Jokela-fallets diskursiva efterdyningar utgående från ett moralpanikperspektiv. Syftet är att se huruvida reaktionerna på och förklaringarna till skolmassakern i Jokela kan anses präglas av moralpanik, samt vilka andra förklaringsmodeller som präglade den omfattande Jokela-debatten. Avhandling grundar sig på en kvalitativ diskursanalys av förklaringsmodellerna så som de presenterades i opinionstexter och insändare i Helsingin Sanomat hösten 2007. Jag analyserar hur den medierade Jokela-debatten utvecklades och formade perceptionerna om skolskjutningar, ungdomar och det finländska samhällstillståndet i stort. Jokela-fallet väckte starka reaktioner och rädsla. Man försökte förstå och förklara orsakerna till skottdramat. Flera olika förklaringsmodeller presenterades i medierna; en oro över ungdomens mentala hälsa och mobbning, webbens och populärkulturens farliga inflytande, det hårdnade samhällsklimatet och en försvagad välfärd, också den bristfälliga vapenlagstiftningen kritiserades. Den gemensamma nämnaren var att Jokela-fallet uppfattades som en indikator på hela samhällets tillstånd där en gemensam värdegrund och moral håller på att erodera. Mitt teoretiska perspektiv grundar sig främst på moralpanikteorier av Stanley Cohen och Chas Critcher som jag kopplar ihop med Ulrich Becks teori om risksamhället och Emile Durkheims anomiteori. Det här speglar jag mot bland annat Hille Koskelas forskning om rädslans kultur och trygghetssamhället, samt jämför med amerikansk forskning om skolskjutningar. Jokela-debatten formades främst av två dominerande diskurser: a) en rationaliseringsdiskurs som kännetecknas av att man försöker förklara Jokela-fallet genom förnuftsmässiga och logiska resonemang genom att peka på olika samhällsaspekter, b) en risk- och kontrolldiskurs som kännetecknas av moralpaniktendenser främst i form av oro över ungdomar, internet och försvagade samhällsnormer, samt krav på ökad social kontroll och reglering för att säkra trygghet och ordning i samhället. Jokela-fallet var inte ett klassiskt moralpanikfall, men fyllde många av kriterierna för moralpanik. Jokela-debatten uttryckte en rädslans kultur som genomsyrar dagens risksamhälle och som legitimerar ökad riskhantering och social kontroll, som försvar mot de hot och problem som samhället kollektivt upplever. Det ställdes krav på mera social kontroll och reglering på grund av upplevda hot mot samhällets normer och en försvagad moral, vilket är ett uttryck för moralpanik. Jokela-fallets diskursiva efterdyningar visar att tryggheten har blivit ett moraliskt imperativ. Trygghet har blivit något vi förutsätts eftersträva och som vi är färdiga att betala ett allt högre pris för, både mätt i pengar och i frihet.

Päijänteen yhteenvetotutkimus. I : nykytila ja siihen johtanut kehitys. Fysikaalis-kemialliset selvitykset

English summary: Lake Päijänne research I

Jämförande studier av råvattenkvaliteten och reningskostnaderna i Sverige och Finland

English summary: Comparative studies on raw water quality and treatment costs in Sweden and Finland

Studies on induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in mouse liver

Administration of 3,5-diethoxy carbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) to mice resulted in a striking increase in the level of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase in liver. Although the enzyme activity was primarily localized in mitochondria and postmicrosomal supernatant fluid, a significant level of activity was also detected in purified nuclei. The time course of induction showed a close parallelism between the bound and free enzyme activities with the former always accounting for a higher percentage of the total activity as compared to the latter. Studies with cycloheximide indicated a half-life of around 3 hr for both the bound and free ALA synthetase. Actinomycin D and hemin prevented enzyme induction when administered along with DDC, but when administered 12 hr after DDC treatment Actinomycin D did not lead to a decay of either the bound or free enzyme activity and hemin inhibited the bound enzyme activity but not the free enzyme level. The molecular sizes of the mitochondrial and cytosolic ALA synthetase(s) were found to be similar on sephadex columns.

Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of the putative SAICAR synthetase (PH0239) from Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3

The study of proteins involved in de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is central in the development of antibiotics and anticancer drugs. In view of this, a protein from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 was isolated, purified and crystallized using the microbatch method. Its primary structure was found to be similar to that of SAICAR synthetase, which catalyses the seventh step of de novo purine biosynthesis. A diffraction-quality crystal was obtained using Hampton Research Crystal Screen II condition No. 34, consisting of 0.05 M cadmium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M HEPES buffer pH 7.5 and 1.0 M sodium acetate trihydrate, with 40%(v/v) 1,4-butanediol as an additive. The crystal belonged to space group P3(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 95.62, c = 149.13 angstrom. Assuming the presence of a hexamer in the asymmetric unit resulted in a Matthews coefficient (V-M) of 2.3 angstrom(3) Da(-1), corresponding to a solvent content of about 46%. A detailed study of this protein will yield insights into structural stability at high temperatures and should be highly relevant to the development of antibiotics and anticancer drugs targeting the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides.

Rough Justice or Zero Tolerance? - Reassessing the Nature of Copyright in Light of Collective Licensing (Part I)

Starting point in the European individualistic copyright ideology is that an individual author creates a work and controls the use of it. However, this paper argues that it is (and has always been) impossible to control the use of works after their publication. This has also been acknowledged by the legislator, who has introduced collective licensing agreements because of this impossibility. Since it is impossible to rigorously control the use of works this writing "Rough Justice or Zero Tolerance - Reassessing the Nature of Copyright in Light of Collective Licensing" examines what reality of copyright is actually about. Finding alternative (and hopefully more "true") ways to understand copyright helps us to create alternative solutions in order to solve possible problems we have as it comes e.g. to use of content in online environment. The paper makes a claim that copyright is actually about defining negotiation points for different stakeholders and that nothing in the copyright reality prevents us from defining e.g. a new negotiation point where representatives of consumers would meet representatives of right holders in order to agree on the terms of use for certain content types in online environment.

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Utilizes the Canonical Pathway To Activate NF-kappa B but It Utilizes the Type I Interferon Pathway To Induce Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Expression in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Flaviviruses have been shown to induce cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) through the activation of NF-kappa B. Using IKK1(-/-), IKK2(-/-), NEMO-/-, and IKK1-/- IKK2-/- double mutant as well as p50(-/-) RelA(-/-) cRel(-/-) triple mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), we show that this flavivirus utilizes the canonical pathway to activate NF-kappa B in an IKK2- and NEMO-, but not IKK1-, dependent manner. NF-kappa B DNA binding activity induced upon virus infection was shown to be composed of RelA: p50 dimers in these fibroblasts. Type I interferon (IFN) production was significantly decreased but not completely abolished upon virus infection in cells defective in NF-kappa B activation. In contrast, induction of classical MHC-I (class 1a) genes and their cell surface expression remained unaffected in these NF-kappa B-defective cells. However, MHC-I induction was impaired in IFNAR(-/-) cells that lack the alpha/beta IFN receptor, indicating a dominant role of type I IFNs but not NF-kappa B for the induction of MHC-I molecules by Japanese encephalitis virus. Our further analysis revealed that the residual type I IFN signaling in NF-kappa B-deficient cells is sufficient to drive MHC-I gene expression upon virus infection in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. However, NF-kappa B could indirectly regulate MHC-I expression, since JEV-induced type I IFN expression was found to be critically dependent on it.

Structural stability of slender aerospace vehicles: Part I Mathematical modeling

A detailed mechanics based model is developed to analyze the problem of structural instability in slender aerospace vehicles. Coupling among the rigid-body modes, the longitudinal vibrational modes and the transverse vibrational modes due to asymmetric lifting-body cross-section are considered. The model also incorporates the effects of aerodynamic pressure and the propulsive thrust of the vehicle. The model is one-dimensional, and it can be employed to idealized slender vehicles with complex shapes. Condition under which a flexible body with internal stress waves behaves like a perfect rigid body is derived. Two methods are developed for finite element discretization of the system: (1) A time-frequency Fourier spectral finite element method and (2) h-p finite element method. Numerical results using the above methods are presented in Part II of this paper. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Beskattningsrätt och skattskyldighet för kyrkan i Finland

Inom rättsvetenskap saknas grundforskning om kyrkoskatt. Det kan ha många orsaker. En renodlad skatterättslig forskning utan exkurser till andra vetenskaper är minst sagt otänkbar. Forskning inom ett gränsområde mellan teologi och rättsvetenskap måste inkludera drag av sociologi, politologi och ekonomi. Etik från teologi och moral genom lag kan vara självklart. Förankrad i liberal rättsfilosofi kan också beskattningen förstås på ett annat sätt om en förankring i ett historiskt perspektiv tas med. Den evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan och den ortodoxa kyrkan har skatterätt i Finland. Hur har det kommit sig och vilken rätt har andra trossamfund? Detta försöker vi här belysa genom skilda infallsvinklar. Laglig reglering av offentligrättsliga samfunds skatteintag, med kyrkans uppgifter med tydligt mindre lagbundenhet som utgiftsfält, ger de sociala aspekterna och barmhärtighet stort inflytande. En tidvis sekulär stat och de nationella bindningarna med historisk förankring ger ett konglomerat av skilda lösningsmodeller. Genom olika förankringar i skilda kulturer och språk kan en nationell kutym uppstå som skiljer sig mycket från andra. Dessutom kan speciella juridiska egenheter upptäckas. Vilken nationell modell man i en demokrati väljer, styrs av de politiskt stadfästa lagarna. Oberoende av kyrkans nationella ställning, ökar en större liberalism och fördragsamhet i en demokrati behovet av anpassning och nationell acceptans av andra religioner, vilket kan leda till ett behov av nya finansieringsmodeller för trossamfund.