Lakisääteiset hitsaustyöt ja niiden laadunhallinta

Tässä diplomityössä selvitettiin UPM Kaukaan tehtailla esiintyviin lakisääteisiin hitsauskohteisiin liittyvää lainsäädäntöä ja lainsäädännön vaikutusta hitsaukselle. Lakisääteisiä hitsauskohteita ovat räjähdysvaaralliset tilat, painelaitteet, kemikaaliputkistot, kemikaalisäiliöt, maakaasulaitteet sekä kantavat teräsrakenteet. Diplomityössä selvitettiin lisäksi hitsauksen laadunhallintaa huomioiden korjaushitsaustyöt sekä uuden rakentaminen. Lakisääteet tuovat hitsauksen suorittamiselle usein tarkasti määritellyt velvoitteet koskien esimerkiksi dokumentointia, hitsaushenkilöstön pätevyyksiä, materiaaleja ja niin edelleen. Lakisääteet lisääntyvät jatkuvasti ja soveltamisalueet laajenevat, jolloin asioiden ylläpitäminen vaatii jatkuvaa seurantaa. Työssä luotiin ohjeistus koskien yleisesti hitsausta ja lisäksi käyttäjän ja omistajan velvoitteita koskevat ohjeet painelaitteista, maakaasulaitteista ja kemikaalilaitteista. Hitsauksen yleisohje koskee jokaista hitsaustapahtumaa korjaushitsauksesta uuden rakentamiseen. Ohje soveltuu lisäksi sopimusliitteeksi hitsaustyön tilauksissa.

Terästankkien valmistusvaiheen kustannus- ja aikataulurakenteen määrittäminen

Diplomityössä tutkittiin erilaisilla loppuasennusmenetelmillä toimitettujen terästank-kien kustannus- ja aikataulurakennetta. Usein terästankit valmistetaan valmiiksi muotoon valssatuista levyistä työmaalla kasaanhitsaamalla. Tämä ei ole ainoa terästankin valmistusvaihtoehto, myös ruuvaus, niittaus, kiilaliitos ja konepajalla suuremmiksi kappaleiksi hitsaus ovat yleisesti käytössä. Terästankkien valmistuskustannuksiin vaikuttavat materiaali, esivalmisteiden työstäminen, kuljetus ja loppuasennus. Tankin valmistusmenetelmä ei merkittävästi vaikuta tankin materiaalikustannuksiin. Materiaalikustannuksiin vaikuttavat eniten käytettävä materiaali ja tankin geometriset ominaisuudet. Tankin esivalmisteiden valmistusaika määräytyy loppuasennusmenetelmästä. Pidempi esivalmistusaika lyhentää loppu-asennusaikaa. Kokonaisena toimitetussa tankissa esivalmistuksen osuus on suurempi kuin hitsatussa tankissa, mutta loppuasennusaika on vain murto-osa hitsattavan tankin loppuasennusajasta. Ruuvattavassa tankissa laippojen hitsaus levyihin lisää esivalmistusaikaa, kun rullattavassa tankissa aikaa vievät vaippalevyjen kasaanhitsaaminen ja rullaaminen. Tankin loppuasennustapa voidaan, etenkin halkaisijaltaan noin 10 m:llä tankeilla, valita kohdemaan mukaan, koska erot valmistuskustannuksissa ovat pieniä eri toimitusmuotojen välillä. Tosin kokonaisen 10 m halkaisijaltaan olevan tankin kuljettaminen ei aina ole mahdollista eikä kannattavaa. Sen sijaan halkaisijaltaan 5 m:llä tankeilla kokonaisena toimittaminen on varteenotettava vaihtoehto. Sopivin tankkivaihtoehto, kokonainen, hitsattava, ruuvattava tai rullattava, tulee miettiä aina tapauskohtaisesti, kohdemaan, hitsausosaamisen, kuljetusmahdollisuuksien ja loppuasennuspaikan mukaan.

Chemical control of morning glory as a function of water restriction levels

Among the herbicides recommended for the dry season and registered to sugarcane crop, amicarbazone, isoxaflutole and the association diuron + hexazinone + sulfomethuron-methyl can be highlighted. These are pre-emergence herbicides efficient against broad-leaved weeds. Morning glory causes large losses in infested sugarcane fields by bending the stalks and interfering in harvesting. In this study the effectiveness of pre-emergence herbicides for two species of morning glory (Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea grandifolia) was evaluated. Treatments were arranged in completely randomized factorial design (4 x 7). There were four periods of water restriction (0, 30, 60 and 90 days), seven chemical treatments [diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron-methyl (1387 + 391 + 33.35 g a.i. ha-1), diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron-methyl (1507.5 + 425 + 36.25 g a.i. ha-1), diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron-methyl (1658.25 + 467.5 + 39.87 g a.i. ha-1), diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron­methyl (1809 + 510 + 43.5 g a.i. ha-1), amicarbazone (1190 g a.i. ha-1), amicarbazone + isoxaflutole (840 + 82.5 g a.i. ha-1)] and a control with no application. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the restoration of moisture, control was visually evaluated. After the final evaluation, the dry mass of morning glories was measured. At 90 days of water restriction, diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron-methyl was more effective to control I. hederifolia than the amicarbazone + isoxaflutole tank mixture. The four diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron­methyl doses have reduced morning glory dry mass to zero; whereas treatments with amicarbazone have not. The most effective treatment for morning glory control was diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron-methyl. This result may be due to a possible synergistic interaction.

Improving diquat efficacy on grasses by adding adjuvants to the spray solution before use

The effect of five adjuvants (non-ionic surfactant, paraffinic oil, vegetable oil, mixture of fatty acids methyl esters plus surfactant blend, and organosilicone) on diquat efficacy was assessed on poverty brome, sterile oat, and Italian ryegrass in field and pot experiments. All tank mixtures with diquat increased diquat efficacy from 50-54% to 77-98% as for fresh weight reduction, indicating significant enhancement of diquat efficacy on grasses. The increased efficacy was most likely attributed to better droplet retention and diffusion on the leaf surfaces. When combined with non-ionic surfactant, diquat showed slightly more rapid control of grass weeds (i.e. symptoms were visible within a few hours after application).

Glyphosate tolerant volunteer corn control at two development stages

The loss of grains during the harvest of glyphosate tolerant corn may generate volunteer plants, which can interfere in the conventional or glyphosate crop in succession. The current work aim to evaluate the control of the volunteer corn glyphosate tolerant under two weed stages. Aimed to evaluate the control of volunteer glyphosate tolerant corn in two stages of development. There were conducted two experiments with hybrid 2B688 HR (lepidoptera and glyphosate tolerant), the application were at V5 and V8 stage. The experiment was randomized block design with four replicates, using the treatments: haloxyfop at 25, 50 and 62 g ha-1 alone and associated with 2,4-D at 670 g ha-1 or fluroxypyr at 200 g ha-1. The standard was clethodim at 84 g ha-1 with 2,4-D and fluroxypyr at same rates. The applications of haloxyfop and clethodim both isolated or in a mixture with 2,4-D and fluroxypyr at V5 stage showed total control (100%) at 32 and 39 days after the application, except for haloxyfop + 2,4-D (25 + 670 g ha-1) mixture, which did not provided adequate control. At V8 stage, haloxyfop + 2,4-D (50 + 670 g ha-1) and haloxyfop + 2,4-D (62 + 670 g ha-1) mixtures took up to 6 and 10 days or longer to reach adequate to excellent control, when compared to haloxyfop isolated applications in the same doses, respectively. Either isolated clethodim or mixed with 2, 4-D and fluroxypyr did not show adequate control. The treatments showed efficient control on volunteer corn plants at V5 stage, except for haloxyfop + 2, 4-D (25 + 670 g ha-1) mixture. At V8 stage applications, haloxyfop either isolated or mixture with fluroxypyr demonstrated excellent control on every evaluated dose. The mixture with 2, 4-D can reduce haloxyfop efficiency at low doses. Clethodim alone or mixed with 2,4-D or furoxypyr did not provide acceptable level of control.

Selectivity of chemical weed control systems in conventional cotton

Cotton is highly susceptible to the interference imposed by weed community, being therefore essential to adopt control measures ensuring the crop yield. Herbicides are the primary method of weed control in large-scale areas of production, and usually more than one herbicide application is necessary due to the extensive crop cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of different chemical weed control systems for conventional cotton. The experiment took place in the field in a randomized block design, with twenty nine treatments and four replications in a split plot layout (adjacent double check). Results showed that triple mixtures in pre-emergence increased the chance of observing reductions in the cotton yield. To avoid reductions in crop yield, users should proceed to a maximum mixture of two herbicides in pre-emergence, followed by S-metolachlor over the top, followed by one post-emergence mixture application of pyrithiobac-sodium + trifloxysulfuron-sodium.

APPLICATION HEIGHT IN HERBICIDES EFFICIENCY IN BEAN CROPS

ABSTRACTInadequate herbicide application can result in failures in weed control and/or poisoning of the crops, resulting in yield losses. In this research were assessed the effects of the sprayer nozzle boom height in the distribution of the spray solution for weed control, influencing intoxication of beans and crop yield. Experiments were conducted in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory, the performance of flat spray tip TT 11002 was assessed at heights 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 meters with respect to the target surface. In the field the same heights were assessed in applications of herbicides fomesafen, fluazifop-P-butyl and fomesafen + fluazifop-P-butyl. There was an inverse relationship between the height of the spray boom and the coefficients of variation of the patterns. The mixture better efficiency in a tank of fluazifop-P-butyl + fomesafen was obtained with the height of 0.50 m from the target. This treatment resulted in better weed control, lower poisoning of the bean plants and better crop yield rates.

SELECTIVITY OF FOMESAFEN TO COTTON

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of fomesafen alone or in a tank mixture with other preemergent herbicides, with or without S-metolachlor application in early postemergence in cotton plant, cultivar DP 555 BG RR(r). The design utilized was a randomized complete block, organized in a split-plot arrangement, with four replications. For that, 24 herbicides were evaluated with fomesafen (0.45 and 0.625 kg ha-1), prometryn (1.25 kg ha-1), diuron (1.25 kg ha-1), trifluralin (1.8 kg ha-1), and S-metolachlor (0.77 kg ha-1), applied as preemergent, with or without S-metolachlor (0.77 kg ha-1) applied in early postemergence. The variables evaluated were: phytotoxicity, insertion height of the first reproductive branch, plant height, stand, number of reproductive branches per plant, number of bolls per plant, bolls weight, and productivity of cotton seed. Fomesafen alone or in a tank mixture with preemergent prometryn, diuron, trifluralin and S-metolachlor was selective to cotton plant. Preemergent fomesafen isolated application followed by the application of S-metolachlor in early postemergence was also selective. However, on average, preemergent tank mixtures applied in association with preemergent S-metolachlor early application was not selective to cotton crop.

Siiderin ja long drink -juomien sekoitusprosessin kehittäminen

Diplomityössä perehdytään Hartwall Lahden tuotantolaitoksen juomanvalmistuksen osaston siiderin ja long drink –juomien valmistusprosessin kehittämiseen. Diplomityön tavoitteena oli löytää prosessin ongelma- ja poikkeamakohtia, tutkia mahdollisia hävikkikohteita ja suorittaa laadun osalta ajoseurantamittauksia. Ongelmakohtien pohjalta laadittiin parannusehdotuksia ja niitä toteutettiin jo tämän projektin aikana. Ongelma- ja poikkeamakohtia tutkittiin ajoprosessin aikana. Hävikkitutkimus kohdennettiin aromiliuoksen annostelulinjaan, nestesokerin an-nostelulinjaan ja tuotteiden alku- ja lopputyönnöille painetankkeihin. Painetankkien osalta mahdollisia hävikkikohteita tutkittiin kokeellisen toiminnan avulla ajo-prosessin aikana. Ajoprosessin käynnistyksen jälkeen selvitettiin milloin valmis tuote on painetankkien venttiilimatriisilla. Uudet parametrit alku- ja lopputyönnöille määritettiin tuoteputken, painetankkien pohjaputkien ja venttiilimatriisin tilavuuksien avulla. Hävikkitutkimuksen tuloksena saatiin pienennettyä hävikkiä ja näin ollen syntyi kustannussäästöjä. Hiilidioksidin sitoutuvuutta tutkittiin mittauksien avulla valmistusprosessin aikana. Mittauksien perusteella havaittiin, että hiilidioksidipitoisuus laskee painetankissa. Tämä johtuu valmiin tuotteen lämpötilamuutoksista. Tuotteen lämpötilaa voidaan tasata esimerkiksi levylämmönvaihtimen avulla.

Influence of reactant absorption and dissolution in heterogeneous precipitation processes

In this research work, the aim was to investigate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient [kLa] of oxygen in stirred tank in the presence of solid particle experimentally. The kLa correlations as a function of propeller rotation speed and flow rate of gas feed were studied. The O2 and CO2 absorption in water and in solid-liquid suspensions and heterogeneous precipitation of MgCO3 were thoroughly examined. The absorption experiments of oxygen were conducted in various systems like pure water and in aqueous suspensions of quartz and calcium carbonate particles. Secondly, the precipitation kinetics of magnesium carbonate was also investigated. The experiments were performed to study the reactive crystallization with magnesium hydroxide slurry and carbon dioxide gas by varying the feed rates of carbon dioxide and rotation speeds of mixer. The results of absorption and precipitation are evaluated by titration, total carbon (TC analysis), and ionic chromatrography (IC). For calcium carbonate, the particle concentration was varied from 17.4 g to 2382 g with two size fractions: 5 µm and 45-63 µm sieves. The kLa and P/V values of 17.4 g CaCO3 with particle size of 5µm and 45-63 µm were 0.016 s-1 and 2400 W/m3. At 69.9 g concentration of CaCO3, the achieved kLa is 0.014 s-1 with particle size of 5 µm and 0.017 s-1 with particle size of 45 to 63 µm. Further increase in concentration of calcium carbonate, i.e. 870g and 2382g , does not affect volumetric mass transfer coeffienct of oxygen. It could be concluded from absorption results that maximum value of kLa is 0.016 s-1. Also particle size and concentration does affect the transfer rate to some extend. For precipitation experiments, the constant concentration of Mg(OH)2 was 100 g and the rotation speed varied from 560 to 750 rpm, whereas the used feed rates of CO2 were 1 and 9 L/min. At 560 rpm and feed rate of CO2 is 1 L/min, the maximum value of Mg ion and TC were 0.25 mol/litre and 0.12 mol/litre with the residence time of 40 min. When flow rate of CO2 increased to 9 L/min with same 560 rpm, the achieved value of Mg and TC were 0.3 mol/litre and 0.12 mol/L with shorter residence time of 30 min. It is concluded that feed rate of CO2 is dominant in precipitation experiments and it has a key role in dissociation and reaction of magnesium hydroxide in precipitation of magnesium carbonate.

Plant-plant associations and population structure of four woody plant species in a patchy coastal vegetation of Southeastern Brazil

We examined plant population structure and interspecific associations for juveniles and adults of four woody species (Andira legalis (Vell.) Toledo, Clusia hilariana Schltdl., Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand and Vernonia crotonoides Sch. Bip. ex Baker) in a patchy vegetation on a sandy coastal plain (restinga) in SE - Brazil. We found 101 vegetation patches in a 0.5 ha grid and these were divided into two distinct size classes, with large patches (> 20 m²) containing the majority of adult individuals of the species studied. The most abundant species, P. icicariba (465 individuals) and C. hilariana (312), had actively regenerating populations, whereas A. legalis (20) and V. crotonoides (338) showed evidence of intermittent regeneration. The regeneration niches of the four species differed as did their investment in vegetative reproduction: for instance, 81% of C. hilariana seedlings were found growing inside tank-bromeliads contrasting with only 3% of P. icicariba in this habitat. Additionally, 28% of regenerants of C. hilariana originated vegetatively, contrasting with only 6% for P. icicariba. All significant associations between species found in the study were positive. There was a positive association between adults of C. hilariana and P. icicariba, as well as between adults of C. hilariana and juveniles of both. This suggests that P. icicariba is successfully establishing under the canopy of C. hilariana and highlights the role of C. hilariana in generating vegetation cover that will be later dominated by other woody plant species, as an important process for maintenance of plant diversity in this restinga vegetation.

Endothelial cells, tissue factor and infectious diseases

Tissue factor is a transmembrane procoagulant glycoprotein and a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily. It activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway, and induces the formation of a fibrin clot. Tissue factor is important for both normal homeostasis and the development of many thrombotic diseases. A wide variety of cells are able to synthesize and express tissue factor, including monocytes, granulocytes, platelets and endothelial cells. Tissue factor expression can be induced by cell surface components of pathogenic microorganisms, proinflammatory cytokines and membrane microparticles released from activated host cells. Tissue factor plays an important role in initiating thrombosis associated with inflammation during infection, sepsis, and organ transplant rejection. Recent findings suggest that tissue factor can also function as a receptor and thus may be important in cell signaling. The present minireview will focus on the role of tissue factor in the pathogenesis of septic shock, infectious endocarditis and invasive aspergillosis, as determined by both in vivo and in vitro models.

Konepajan hitsaustuotannon kehittäminen kattavien laatuvaatimusten mukaiseksi

TIIVISTELMÄ Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto Konetekniikan koulutusohjelma Voitto Kettunen Konepajan hitsaustuotannon kehittäminen kattavien laatuvaatimusten mukaiseksi Diplomityö 2015 167 sivua, 39 kuvaa, 26 taulukkoa ja 3 liitettä Tarkastajat: Professori Jukka Martikainen DI Pertti Kaarre Hakusanat: hitsaus, hitsauksen laatu, konepajan laadunhallinta, kattavat laatuvaatimukset, ISO 9001, ISO 3834, EN 1090 Keywords: welding, quality of welding, engineering workshop quality management, comprehensive quality requirements, ISO 9001, ISO 3834, EN 1090 Hitsaamalla liitetyt teräksiset rakenteet muodostavat ylivoimaisesti suurimman osan konepajatuotannosta. Niihin kuuluu esimerkiksi ajoneuvoja, koneita, laitteita, säiliöitä, siiloja, siltoja, mastoja, piippuja, tukirakenteita ja rakennusten runkoja. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on kehittää konepajan laadunhallinta sellaiseksi, että se mahdollistaa kattavien laatuvaatimusten täyttämisen hitsaustuotannossa. Laatuvaatimusten täyttämiseen pyritään käyttämällä hitsaustoimintojen standardia EN ISO 3834-2 sekä kantavien teräsrakenteiden standardeja EN 1090-1 ja EN 1090-2. Teräsrakenteiden suunnittelua ohjaa EN 1993 ja niiden toiminnallisia ominaisuuksia tuotestandardit, kuten terässavupiippu- ja säiliöstandardit. Kantavien teräsrakenteiden suunnittelua ja tuotantoa ohjaa myös seuraamusluokan CC, käyttöluokan SC ja tuotantoluokan PC kautta määräytyvä toteutusluokka EXC. Aikaisempaa enemmän tullaan panostamaan esimerkiksi asiakirjojen sähköiseen hallintaan, raaka-aineiden jäljitettävyyteen tuotteeseen, särmien ja kulmien muotoiluun, pintojen käsittelyyn, hitsien tarkastukseen, hitsaushenkilöstön pätevyyteen ja hitsaustuotannon tehokkuuteen. Saarijärven Säiliövalmiste Oy:n hitsauksen laadunhallinta sertifioitiin standardin ISO 3834-2 mukaan ja kantavien teräsrakenteiden FPC-järjestelmä standardisarjaa EN 1090 noudattaen. Samalla tehtiin päivitys laadunhallintajärjestelmään ISO 9001. Toteutus, joka tehtiin sovitussa aikataulussa, haastaa jokaisen toimijan konepajassa toiminnan, tuotannon ja tuotteiden laadun kehittämiseen uusia käytänteitä ja menetelmiä soveltaen. Kehitystoimien tuloksena toiminta on selkeämpää, ennakoitavampaa ja hallitumpaa, mikä lisää yrityksen toiminnan tuottavuutta ja kannattavuutta. Sertifioidut laatujärjestelmät ovat myötävaikuttaneet tilausten lisääntymiseen yrityksen kaikkien tuotteiden osalta.

Cytokine profile and nitric oxide levels in sera from patients with brucellosis

The aims of this study were to investigate the serum levels of some cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-2R, IL-6, and IL-8] and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with untreated brucellosis and to test the correlation of these parameters with each other. The study was conducted on 67 subjects, 37 patients with brucellosis and 30 healthy individuals with no history of Brucella infection. Brucellosis was identified by a positive blood culture and/or increased Brucella antibodies in serological tests in addition to compatible clinical symptoms. Cytokine profile analysis was performed by the immulite chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay whose inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variance were 2.6-3.6 and 4.4-8.5%, respectively. The levels of nitrites/nitrates, which are representative of NO levels, were measured by the Griess method. Patients with brucellosis had significantly elevated serum levels of nitrites/nitrates, IL-2R, IL-6 and IL-8 (mean ± SD, 102.8 ± 23.8 µmol/l, 806.1 ± 58.5 U/ml, 21.1 ± 2.3 pg/ml, and 8.8 ± 1.6 pg/ml, respectively) compared to healthy controls, whereas TNF-alpha and IL-1ß levels were unchanged. No statistically significant correlation was detected between any of the studied cytokine levels and nitrate/nitrite concentrations according to Pearson's linear correlation test. We conclude that only IL-6, IL-8 and IL-2R are elevated in brucellosis and the extent of elevation depends on the severity and clinical pattern of the disease. Moderate elevation in serum NO was comparable to that observed in previous studies. This explains the absence or very rare occurrence of septic shock in brucellosis.

Enterococcus gallinarum carrying the vanA gene cluster: first report in Brazil

In 2000, Enterococcus faecalis resistant to vancomycin was first reported at a tertiary hospital in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The resistance spread to other hospitals and surveillance programs were established by hospital infection committees to prevent the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. In February 2002, an isolate initially identified at the genus level as Enterococcus was obtained by surveillance culture (rectal swab) from a patient admitted to a hospital for treatment of septic arthritis in the shoulder. The isolate proved to be resistant to vancomycin by the disc diffusion method and confirmed by an E-test resulting in a minimal inhibitory concentration of > or = 256 µg/ml. This isolate was sent to a reference laboratory (Laboratório Especial de Bacteriologia e Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP) for further study and proved to be an E. gallinarum by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for the species. Due to the phenotype of unusually high vancomycin resistance, the isolate presumably had the resistance genes (vanA and vanB) and this was confirmed by PCR, which indicated the presence of the vanA gene. A 10.8-kb Tn1546-related transposon was also identified by long-PCR. Interspecies transfer of the vancomycin-resistance gene from the donor E. gallinarum was performed in a successful conjugation experiment in vitro, using E. faecium GE-1 and E. faecalis JH22 as receptors. This is the first report of the detection of a vanA determinant naturally acquired by E. gallinarum in Brazil, indicating the importance of characterizing VRE by both phenotype and genotype methods.