O compromisso ético do educador social

Este artigo tem como tema o compromisso ético do educador social com os educandos. Em sua práxis, percebe-se que a educação é uma estratégia e uma condição de humanização. Nesse sentido, a aprendizagem e a práxis da ética ocorrem num conjunto articulado que abrange a formação acadêmica e a vivência cotidiana, como se pode apreender de vários depoimentos de educadores. A práxis do educador social, orientada por uma ética fundada na competência técnica e no amor, contribui para transformar a realidade e superar a irracionalidade de uma cultura de subserviência e exploração que impregnam o cotidiano dos excluídos. Esta pesquisa utilizou como metodologia de trabalho a realização de entrevistas preparadas com base em roteiro previamente estabelecido. Foram selecionados três educadores, que foram usuários da pastoral do menor e cada um deles com mais de dez anos de atuação. Os depoimentos deixam entrever a questão do protagonismo que, de alguma forma, constitui um princípio pedagógico. O eixo norteador das reflexões é o princípio de que a formação do educador social ocorre no seu campo próprio de atuação e que as motivações para seu envolvimento com o trabalho estão vinculadas a sua biografia. O pressuposto teórico está ancorado em Paulo Freire e Enrique Dussel, fundadores de uma teoria pedagógica da libertação.

Ciudadanía y Discapacidad

453 p.

La experiencia boliviana de canje y legislación

La sociedad civil boliviana, a través de sus organizaciones nacionales e instancias locales, se ha apropiado de la propuesta de canje de deuda por desarrollo. Es el más importante protagonista del Foro Jubileo 2000, del Diálogo Nacional propuesto por el gobierno e impulsor de la conformación de mecanismos de control social de los recursos condonados a la deuda externa y de la inversión pública.

Notas sobre la presencia mapuche en la literatura chilena (Crítica)

Mauricio Ostria revisa la manera en que el mapuche es presentado en la literatura chilena. Durante la Colonia, ciertos rasgos de los indios mapuches resaltados por La Araucana, de Alonso de Ercilla (valor, rebeldía, destino épico de resistencia), contribuyeron a configurar la identidad del pueblo chileno. Durante la república, la percepción camina entre la admiración y la conmiseración, y el desprecio por el excluido. En el siglo XX predomina la exclusión, la idea del mapuche como un ser moralmente degradado, sin embargo, poetas como Gabriela Mistral y Pablo Neruda se aproximan con distintos puntos de vista, apartados del desprecio. A fines del siglo XX, la mirada multicultural inicia una literatura que pretende dar voz al mapuche, escritores de esta línea son Violeta Cáceres, Clemente Riedemann, y poetas de origen mapuche, como Jaime Luis Huenún, Leonel Lienlaf, Elicura Chihuailaf («la más reflexiva, la más polémica, la más lúcida de las voces mapuches, la más consciente de la función de resistencia e identidad cultural»), son los que más luchan por una nueva percepción del mapuche que, aun ahora, es visto por la sociedad chilena como héroe, bárbaro o víctima.

Archer Harman y el Ferrocarril del sur (Estudios)

Archer Harman fue el empresario que organizó la compañía norteamericana que construyó el Ferrocarril del Sur. A pesar de que existen numerosos informes oficiales y documentos sobre el ferrocarril en el Archivo Nacional de Historia en Quito y la Biblioteca Aurelio Espinosa Pólit en Cotocollao, no se encuentran datos sobre los antecedentes de Archer Harman antes de su llegada al Ecuador, en 1897, para conseguir la concesión para construir el ferrocarril de Guayaquil a Quito. El propósito de este estudio es reconstruir la vida de Archer Harman antes de su llegada al Ecuador en el año 1897 y explicar cómo formó la compañía que obtuvo el contrato del 14 de junio de 1897 para la construcción del ferrocarril.

Foro: revista de derecho. 11 (Recensiones)

Presenta las reseñas de: Clemente Checa González, EL SISTEMA TRIBUTARIO LOCAL, Navarra, Aranzadi, 2001, 145 pp. -- Gustavo Zagrebelsky, PRINCIPIOS Y VOTOS. EL TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL Y LA POLÍTICA, traducción de Manuel Martínez Neira, Madrid, Trotta, 2008, 112 pp.

Los orígenes jurídicos del sistema político imperial español y su influencia en las Américas (Estudios)

Este ensayo examina la naturaleza jurídica y política del imperio español en América y sus orígenes medievales. Con el fin de ofrecer un nuevo enfoque para estudiar la relación entre España y sus posesiones americanas, este trabajo propone una revisión de la tradición jurídica española. El estudio de la evolución de los conceptos de soberanía, representación y jurisdicción permite dilucidar los elementos constitutivos de las relaciones entre las diversas entidades políticas como mecanismo de comprensión del desarrollo de la cultura política de América Latina. De acuerdo a las características del sistema jurídico político en la época virreinal, la dispensación de la justicia y la práctica judicial constituyeron el eje de las relaciones entre la autoridad imperial y sus periferias. El artículo sostiene que la práctica judicial estuvo llena de sentido político y se convirtió en un medio de inclusión y representación.

Key Issues on the Brazilian Foreign Policy (Coyuntura)

El artículo trata sobre diferentes visiones de la política exterior brasilera. Primero introduce las principales directivas de la política exterior: desarrollo económico y social, así como delimitación limítrofe con los países de América del Sur. La segunda establece la situación de las relaciones de Brasil luego de la guerra fría, con algunos países y regiones en el mundo: Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, América Latina, China, África, India y otras regiones. Finalmente se refiere a los intereses nacionales brasileros en las Naciones Unidas en campos como energía, medio ambiente y defensa.

La huelga de la Universidad Central y la disputa por la autonomía universitaria en marzo de 1939

La presente investigación indaga sobre uno de los acontecimientos más relevantes de la década de los 30 del siglo pasado, como es la Huelga de marzo del 39. Dicho acontecimiento se dio en una coyuntura política compleja, marcada por el regreso al poder de la burguesía liberal, representada en el gobierno de Aurelio Mosquera Narváez, que se caracterizó por su beligerancia a los sectores sociales y su persecución a los dirigentes de izquierda. Una de sus medidas fue la reorganización de las universidades mediante la promulgación de una disposición transitoria a la Ley de Elecciones que dejaba vacante los puestos públicos de periodo fijo. Esta disposición puso en debate uno de los derechos propios de la Universidad como es la autonomía universitaria, consignada por primera vez en el año de 1925. Como consecuencia de esta disposición transitoria, las cátedras universitarias quedaron vacantes, el Ministerio de Educación procedió a nombrar nuevos docentes, excluyendo de estos nombramientos o a profesores de militancia socialista. Este hecho fue interpretado por los estudiantes como una violación a la autonomía del centro de estudio y provocó que el 16 de marzo el Consejo Universitario deje de funcionar y los estudiantes se tomen las instalaciones de la Universidad y declaren la huelga. Frente a estos acontecimientos, otros sectores sociales como los maestros, obreros y textiles, eléctricos y transportistas mostraron su solidaridad y procedieron a plantear sus propias reivindicaciones, declarando una huelga general los días 21 y 22 de marzo y formando el autodenominado Frente de Estudiantes-Maestros-Trabajadores. El resultado final fue una profunda agitación social en las calles, la que obligó al Estado a utilizar su fuerza coercitiva y a declarar ilegal lo actuado por los sindicatos. Este hecho tuvo profundas repercusiones en los dirigentes gremiales, en la firma de contratos colectivos y en la creación de una alternativa educacional que fue la Universidad libre.

Anion-directed synthesis of metal-organic frameworks based on 2-picolinate Cu(II) complexes: a ferromagnetic alternating chain and two unprecedented ferromagnetic fish backbone chains

Three new polynuclear copper(II) complexes of 2-picolinic acid (Hpic), {[Cu-2(pic)(3)(H2O)]ClO4}(n) (1), {[Cu-2(pic)(3)(H2O)]BF4}(n) (2), and [Cu-2(pic)3(H2O)(2)(NO3)](n) (3), have been synthesized by reaction of the "metalloligand" [Cu-(pic)(2)] with the corresponding copper(II) salts. The compounds are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and variable-temperature magnetic measurements. Compounds 1 and 2 are isomorphous and crystallize in the triclinic system with space group P (1) over bar, while 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic system with space group P2(1)/n. The structural analyses reveal that complexes 1 and 2 are constructed by "fish backbone" chains through syn-anti (equatorial-equatorial) carboxylate bridges, which are linked to one another by syn-anti (equatorial-axial) carboxylate bridges, giving rise to a rectangular grid-like two-dimensional net. Complex 3 is formed by alternating chains of syn-anti carboxylate-bridged copper(II) atoms, which are linked together by strong H bonds involving coordinated nitrate ions and water molecules and uncoordinated oxygen atoms from carboxylate groups. The different coordination ability of the anions along with their involvement in the H-bonding network seems to be responsible for the difference in the final polymeric structures. Variable-temperature (2-300 K) magnetic susceptibility measurement shows the presence of weak ferromagnetic coupling for all three complexes that have been fitted with a fish backbone model developed for 1 and 2 (J = 1.74 and 0.99 cm(-1); J' = 0.19 and 0.25 cm(-1), respectively) and an alternating chain model for 3 (J = 1.19 cm(-1) and J' = 1.19 cm(-1)).

Targeting the plasmepsin 4 orthologs of Plasmodium sp with "Double Drug" inhibitors

Plasmepsin 4 (PM4) is a digestive vacuole enzyme found in all Plasmodium species examined to date. While P. falciparum has three additional aspartic proteinases in its digestive vacuole in addition to plasmepsin 4, other Plasmodium species have only PM4 in their digestive vacuole. Therefore, PM4 may be a good target for the development of an antimalarial drug. This study presents data obtained with PM4s from several Plasmodium species. Low nanomolar K-i values have been observed for all PM4s studied.

A unique example of structural and magnetic diversity in four interconvertible copper(II)−azide complexes with the same Schiff base ligand: a monomer, a dimer, a chain, and a layer

Four new Cu(II)-azido complexes of formula [CuL(N-3)] (1), [CuL(N-3)](2) (2), [Cu7L2(N-3)(12)](n) (3), and [Cu2L(dmen)-(N-3)(3)](n) (4) (dmen = N,N-dimethylethylenediamine) have been synthesized using the same tridentate Schiff base ligand HL (2-[1-(2-dimethylaminoethylimino)ethyl]phenol, the condensation product of dmen and 2-hydroxyacetophenone). The four compounds have been characterized by X-ray structural analyses and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. Complex 1 is mononuclear, whereas 2 is a single mu-1,1 azido-bridged dinuclear compound. The polymeric compound 3 possesses a 2D structure in which the Cu(II) ions are linked by phenoxo oxygen atoms and two different azide bridges (mu-1,1 and mu-1,1,3). The structure of complex 4 is a double helix in which two mu-1,3-azido-bridged alternating one-dimensional helical chains of CuL(N-3) and Cu(dmen)(N-3)(2) are joined together by weak mu-1,1 azido bridges and H-bonds. The complexes interconvert in solution and can be obtained in pure form by carefully controlling the conditions. The magnetic properties of compounds 1 and 2 show the presence of very weak antiferromagnetic exchange interactions mediated by a ligand pi overlap (J = -1.77) and by an asymmetric 1,1-N-3 bridge (J = -1.97 cm(-1)), respectively. Compound 3 presents, from the magnetic point of view, a decorated chain structure with both ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions. Compound 4 is an alternating helicoidal chain with two weak antiferromagnetic exchange interactions (J -1.35 and -2.64 cm(-1)).

Self-rated oral health and associated factors in Brazilian elders

Objective: Self-rating provides a simple direct way of capturing perceptions of health. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of poor self-rated oral health among elders. Methods: National data from a cross-sectional population-based study with a multistage random sample of 4786 Brazilian older adults (aged 65-74) in 250 towns were analysed. Data collection included oral examinations (WHO 1997) and struct-ured interviews at elderly households. The outcome was measured by a single five-point-response-scale question dichotomized into `poor` (fair/poor/very poor) and `good` (good/very good) self-rated oral health. Data analyses used Poisson regression models stratified by sex. Results: The prevalence of poor self-rated oral health was 46.6% (95% CI: 45.2-48%) in the whole sample, 50.3% (48-52.5) in men and 44.2% (42.4-46) in women. Higher prevalence ratios (PR) were found in elders reporting unfavourable dental appearance (PR = 2.31; 95% CI: 2.02-2.65), poor chewing ability (PR = 1.64; CI: 1.48-1.8) and dental pain (PR = 1.44; CI: 1.04-1.23) in adjusted analysis. Poor self-perception was also associated with being men, black, unfavourable socioeconomic circumstances, unfavourable clinical oral health and with not using or needing a dental prosthesis. Conclusion: Assessment and understanding of self-rated oral health should take into account social factors, subjective and clinical oral symptoms.

Correlation between citric acid and nitrate metabolisms during CAM cycle in the atmospheric bromeliad Tillandsia pohliana

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) confers crucial adaptations for plants living under frequent environmental stresses. A wide metabolic plasticity can be found among CAM species regarding the type of storage carbohydrate, organic acid accumulated at night and decarboxylating system. Consequently, many aspects of the CAM pathway control are still elusive while the impact of this photosynthetic adaptation on nitrogen metabolism has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated a possible link between the CAM cycle and the nitrogen assimilation in the atmospheric bromeliad Tillandsia pohliana by simultaneously characterizing the diel changes in key enzyme activities and metabolite levels of both organic acid and nitrate metabolisms. The results revealed that T. pohliana performed a typical CAM cycle in which phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase phosphorylation seemed to play a crucial role to avoid futile cycles of carboxylation and decarboxylation. Unlike all other bromeliads previously investigated, almost equimolar concentrations of malate and citrate were accumulated at night. Moreover, a marked nocturnal depletion in the starch reservoirs and an atypical pattern of nitrate reduction restricted to the nighttime were also observed. Since reduction and assimilation of nitrate requires a massive supply of reducing power and energy and considering that T. pohliana lives overexposed to the sunlight, we hypothesize that citrate decarboxylation might be an accessory mechanism to increase internal CO(2) concentration during the day while its biosynthesis could provide NADH and ATP for nocturnal assimilation of nitrate. Therefore, besides delivering photoprotection during the day, citrate might represent a key component connecting both CAM pathway and nitrogen metabolism in T. pohliana: a scenario that certainly deserves further study not only in this species but also in other CAM plants that nocturnally accumulate citrate. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

The role of carbohydrates in seed germination and seedling establishment of Himatanthus sucuuba, an Amazonian tree with populations adapted to flooded and non-flooded conditions

Background and Aims In the Amazonian floodplains plants withstand annual periods of flooding which can last 7 months. Under these conditions seedlings remain submerged in the dark for long periods since light penetration in the water is limited. Himatanthus sucuuba is a tree species found in the `varzea` (VZ) floodplains and adjacent non-flooded `terra-firme` (TF) forests. Biochemical traits which enhance flood tolerance and colonization success of H. sucuuba in periodically flooded environments were investigated. Methods Storage carbohydrates of seeds of VZ and TF populations were extracted and analysed by HPAEC/PAD. Starch was analysed by enzyme (glucoamylase) degradation followed by quantification of glucose oxidase. Carbohydrate composition of roots of VZ and TF seedlings was studied after experimental exposure to a 15-d period of submersion in light versus darkness. Key Results The endosperm contains a large proportion of the seed reserves, raffinose being the main nonstructural carbohydrate. Around 93% of the cell wall storage polysaccharides (percentage dry weight basis) in the endosperm of VZ seeds was composed of mannose, while soluble sugars accounted for 2.5%. In contrast, 74% of the endosperm in TF seeds was composed of galactomannans, while 22% of the endosperm was soluble sugars. This suggested a larger carbohydrate allocation to germination in TF populations whereas VZ populations allocate comparatively more to carbohydrates mobilized during seedling development. The concentration of root non-structural carbohydrates in non-flooded seedlings strongly decreased after a 15-d period of darkness, whereas flooded seedlings were less affected. These effects were more pronounced in TF seedlings, which showed significantly lower root non-structural carbohydrate concentrations. Conclusions There seem to be metabolic adjustments in VZ but not TF seedlings that lead to adaptation to the combined stresses of darkness and flooding. This seems to be important for the survival of the species in these contrasting environments, leading these populations to different directions during evolution.