Distributed Control and Optimization for Communication and Power Systems

We are at the cusp of a historic transformation of both communication system and electricity system. This creates challenges as well as opportunities for the study of networked systems. Problems of these systems typically involve a huge number of end points that require intelligent coordination in a distributed manner. In this thesis, we develop models, theories, and scalable distributed optimization and control algorithms to overcome these challenges.

This thesis focuses on two specific areas: multi-path TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and electricity distribution system operation and control. Multi-path TCP (MP-TCP) is a TCP extension that allows a single data stream to be split across multiple paths. MP-TCP has the potential to greatly improve reliability as well as efficiency of communication devices. We propose a fluid model for a large class of MP-TCP algorithms and identify design criteria that guarantee the existence, uniqueness, and stability of system equilibrium. We clarify how algorithm parameters impact TCP-friendliness, responsiveness, and window oscillation and demonstrate an inevitable tradeoff among these properties. We discuss the implications of these properties on the behavior of existing algorithms and motivate a new algorithm Balia (balanced linked adaptation) which generalizes existing algorithms and strikes a good balance among TCP-friendliness, responsiveness, and window oscillation. We have implemented Balia in the Linux kernel. We use our prototype to compare the new proposed algorithm Balia with existing MP-TCP algorithms.

Our second focus is on designing computationally efficient algorithms for electricity distribution system operation and control. First, we develop efficient algorithms for feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks. The feeder reconfiguration problem chooses the on/off status of the switches in a distribution network in order to minimize a certain cost such as power loss. It is a mixed integer nonlinear program and hence hard to solve. We propose a heuristic algorithm that is based on the recently developed convex relaxation of the optimal power flow problem. The algorithm is efficient and can successfully computes an optimal configuration on all networks that we have tested. Moreover we prove that the algorithm solves the feeder reconfiguration problem optimally under certain conditions. We also propose a more efficient algorithm and it incurs a loss in optimality of less than 3% on the test networks.

Second, we develop efficient distributed algorithms that solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem on distribution networks. The OPF problem determines a network operating point that minimizes a certain objective such as generation cost or power loss. Traditionally OPF is solved in a centralized manner. With increasing penetration of volatile renewable energy resources in distribution systems, we need faster and distributed solutions for real-time feedback control. This is difficult because power flow equations are nonlinear and kirchhoff's law is global. We propose solutions for both balanced and unbalanced radial distribution networks. They exploit recent results that suggest solving for a globally optimal solution of OPF over a radial network through a second-order cone program (SOCP) or semi-definite program (SDP) relaxation. Our distributed algorithms are based on the alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM), but unlike standard ADMM-based distributed OPF algorithms that require solving optimization subproblems using iterative methods, the proposed solutions exploit the problem structure that greatly reduce the computation time. Specifically, for balanced networks, our decomposition allows us to derive closed form solutions for these subproblems and it speeds up the convergence by 1000x times in simulations. For unbalanced networks, the subproblems reduce to either closed form solutions or eigenvalue problems whose size remains constant as the network scales up and computation time is reduced by 100x compared with iterative methods.

Far-field spot compression without energy loss in main lob in wireless laser communication

Far-field spot compression without energy loss in main lob is of great significance to wireless laser communication. In this letter, we propose two schemes to obtain far-field spot compression without energy loss in main lob. One scheme is based on the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. Using SA algorithm, we design the phase profile of the diffractive phase element (DPE). Using the designed DPE, far-field spot compression without energy loss in main lob is achieved. The other scheme is based on YG algorithm. By means of YG algorithm, we appropriately designed the DPE in the emitting plane. Using the DPE, far-field spot compression without energy loss in main lob is obtained. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Designing a coupler for the intersatellite optical communication system

Coupling a single-mode laser diode with 200 mW to a single-mode fiber (SMF) through an orthonormal aspherical cylindrical lens and a GRIN lens for the intersatellite optical communication system is proposed and demonstrated. We experimentally studied how the coupling efficiency changes with the SMF's position displacement and axial angle variation, and obtained 80 mW output power at the end of the SMF, which shows that the coupling units have satisfied the designed request. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Effects of atmosphere visibility on performances of non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication systems

Dependence of performances of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) communication systems on atmosphere visibility is investigated numerically by correlating the propagation of UV radiation with the visibility. A simplified solar-blind UV atmospheric propagation model is introduced, and the NLOS UV communication system model is constituted based on the single scattering assumption. Using the model, numerical simulation is conducted for two typical geometry configurations and different modulation formats. The results indicate that the performance of the NLOS UV communication system is insensitive to variation of visibility in quite a large range, and deteriorates significantly only in very low-visibility weather, and is also dependent on the geometry configuration of the system. The results also show that the pulse position modulation (PPM) is preferable due to its high-power efficiency to improve the system performance. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Multi-channel 2-D pattern transfer model based on imaging optics for submarine laser uplink communication

An optical communication scheme of 2-D pattern transfer based on imaging optics for submarine laser uplink communication (SLUC) is suggested. Unlike the methods aiming at avoiding neighboring crosstalk used in traditional multi-channel optical beam transferring, we make full use of the overlapping of each spreading beam other than controlling divergence effect of each beam to avoid interference noise. The apparent parameters have been introduced to simplify theoretical analysis of optical pattern transfer problem involving underwater condition, with the help of which the complex beam propagation inside two kinds of mediums can be easily reduced to brief beam transfer only inside air medium. In this paper, optical transmission path and receiver terminal optics geometry have been described in detail. The link range equation and system uplink performance analysis have also been given. At last, results of a proof-of-concept experiment indicate good feasibility of the proposed SLUC model. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Double-cladding Yb3+ fiber for free-space optical communication

The experiment result of Nd:YVO4 laser pumped by laser diode that was amplified by double-cladding Yb3+ fiber is reported. Stable mode-locking pulses are obtained at repetition rate of 320 MHz and the output power is 15 mW. When laser power is amplified by Yb3+- doped double-cladding fiber amplifier, its power can get to 600 mW. Based on these, experiment of double-frequency is carried out, and green laser with power of 4 mW is obtained. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A propaganda negativa : estratégia e voto nas eleições brasileiras

Esta tese se insere no conjunto de pesquisas que procura entender como funcionam as eleições no Brasil. Especificamente, o objetivo é investigar a propaganda negativa durante as eleições presidenciais. Para tal foram desenvolvidos cinco capítulos. O primeiro situa o leitor no debate normativo sobre o papel da propaganda negativa para a democracia eleitoral. Nele, é debatida a importância dos ataques em uma série de circunstâncias, como mobilização política, ambiente informacional e decisão do voto. O segundo capítulo constitui ampla análise do conteúdo da propaganda negativa exibida no âmbito do Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral durante as eleições presidenciais de 1989, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006 e 2010, primeiro e segundo turnos. A metodologia seguiu as orientações formuladas por Figueiredo et all. (1998), mas adaptadas para as especificidades da propaganda negativa. Neste objetivo, tendências interessantes foram descobertas, a mais interessante, sem dúvida, é o baixo índice de ataques ocorrido entre os candidatos. O terceiro busca investigar o uso estratégico das inserções durante as campanhas presidenciais. Debato o caráter regulamentado do modelo brasileiro de propaganda. Ainda assim, aponto estratégias divergentes no uso estratégico das inserções negativas, sendo o horário noturno o lócus predominante dos ataques. O quarto capítulo procura criar um modelo de campanha negativa com base na teoria dos jogos. No modelo, procuro responder às seguintes questões: quem ataca quem, quando e por quê? Argumento que a propaganda negativa é o último recurso utilizado pelos candidatos na conquista por votos. Ela tem como propósito central alterar a tendência do adversário. Por essa razão, é utilizada principalmente por candidatos em situações de desvantagem nos índices de intenção de voto. O quinto e último capítulo desenvolve modelo estatístico para medir o impacto da propaganda negativa nos índices de intenção de voto.

Communication mer-lagune: impact d'une réouverture sur l'ichtyofaune de la lagune Ebrié (Côte d'Ivoire)

The artificial reopening of the lagoon inlet, made in Grand-Bantam in September 1987 in order to reduce the aquatic weeds proliferation, induced some environmental and fish communities alterations in the eastern part of the Ebrié lagoon (Côte d'Ivoire). A preliminary field survey made in May 1988 shows an increase in the salinity rate and an increase of the marine component among fish communities, when compared to the former ecological state of this lagoon area (reference data of 1980 and 1981).

The River Lune strategic stock assessment survey 1991 with particular reference to salmonids

In the past stock assessment surveys were generally reactive in response to a particular problem e.g. a pollution incident and as such were limited in the information they provided. A programme of strategic stock assessment would be more beneficial, providing up to date information on the status and composition of the stock. On a national level this could reveal trends in population dynamics and enable comparisons to be made between key rivers and between regions. The Stock Assessment Task Group (1991) has recommended annual strategic surveys for juvenile salmonids and triennial strategic surveys for coarse fish and non- migratory salmonids. The aim of this pilot study was to gain information on species distribution and their relative abundance within the River Lune catchment, and to compare the findings with the surveys carried out between 1981-1985. This would provide valuable information on the current status of the stock and provide an indication of the resources required to conduct such strategic surveys on other river catchments in the North West Region of the National Rivers Authority.

Desenvolvimento de material instrucional com enfoque construtivista para cursos de bioestatística aplicada à análise epidemiológica usando R

Os recentes avanços tecnológicos fizeram aumentar o nível de qualificação do pesquisador em epidemiologia. A importância do papel estratégico da educação não pode ser ignorada. Todavia, a Associação Brasileira de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva (ABRASCO), no seu último plano diretor (2005-2009), aponta uma pequena valorização na produção de material didático-pedagógico e, ainda, a falta de uma política de desenvolvimento e utilização de software livre no ensino da epidemiologia. É oportuno, portanto, investir em uma perspectiva relacional, na linha do que a corrente construtivista propõe, uma vez que esta teoria tem sido reconhecida como a mais adequada no desenvolvimento de materiais didáticos informatizados. Neste sentido, promover cursos interativos e, no bojo destes, desenvolver material didático conexo é oportuno e profícuo. No âmbito da questão política de desenvolvimento e utilização de software livre no ensino da epidemiologia, particularmente em estatística aplicada, o R tem se mostrado um software de interesse emergente. Ademais, não só porque evita possíveis penalizações por utilização de software comercial sem licença, mas também porque o franco acesso aos códigos e programação o torna uma ferramenta excelente para a elaboração de material didático em forma de hiperdocumentos, importantes alicerces para uma tão desejada interação docentediscente em sala de aula. O principal objetivo é desenvolver material didático em R para os cursos de bioestatística aplicada à análise epidemiológica. Devido a não implementação de certas funções estatísticas no R, também foi incluída a programação de funções adicionais. Os cursos empregados no desenvolvimento desse material fundamentaram-se nas disciplinas Uma introdução à Plataforma R para Modelagem Estatística de Dados e Instrumento de Aferição em Epidemiologia I: Teoria Clássica de Medidas (Análise) vinculadas ao departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social (IMS) da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). A base teórico-pedagógica foi definida a partir dos princípios construtivistas, na qual o indivíduo é agente ativo e crítico de seu próprio conhecimento, construindo significados a partir de experiências próprias. E, à ótica construtivista, seguiu-se a metodologia de ensino da problematização, abrangendo problemas oriundos de situações reais e sistematizados por escrito. Já os métodos computacionais foram baseados nas Novas Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (NTIC). As NTICs exploram a busca pela consolidação de currículos mais flexíveis, adaptados às características diferenciadas de aprendizagem dos alunos. A implementação das NTICs foi feita através de hipertexto, que é uma estrutura de textos interligados por nós ou vínculos (links), formando uma rede de informações relacionadas. Durante a concepção do material didático, foram realizadas mudanças na interface básica do sistema de ajuda do R para garantir a interatividade aluno-material. O próprio instrutivo é composto por blocos, que incentivam a discussão e a troca de informações entre professor e alunos.