Inequalities in Perceived Health

A report on the All-Ireland Social Capital and Health Survey. This is the first report in Ireland, North or South, which measures and identifies systematically the connections between perceived health and an extensive range of demographic and socio-economic characteristics and lifestyle behaviours. The concept of social capital and the ways in which social capital may be an important determinant of health is receiving increased attention from policy-makers. The Institute of Public Health in Ireland produced a report in 2004 based on its All Ireland Social Capital and Health Survey. The report explores how people feel about their health and highlights how this is linked with perceptions of the local social environment as well as to demographic and socio-economic circumstances and lifestyle behaviours.

Social Interaction Effects on Fertility: Intentions and Behaviors

The existing literature shows that social interactions in individuals' networks affect their reproductive attitudes and behaviors through three mechanisms: social influence, social learning, and social support. In this paper, we discuss to what extent the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), an individual based theorization of intentions and behavior used to model fertility, takes these social mechanisms into account. We argue that the TPB already integrates social influence and that it could easily accommodate the two other social network mechanisms. By doing so, the theory would be enriched in two respects. First, it will explain more completely how macro level changes eventually ends in micro level changes in behavioral intentions. Indeed, mechanisms of social influence may explain why changes in representations of parenthood and ideal family size can be slower than changes in socio-economic conditions and institutions. Social learning mechanisms should also be considered, since they are crucial to distinguish who adopts new behavioral beliefs and practices, when change at the macro level finally sinks in. Secondly, relationships are a capital of services that can complement institutional offering (informal child care) as well as a capital of knowledge which help individuals navigate in a complex institutional reality, providing a crucial element to explain heterogeneity in the successful realization of fertility intentions across individuals. We develop specific hypotheses concerning the effect of social interactions on fertility intentions and their realization to conclude with a critical review of the existing surveys suitable to test them and their limits.

Solvency Capital estimation and Risk Measures

This paper examines why a financial entity’s solvency capital estimation might be underestimated if the total amount required is obtained directly from a risk measurement. Using Monte Carlo simulation we show that, in some instances, a common risk measure such as Value-at-Risk is not subadditive when certain dependence structures are considered. Higher risk evaluations are obtained for independence between random variables than those obtained in the case of comonotonicity. The paper stresses, therefore, the relationship between dependence structures and capital estimation.

Productivity and human capital: a business-level analysis

This paper aims to analyse the impact of human capital on business productivity, focusing the analysis on the possible effect of the complementarity that exists between human capital and new production technologies, particularly advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) for the specific case of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Catalonia. Additionally, following the theory of skill-biased technological change, the paper analyses whether technological change produces bias exclusively in the skills required for managers, or whether the bias extends to the skills required of production staff. With this objective, we have compared the possible existence of complementarity between AMTs and the level of human capital for different occupational groups. The results confirm the complementary relationship between human capital and new production technologies. The results by occupational group confirm that to maximise the productivity of new technologies, skilled staff are needed both in management and production, with managers and professionals as well as skilled operatives playing a vital role. Keywords: human capital, process technologies, complementarity, business productivity. (JEL D24, J24, O30).

Wage effects from changes in local human capital in Britain

This paper examines the impact of local human capital on individuals’ wages through external effects. Employing wage regressions, it is found that changes in individuals’ wages are positively associated with changes in the shares of high-paid occupation workers in the British travel-to-work-areas for the late 1990s. I examine this positive association for different occupational groups (defined by pay) in order to disentangle between production function and consumer demand driven theoretical explanations. The wage effect is found to be stronger and significant for the bottom-paid occupational quintile compared to the middle-paid ones, and using also sectoral controls the paper argues to provide evidence for the existence of consumer demand effects.

Prevalence and intensity of infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and associated socio-demographic variables in four rural Honduran communities

Between January and March 1998, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in four rural communities in Honduras, Central America. We examined the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections among 240 fecal specimens, and the association between selected socio-demographic variables and infection for 62 households. The overall prevalence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was 45% (95% CI 39.0-51.9) and 38% (95% CI 31.8-44.4) respectively. The most intense infections for Ascaris and Trichuris were found in children aged 2-12 years old. By univariate analysis variables associated with infections of A. lumbricoides were: number of children 2-5 years old (p=0.001), level of formal education of respondents (p=0.01), reported site of defecation of children in households (p=0.02), households with children who had a recent history of diarrhea (p=0.002), and the location of households (p=0.03). Variables associated with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infection included: number of children 6-14 years old (p=0.01, p=0.04, respectively), ownership of a latrine (p=0.04, p=0.03, respectively) and coinfection with either helminth (p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively). By multivariate analysis the number of children 2-5 years living in the household, (p=0.01, odds ratio (OR)=22.2), children with a recent history of diarrhea (p=0.0, OR=39.8), and infection of household members with T. trichiura (p=0.02, OR=16.0) were associated with A. lumbricoides infection. The number of children 6-14 years old in the household was associated with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infection (p=0.04, p=0.01, OR=19.2, OR=5.2, respectively).

La diversidad religiosa en los centros educativos catalanes: un elemento para construir identidad

Puede parecer una obviedad pero, aún así, resultaría pertinente comenzar nuestra comunicación expresando que religiones a nuestro alcance hay más de una. De entrada, nos damos cuenta de que el hecho de hablar de «religión» para referirnos al catolicismo, el budismo o el Islam representa una conquista cultural porque implica englobarlas a todas dentro de una misma categoría: Aquello que da sentido. Y hoy, más que en otras épocas, tenemos que hablar de religiones porque la realidad contemporánea lo exige al son de un pluralismo religioso que muestra cambios en el papel y resalta la importancia de las distintas formas de religiosidad. Simultáneamente a este hecho, parecería que se da una progresiva secularización de la sociedad, que paradójicamente cabe combinar con un incremento del número de creencias y una mayor difusión de éstas. Estos dos elementos, pluralismo y secularización, son el germen de un proyecto de investigación cuyos resultados pretendemos mostrar en esta ponencia. Dicho estudio se ha llevado a cabo por el grupo de investigación ISOR, Investigaciones en Sociología de la Religión de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. El estudio perseguía justamente facilitar estrategias, instrumentos e información al personal de los centros educativos, para un reconocimiento mutuo entre los actores en situaciones de diversidad religiosa. El objetivo se enmarcaba en un interés más general: Demostrar hasta qué punto la pluralidad religiosa convierte las situaciones cotidianas y evidentes en situaciones “cuestionadas” que exigen adaptación. Este trabajo de investigación partió de un análisis exhaustivo de la diversidad religiosa en diferentes ámbitos educativos enfatizando tanto aquello que es evidente como lo que pasa desapercibido. La información utilizada procede de un análisis detallado de 26 entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a miembros de distintos centros educativos catalanes, seleccionados según los siguientes criterios: el tipo de centro (infantil, primaria, secundaria), la titularidad del centro (público, privado, concertado), la diversidad territorial, y la presencia proporcionalmente significativa de alumnado de tradiciones religiosas minoritarias. El resultado de nuestra investigación nos permite afirmar que, teniendo en cuenta sólo los elementos religiosos, podemos constatar que en la inmensa mayoría de las ocasiones la diversidad religiosa no plantea problemas graves en los centros educativos. Sin embargo, al tiempo que hacemos esta afirmación, no podemos obviar la generalización de un conjunto de situaciones potencialmente conflictivas por la diversidad religiosa y que, pese a todo, son invisibilizadas, entre otras razones, por el capital cultural de las familias, el dominio que éstos tienen del idioma, o la incomprensión de los códigos de relación.

HSS (F)2004 04/04 - Revised Cost of Capital Rate in Fees and Charges Recovery Policy (PDF 51 KB)

HSS (F)2004 04/04 - Revised Cost of Capital Rate in Fees and Charges Recovery Policy

Factor shares, the price markup, and the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor.

In a Walrasian labor market, the labor income share is constant under the assumptions of a Cobb-Douglas production function and perfect competition. Given the observed decline of the labor share in recent decades, this paper relaxes these assumptions, proposes a time-series calculation of the aggregate price mark-up reflecting the degree of imperfect competition in the product market, and provides estimates of the elasticity of substitution under such product market imperfections. We focus on Spain and the U.S. and show that the elasticity of substitution is above one in Spain and below one in the U.S. We also show that the price markup drives the elasticity of substitution away from one, upwards in Spain, downwards in the U.S. These results are used to explain the declining path of the labor income share, common to both economies, and their contrasted patterns in terms of capital deepening.

El risc com a paràmetre de les estratègies de planejament del territori: condicions per la gestió de les emergències col·lectives mitjançant la prevenció dels riscos greus en l'ordenació territorial i l'urbanisme

Els riscos greus es poden materialitzar en emergències col·lectives on l’afectació a la població, als béns materials, a les infraestructures i als serveis bàsics pot ser molt intensa i de forma molt ràpida. Quan aquests elements vulnerables se situen molt pròxims al focus de l’emergència es pot dificultar l’actuació del sistema de gestió d’emergències i més concretament no poder aplicar a temps les mesures de protecció i autoprotecció a la població, o bé que aquestes siguin insuficients. La ubicació dels elements vulnerables en relació als potencials focus d’emergència queda definida per la planificació territorial i l’urbanisme. Per tant, una adequada ubicació dels elements vulnerables que faciliti la gestió de les emergències pel que fa a l’aplicació de mesures de protecció i autoprotecció requereix incorporar la prevenció dels riscos greus a la planificació territorial i l’urbanisme. Actualment aquest procés de prevenció es troba en fase embrionària i disgregat entre diversos col·lectius professionals i organismes sectorials de l’àmbit de la seguretat i el risc. Aquest estudi de recerca recull l’estat actual de la qüestió i valora i justifica la importància social i econòmica del problema de la prevenció d’emergències col·lectives. A partir d’aquest punt es proposa que atès el caràcter transversal i aglutinador del servei de protecció civil, a través d’aquest servei es defineixi un sistema i metedologia per incorporar la prevenció del risc als paràmetres que condicionen el plantejament territorial i l’urbanisme. Es proposa que aquest sistema incorpori les visions dels diferents organismes experts amb caràcter sectorial i gestors de riscos greus concrets, i que tingui una estructura i un procés d’implantació similar al model de prevenció d’incendis en edificis, altament implantat i efectiu.