Sistema de treino para ciclistas

No trabalho é desenvolvido um sistema de treino para ciclistas. O sistema de treino é constituído por uma bicicleta de ―Spinning‖, um travão accionado electricamente, e por um sensor de velocidade, utilizado para medir a velocidade de rotação da roda de inércia. Nos primeiros capítulos encontra-se o estudo dos vários conceitos que envolvem o sistema de treino. É realizado um estudo sobre as principais forças que actuam numa bicicleta. Outro conceito estudado é o filtro Kalman (FK). Este será importante para o controlo do sistema de treino. O modelo do sistema de treino está dividido em duas partes. A primeira corresponde ao sistema mecânico, e a segunda o sistema de controlo e actuação. Este é constituído por um sensor de velocidade, uma unidade de estimação e o sistema de actuação do travão da bicicleta. A unidade de estimação é composta por conjunto de filtros de Kalman que estima a velocidade, a aceleração e a posição necessárias ao cálculo da força resistente ao movimento do conjunto ciclista bicicleta. Os resultados da simulação do sistema mostram que o sistema de treino modelado apresenta um desempenho bastante razoável. A estimação efectuada pelos filtros dos valores da velocidade, da aceleração e da posição do ciclista, permite a unidade de controlo do sistema calcular o valor da força resistente ao movimento.

Quality assurance and quality control in mammography: a review of available guidance worldwide

Objectives - Review available guidance for quality assurance (QA) in mammography and discuss its contribution to harmonise practices worldwide. Methods - Literature search was performed on different sources to identify guidance documents for QA in mammography available worldwide in international bodies, healthcare providers, professional/scientific associations. The guidance documents identified were reviewed and a selection was compared for type of guidance (clinical/technical), technology and proposed QA methodologies focusing on dose and image quality (IQ) performance assessment. Results - Fourteen protocols (targeted at conventional and digital mammography) were reviewed. All included recommendations for testing acquisition, processing and display systems associated with mammographic equipment. All guidance reviewed highlighted the importance of dose assessment and testing the Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) system. Recommended tests for assessment of IQ showed variations in the proposed methodologies. Recommended testing focused on assessment of low-contrast detection, spatial resolution and noise. QC of image display is recommended following the American Association of Physicists in Medicine guidelines. Conclusions - The existing QA guidance for mammography is derived from key documents (American College of Radiology and European Union guidelines) and proposes similar tests despite the variations in detail and methodologies. Studies reported on QA data should provide detail on experimental technique to allow robust data comparison. Countries aiming to implement a mammography/QA program may select/prioritise the tests depending on available technology and resources.

Bancada didáctica para simulação de uma Unidade de Microgeração

Neste trabalho é desenvolvida uma bancada didáctica que permite simular o funcionamento de um sistema de microgeração. A bancada inclui uma máquina síncrona responsável pela geração de energia eléctrica acoplada a uma máquina de indução que simula a máquina primária. A máquina de indução é controlada por um sistema electrónico de controlo de potência (variador de velocidade) que permite manter constante a velocidade de rotação e consequentemente a frequência da tensão gerada pela máquina síncrona. Por sua vez, a excitação da máquina síncrona é controla por uma fonte de tensão externa. A parametrização e controlo do variador de velocidade, assim como o controlo da fonte de tensão externa, são feitos a partir dum software que corre num PC, que também monitoriza a tensão gerada pela máquina síncrona. Este software é ainda responsável pela interface com o utilizador. O software desenvolvido permite manter as características da tensão gerada pela máquina síncrona independentemente da carga imposta.

Robótica móvel: sistema de condução autónoma

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo Automação e Electrónica Industrial

Locus of control and contraceptive knowledge, attitude and practice among university students

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between locus of control and knowledge, attitude and practice regarding pill and condom use among university students. METHODS: The inquiry was developed in Campinas, a city in Southeastern Brazil, in 2006. A total of 295 adolescent newcomers to a public university answered a structured questionnaire and Levenson's multidimensional locus of control scale. The scores of the dimensions of locus of control were calculated and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess their correlation with knowledge and practice concerning pill and condom use. In order to assess the relationship between the dimensions of locus of control and sociodemographic variables and variables related to the individuals' sex life, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used. RESULTS: Male adolescents had higher scores of powerful others externality when compared to female adolescents (p=0.01). Students living alone had lower internality (p=0.01). When locus of control was compared to condom use in the first intercourse, considering only the 102 students who informed the age of the beginning of sexual activity, greater internality was found among male adolescents who did not use condoms (p<0.05). When the locus of control scores were correlated with contraceptive knowledge and practice, it was found that the higher the powerful others externality locus, the lower the adequate use of contraceptive methods (r = -0.22, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The powerful others externality locus influences the practice of contraceptive use in this group of adolescents.

Estudo da viabilidade técnica e económica da conversão para veículo elétrico

O veículo elétrico está cada vez mais presente no mercado de veículos de transporte e apresenta-se como uma solução sustentável para a mobilidade. Reduz as emissões de gases de efeito de estufa (GEE), ruído, e elimina a dependência do petróleo presente nos veículos convencionais. Numa altura em que o sector automóvel está em franca estagnação, e os preços dos combustíveis atingem máximos históricos, a conversão de veículos convencionais em veículos elétricos ganha especial relevo e apresenta-se como uma solução para alguns utilizadores ou mesmo uma oportunidade de negócio para algumas empresas. Este trabalho consiste no estudo da viabilidade técnica e económica da conversão de veículos convencionais em veículos elétricos. São identificados equipamentos essenciais para realizar uma conversão, equipamentos alternativos e alguns opcionais, modo como os equipamentos devem ser instalados no veículo, cuidados a ter durante a instalação e legislação a considerar. No critério técnico aborda-se o desempenho do veículo, velocidade máxima, autonomia, capacidade de aceleração em subidas e desempenho de cada velocidade da caixa. No critério económico o estudo focaliza-se no tempo de retorno do investimento, ponto de inviabilidade do investimento, proveitos num prazo de 10 anos de uso do veículo, e análise do impacto de alguns equipamentos alternativos no investimento total. Abordam-se todos os aspetos a ter em consideração para que se realize uma conversão com sucesso e em simultâneo realiza-se uma conversão tipo do veículo do qual sou proprietário, um Volkswagen Golf 2 de 1988. Em sintonia com os objetivos deste trabalho, demonstra-se que o veículo elétrico é uma boa opção para utilizações citadinas, e que a tecnologia já esta suficientemente madura para este tipo de utilizações, o investimento na conversão é facilmente amortizável e portanto antecipa-se uma era onde prosperarão os veículos elétricos.

Physical activity during pregnancy and fetal outcomes: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between physical activity during the second trimester pregnancy and low birth weight, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. METHODS: Case-control study including 273 low birth weight newborns and 546 controls carried out in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2005. Low birth weight cases were grouped into two subsamples: preterm birth (n=117) and intrauterine growth restriction (n=134), with their related controls. Information was collected by means of interviews with mothers shortly after birth and transcription of medical records. Data were analyzed using conditional multiple and hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS: Light physical activity for over 7 hours per day was shown to be protective against low birth weight (adjusted OR=0.61; 95% CI 0.39-0.94) with a dose-response relationship (p-value for trend=0.026). A similar trend was found for intrauterine growth restriction (adjusted OR=0.51; 95% CI 0.26-0.97). Homemaking activities were associated as a protective factor for both low birth weight and preterm birth (p-value for trend=0.013 and 0.035, respectively). Leisure-time walking was found to be protective against preterm birth. CONCLUSIONS: Mild physical activity during the second trimester of pregnancy such as walking has an independent protective effect on low birth weight, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction.

Sistema de treino para pilotos de parapente

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica – Sistemas Eléctricos de Energia

Square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetric detection in the quality control of fluoxetine

Electroanalytical methods based on square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) and flow-injection analysis with square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetric detection (FIA-SWAdSV) were developed for the determination of fluoxetine (FXT). The methods were based on the reduction of FXT at a mercury drop electrode at -1.2 V versus Ag/AgCl, in a phosphate buffer of pH 12.0, and on the possibility of accumulating the compound at the electrode surface. The SWAdSV method was successfully applied in the quantification of FXT in pharmaceutical products, human serum samples, and in drug dissolution studies. Because the presence of dissolved oxygen did not interfere significantly with the analysis, it was possible to quantify FXT in several pharmaceutical products using FIA-SWAdSV. This method enables analysis of up to 120 samples per hour at reduced costs.

Análisis político del Programa de Control del dengue en Morelos, México

OBJETIVO: Analizar medidas municipales implementadas para el control de la epidemia del dengue, sobretodo las de coordinación sectorial, gobernanza y participación de grupos sociales. MÉTODOS: Estudio de observación, realizado en Morelos, México, 2007. Los datos colectados en entrevistas y observaciones directas fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido y mapeo político. El software Policy Marker fue utilizado para evaluar los pesos atribuidos a los datos de desempeño (e.g. criterios alto, medio y bajo) y el papel de actores (acciones realizadas sean ellas de vigilancia, control o administrativas). Se realizó análisis estratégico de las oportunidades y desafíos en el cumplimiento de las políticas públicas y control del dengue. RESULTADOS: Las bases jurídicas indican que la respuesta a la epidemia es una tarea multisectorial. Sin embargo, la respuesta está centrada en actividades de los servicios de la salud, que están forzados a dar mayor apoyo financiero y derivar los recursos humanos necesarios, en contraste con la contribución de otros sectores (e.g. agua y saneamiento básico), que desconocen sus responsabilidades. El sector de la salud presenta alto nivel de factibilidad para la vinculación intra?institucional, en términos de optimización de recursos y cumplimiento de objetivos, particularmente entre autoridades de salud en los niveles estatal, jurisdiccional, municipal y local. CONCLUSIONES: El abordaje multidisciplinario y el fortalecimiento de las responsabilidades políticas permitirán la respuesta eficaz ante la epidemia del dengue, sustentada en la coordinación sectorial e involucramiento activo de la población afectada.

Celiac disease diagnosis and gluten-free food analytical control

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy, characterized by an inappropriate T-cell-mediated immune response to the ingestion of certain dietary cereal proteins in genetically susceptible individuals. This disorder presents environmental, genetic, and immunological components. CD presents a prevalence of up to 1% in populations of European ancestry, yet a high percentage of cases remain underdiagnosed. The diagnosis and treatment should be made early since untreated disease causes growth retardation and atypical symptoms, like infertility or neurological disorders. The diagnostic criteria for CD, which requires endoscopy with small bowel biopsy, have been changing over the last few decades, especially due to the advent of serological tests with higher sensitivity and specificity. The use of serological markers can be very useful to rule out clinical suspicious cases and also to help monitor the patients, after adherence to a gluten-free diet. Since the current treatment consists of a life-long glutenfree diet, which leads to significant clinical and histological improvement, the standardization of an assay to assess in an unequivocal way gluten in gluten-free foodstuff is of major importance.

Control and comparison of the antioxidant capacity of beers

The purpose of the present work is to determine the antioxidant capacity (AC) of 27 commercial beers. The AC indicates the degree of protection of a certain organism against oxidative damage provoked by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Assays were carried out by the following methods: (i) total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP); (ii) trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC); (iii) trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (DPPH); (iv) ferric-ion reducing antioxidant parameter (FRAP); (v) cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC); (vi) oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Ascorbic acid (AA), gallic acid (GA) and trolox (TR) were used as standards. All beers showed antioxidant power, but a wide range of ACs was observed. The effect of several factors upon these differences was studied. Statistical differences were found between ACs of beers of different colours. ORAC method provided always higher experimental ACs, of significant statistical differences to other assays.

Electrochemical methods in pesticides control

The state of the art of voltammetric and amperometric methods used in the study and determination of pesticides in crops, food, phytopharmaceutical products, and environmental samples is reviewed. The main structural groups of pesticides, i.e., triazines, organophosphates, organochlorides, nitrocompounds, carbamates, thiocarbamates, sulfonylureas, and bipyridinium compounds are considered with some degradation products. The advantages, drawbacks, and trends in the development of voltammetric and amperometric methods for study and determination of pesticides in these samples are discussed.

Influence of wearing an unstable shoe construction on compensatory control of posture

This study investigated the influence of wearing unstable shoe construction (WUS) on compensatory postural adjustments (CPA) associated with external perturbations. Thirty-two subjects stood on a force platform resisting an anterior-posterior horizontal force applied to a pelvic belt via a cable, which was suddenly released. They stood under two conditions: barefoot and WUS. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae muscles and the center of pressure (CoP) displacement were acquired to study CPA. The EMG signal was used to assess individual muscle activity and latency, antagonist co-activation and reciprocal activation at joint and muscle group levels. Compared to barefoot, WUS led to: (1) increased gastrocnemius medialis activity, (2) increased total agonist activity, (3) decreased antagonist co-activation at the ankle joint and muscle group levels, (4) increased reciprocal activation at the ankle joint and muscle group levels, and (5) decrease in all muscle latencies. No differences were observed in CoP displacement between conditions. These findings demonstrate that WUS led to a reorganization of the postural control system associated to improved performance of some components of postural control responses.

Influence of long-term wearing of unstable shoes on compensatory control of posture: An electromyography-based analysis

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of long-term wearing of unstable shoes (WUS) on compensatory postural adjustments (CPA) to an external perturbation. Methods: Participants were divided into two groups: one wore unstable shoes while the other wore conventional shoes for 8 weeks. The ground reaction force signal was used to calculate the anterior– posterior (AP) displacement of the centre of pressure (CoP) and the electromyographic signal of gastrocnemius medialis (GM), tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles was used to assess individual muscle activity, antagonist co-activation and reciprocal activation at the joint (TA/GM and RF/(BF + GM) pairs) and muscle group levels (ventral (TA + RF)/dorsal (GM + BF) pair) within time intervals typical for CPA. The electromyographic signal was also used to assess muscle latency. The variables described were evaluated before and after the 8-week period while wearing the unstable shoes and barefoot. Results: Long-term WUS led to: an increase of BF activity in both conditions (barefoot and wearing the unstable shoes); a decrease of GM activity; an increase of antagonist co-activation and a decrease of reciprocal activation level at the TA/GM and ventral/dorsal pairs in the unstable shoe condition. Additionally, WUS led to a decrease in CoP displacement. However, no differences were observed in muscle onset and offset. Conclusion: Results suggest that the prolonged use of unstable shoes leads to increased ankle and muscle groups’ antagonist co-activation levels and higher performance by the postural control system.