The centrality of event scale: a measure of integrating a trauma into one's identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.

We introduce a new scale that measures how central an event is to a person's identity and life story. For the most stressful or traumatic event in a person's life, the full 20-item Centrality of Event Scale (CES) and the short 7-item scale are reliable (alpha's of .94 and .88, respectively) in a sample of 707 undergraduates. The scale correlates .38 with PTSD symptom severity and .23 with depression. The present findings are discussed in relation to previous work on individual differences related to PTSD symptoms. Possible connections between the CES and measures of maladaptive attributions and rumination are considered along with suggestions for future research.

EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY VIOLA MUSIC FROM ENGLAND AND GERMANY: FROM POST-ROMANTICISM TO MODERNISM

In the early twentieth century, the viola began to gain status as a solo instrument with the appearance in England of the virtuosic violist Lionel Tertis. Because of a lack of music for viola at that time, such English composers as York Bowen, Arnold Bax, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Arthur Bliss and William Walton began to write viola music for Tertis. Meanwhile, in Germany, the well-known composer and virtuosic violinist and violist Paul Hindemith wrote and premiered several viola sonatas and concertos. Viola music became even more developed later with William Primrose, the legendary Scottish violist, and all the works written in the early twentieth century have remained significant in the viola literature. Although this new viola music appeared in both countries during same period, it developed along different lines in each country. Because they were under the influence of earlier periods and traditions, the English composers who associated with Tertis wrote their music in a Romantic style, with expanded harmony, various colors of sound and timbre, and lyrical melodies. Hindemith, as a composer himself, employed a more Modernist style, using atonality and angular melodies, which represented German trends at that time. I have given three recitals, of which the first two were divided between selected English music and German music. Although I originally intended to focus solely on music by Hindemith and music written for Terts, I decided that in order to give a more complete view of the national trends of those two countries, I included Rebecca Clarke's Sonata, Lachrymae by Benjamin Britten (dedicated to William Primrose), and Max Reger's Suite for Viola. Rebecca Clarke was herself a fine violist, and her sonata's Romantic style is also representative of the English trends of viola music. Lachrymae was written with a different concept and shows more modernity than had ever before occurred in England, though it still differs from the modernity of other countries. Max Reger's Suite is in a truly Romantic style, yet it is old fashioned in ways that differ not only from Wagner or Strauss, but also from English music of the period. In my last recital I wished to pay homage to Tertis, with a program consisting entirely of music written for him. For the finale, Arthur Bliss's Viola Sonata was especially chosen because it provides interesting similarities and contrasts with earlier English music in the Romantic style.

Using Behavioral Insights For a Better Understanding of Economic Decisions (Regarding Savings, Inequality and Dishonesty)

This dissertation consists of three essays on behavioral economics, with a general aim of enriching our understanding of economic decisions using behavioral insights and experimental methodology. Each essay takes on one particular topic with this general aim.

The first chapter studies savings behavior of the poor. In this project, partnering with a savings product provider in Kenya, we tested the extent to which behavioral interventions and financial incentives can increase the saving rate of individuals with low and irregular income. Our experiment lasted for six months and included a total of twelve conditions. The control condition received weekly reminders and balance reporting via text messages. The treatment conditions received in addition one of the following interventions: (1) reminder text messages framed as if they came from the participant’s kid (2) a golden colored coin with numbers for each week of the trial, on which participants were asked to keep track of their weekly deposits (3) a match of weekly savings: The match was either 10% or 20% up to a certain amount per week. The match was either deposited at the end of each week or the highest possible match was deposited at the start of each week and was adjusted at the end. Among these interventions, by far the most effective was the coin: Those in the coin condition saved on average the highest amount and more than twice as those in the control condition. We hypothesize that being a tangible track-keeping object; the coin made subjects remember to save more often. Our results support the line of literature suggesting that saving decisions involve psychological aspects and that policy makers and product designers should take these influences into account.

The second chapter is related to views towards inequality. In this project, we investigate how the perceived fairness of income distributions depends on the beliefs about the process that generated the inequality. Specifically, we examine how two crucial features of this process affect fairness views: (1) Procedural justice - equal treatment of all, (2) Agency - one's ability to determine his/her income. We do this in a lab experiment by varying the equality of opportunity (procedural justice), and one's ability to make choices, which consequently influence subjects’ ability to influence their income (agency). We then elicit ex-post redistribution decisions of the earnings as a function of these two elements. Our results suggest both agency and procedural justice matter for fairness. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Highlighting the importance of agency, we find that inequality resulting from risk is considered to be fair only when risk is chosen freely; (2) Highlighting the importance of procedural justice, we find that introducing inequality of opportunity significantly increases redistribution, however the share of subjects redistributing none remain close to the share of subjects redistributing fully revealing an underlying heterogeneity in the population about how fairness views should account for inequality of opportunity.

The third chapter is on morality. In this project, we study whether religious rituals act as an internal reminder for basic moral principles and thus affect moral judgments. To this end, we conducted two survey experiments in Turkey and Israel to specifically test the effect of Ramadan and Yom Kippur. The results from the Turkish sample how that Ramadan has a significant effect on moral judgments to some extent for those who report to believe in God. Those who believe in God judged the moral acceptability of ten out of sixty one actions significantly differently in Ramadan, whereas those who reported not to believe in God significantly changed their judgments only for one action in Ramadan. Our results extends the hypothesis established by lab experiments that religious reminders have a significant effect on morality, by testing it in the field in the natural environment of religious rituals.

This thesis is part of a broader collaborative research agenda with both colleagues and advisors. The programming, analyses, and writing, as well as any errors in this work, are my own.

Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world

Contemporary globalization has been marked by significant shifts in the organization and governance of global industries. In the 1970s and 1980s, one such shift was characterized by the emergence of buyer-driven and producer-driven commodity chains. In the early 2000s, a more differentiated typology of governance structures was introduced, which focused on new types of coordination in global value chains (GVCs). Today the organization of the global economy is entering another phase, with transformations that are reshaping the governance structures of both GVCs and global capitalism at various levels: (1) the end of the Washington Consensus and the rise of contending centers of economic and political power; (2) a combination of geographic consolidation and value chain concentration in the global supply base, which, in some cases, is shifting bargaining power from lead firms in GVCs to large suppliers in developing economies; (3) new patterns of strategic coordination among value chain actors; (4) a shift in the end markets of many GVCs accelerated by the economic crisis of 2008-09, which is redefining regional geographies of investment and trade; and (5) a diffusion of the GVC approach to major international donor agencies, which is prompting a reformulation of established development paradigms. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

Post-1945 Danish Piano Trio Literature: A Recording Dissertation

This recording dissertation surveys post-1945 literature written for piano trio (violin, violoncello and piano) by ten Danish composers. The literature was first considered for inclusion by searching a database provided by the Danish Music Information Center (www.mic.dk). Scores were rented from the publisher Edition Wilhelm Hansen AS, or purchased from the publisher Samfundet til Udgivelse af Dansk Musik. An additional score published by Viking Musikforlag was used as well. The music was then studied and evaluated for selection. During the selection process, the following criteria were considered: 1) quality of the compositions; 2) recognition of the composers at the national or international level; 3) whether the compositions had been previously recorded; and 4) variety of compositional styles. The selected works are written by Niels Viggo Bentzon, Vagn Holmboe, Anders Koppel, Herman D. Koppel, Bent Lorentzen, Anders Nordentoft, Per Norgard, Michael Nyvang, Karl Aage Rasmussen, and Poul Rovsing Olsen. The selected compositions were practiced, rehearsed, and performed under direct supervision of the composers and other expert musicians. In order to better understand the compositional style of each composer, relevant books, articles, and recordings were researched and studied. This recording dissertation is supported by a written document. A subjective preference for program balance was exercised to determine the order of recorded works. The written document is divided into chapters defined by composer, following the order of the recorded document, which include the composers' biographies and notes referring to the recorded compositions. The recording took place at the Manzius Gaarden, Birkerod, Denmark during three sessions: July 31-August 2, 2002, March 2 and 3, 2003, and June 2-4, 2003. The music for this dissertation was recorded by the members of the Jalina Trio; Line Fredens, violin, Janne Fredens, cello and Natsuki Fukasawa, piano. Aksel Trige, a well-respected recording engineer, was engaged for the recording and editing. Additionally, a Hamburg Steinway concert grand piano was rented and a Joseph Guarnerius filius Andreas Cremona violin (1706) was provided by the Augustinus Fonden, Denmark. The cellist used her own instrument, Vuillaume of Paris (c. 1850). The expense of this recording was partially paid by generous grants from the Augustinus Fonden, the Solist Foreningen af 1921, and the Dansk Musikerforbunds Kollective Rettighedsmidler. The compositions selected for this recording dissertation are assumed to be previously unrecorded, with the exception of Poul Rovsing Olsen's Trio II.

MiR-215 Is Induced Post-transcriptionally via HIF-Drosha Complex and Mediates Glioma-Initiating Cell Adaptation to Hypoxia by Targeting KDM1B.

The hypoxic tumor microenvironment serves as a niche for maintaining the glioma-initiating cells (GICs) that are critical for glioblastoma (GBM) occurrence and recurrence. Here, we report that hypoxia-induced miR-215 is vital for reprograming GICs to fit the hypoxic microenvironment via suppressing the expression of an epigenetic regulator KDM1B and modulating activities of multiple pathways. Interestingly, biogenesis of miR-215 and several miRNAs is accelerated post-transcriptionally by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) through HIF-Drosha interaction. Moreover, miR-215 expression correlates inversely with KDM1B while correlating positively with HIF1α and GBM progression in patients. These findings reveal a direct role of HIF in regulating miRNA biogenesis and consequently activating the miR-215-KDM1B-mediated signaling required for GIC adaptation to hypoxia.

Toward understanding the essence of post-translational modifications for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoproteome

CD4⁺ T cells are prominent effector cells in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but may also contribute to immunopathology. Studies probing the CD4⁺ T cell response from individuals latently infected with Mtb or patients with active tuberculosis using either small or proteome-wide antigen screens so far revealed a multi-antigenic, yet mostly invariable repertoire of immunogenic Mtb proteins. Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have highlighted the occurrence of numerous types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteomes of prokaryotes, including Mtb. The well-known PTMs in Mtb are glycosylation, lipidation, or phosphorylation, known regulators of protein function or compartmentalization. Other PTMs include methylation, acetylation, and pupylation, involved in protein stability. While all PTMs add variability to the Mtb proteome, relatively little is understood about their role in the anti-Mtb immune responses. Here,we reviewMtb protein PTMs and methods to assess their role in protective immunity against Mtb. © 2014 van Els, Corbière, Smits, vanGaans-van den Brink, Poelen, Mascart, Meiring and Locht.

Factores ambientales pre - dispersión y post - dispersión de semillas que modulan la germinación y emergencia de Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. en el cultivo de soja

El éxito de Digitaria sanguinalis en los cultivos estivales de la Argentina se debe en gran medida al establecimiento de varias cohortes a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo, lo que le permite escapar a los controles químicos. El establecimiento de las plántulas depende de factores ambientales pre-dispersión (competitivos y no competitivos), a través de los efectos maternos, y post-dispersión (no competitivos). A su vez, los efectos predispersión competitivos también afectan la fecundidad de las plantas. Por lo tanto, comprender los efectos de las interacciones dentro del sistema cultivo-maleza sería de utilidad para diseñar estrategias de manejo más efectivas de la maleza. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo general i) determinar los efectos pre-dispersión que genera el cultivo de soja sobre el crecimiento, la estructura, la fecundidad y la dormición de semillas de biotipos locales de D. sanguinalis, y ii) los efectos post-dispersión que genera el ambiente en el que se encuentran las semillas condicionando el establecimiento de las plántulas en la campaña siguiente. Para cumplir con estos objetivos se realizaron experimentos i) en cámara evaluando los efectos de la temperatura, luz y humedad y el rol de las cubiertas en la imposición de la dormición, ii) en parcelas a campo combinando la presencia del cultivo con distintas distancias entre surcos, los grupos de madurez y los "gaps", iii) en macetas a campo evaluando los efectos del sombreo, la fertilidad edáfica y la luz roja y azul y iv) en parcelas a campo combinando la cobertura del suelo (rastrojo), el tiempo de permanencia de las semillas en el suelo, la presencia del cultivo de soja y el nivel de dormición de las semillas al momento de su dispersión. Temperaturas frescas (5ºC a 20ºC) y humedad, seguidas de temperaturas alternadas (20/30ºC) con luz fueron las mejores condiciones para la salida y la terminación de la dormición de las semillas, respectivamente. Dicha dormición está determinada por las cubiertas de las semillas, principalmente por la lemma y, aparentemente por el efecto de inhibidores presentes en ella. El cultivo de soja modificó el ambiente en el que crecen las plantas de la maleza al alterar la radiación incidente, la relación R-RL, la temperatura y la humedad relativa reduciendo la biomasa, la altura, el número de vástagos, la fecundidad de las plantas y el nivel de dormición de las semillas de D. sanguinalis. El nivel de dormición fue afectado por la temperatura máxima, la alternancia de temperatura y la radiación incidente en estadios reproductivos de la maleza, en cambio la fertilidad edáfica, la luz azul y rojo lejano no tuvieron ningún efecto. Por otra parte, el rastrojo de soja o de maíz, no modificó la salida de la dormición pero retrasó la terminación de la misma por la disminución en la alternancia de las temperaturas, retrasando la germinación y la emergencia de la maleza en la campaña siguiente. Semillas con distinto nivel de dormición en el momento de dispersión, tuvieron distintos valores de emergencia en la campaña siguiente cuando la temperatura no fue lo suficientemente baja como para reducir los niveles de dormición de toda la población. La presencia de un cultivo de soja junto con la presencia de rastrojo de soja o maíz, redujeron la emergencia de las plántulas a campo debido, en parte, al efecto de la menor alternancia de temperaturas. Los resultados de esta tesis permiten determinar cómo la estructura del cultivo de soja modifica el establecimiento de plántulas de D. sanguinalis en la campaña siguiente, a través de su efecto sobre el ambiente pre y postdispersión, afectando la salida y la terminación de la dormición y por lo tanto la emergencia de la maleza.

El estrés térmico post - floración y sus efectos sobre el peso y la calidad de los granos en maíces de diferente destino de producción

En maíz, los golpes de calor (días con temperaturas menor a 35 grados C) ocurridos tempranamente durante el período post-floración pueden afectar negativamente el peso individual de los granos, a traves de limitaciones del crecimiento del cultivo. El conocimiento que existe respecto a las bases eco-fisiológicas de la respuesta de la calidad de los granos a la incidencia de este estres durante el llenado efectivo es prácticamente nulo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar en condiciones a campo el impacto de los golpes de calor durante las etapas tempranas y tardías del llenado efectivo sobre el peso, la calidad general y específica de la industria de los granos en híbridos de maíz de diferente destino de producción (colorado duro o flint, pisingallo y semi-dentad). Los golpes de calor, especialmente aquellos ocurridos durante las etapas tempranas del llenado, redujeron el crecimiento de los cultivos por caídas de la eficiencia en el uso de la radiacion interceptada. Esto produjo un desbalance entre la disponibilidad de asimilados y el requerimiento de estos por parte de los granos que se tradujo en una interrupción prematura del llenado. Consecuentemente, se obtuvieron granos mas livianos con concentraciones mas bajas de aceite y mas altas de proteína. Estas respuestas fueron acompanadas de alteraciones en la composición específica de las proteínas de reserva, incrementándose la abundancia relativa de glutelinas, y ƒÀ- y ƒÁ- zeinas, en detrimento de aquella de ƒ¿-zeinas. Asimismo, los golpes de calor provocaron efectos negativos sobre los diversos parámetros de calidad industrial de los granos, asociados principalmente a disminuciones en la abundancia relativa de ƒ¿-zeínas. Para la mayoría de los rasgos mencionados, los híbridos semi-dentados tuvieron una respuesta mas pronunciada al estrés que los híbridos colorado duro y pisingallo, aparentando ser sensibles a temperaturas del aire incluso inferiores a 35 grados C.

Contenido de nitrógeno en grano de trigo y cebada cervecera ante condiciones contrastantes de fuente - destino en post - antesis

Trigo y cebada son cultivos con un alto grado de difusión a nivel mundial. Ambos son importantes como especies cultivables debido a la utilidad que poseen sus granos. El principal destino de trigo es la industria harinera y el de cebada la industria maltera. Estas industrias requieren que el grano posea un porcentaje de proteína determinado. El objetivo general del trabajo fue analizar en forma comparada para trigo y cebada las variaciones en el porcentaje de nitrógeno en el grano ante modificaciones en la relación fuente - destino en post-antesis. Los factores considerados en el análisis fueron (i) un cultivar de trigo y cebada, (ii) dos niveles contrastantes de disponibilidades de nitrógeno en suelo a siembra (57 kg N ha-1, N0; 130 kg N ha-1, N1), (iii) variaciones en la relación fuente - destino (F:D) a lo largo del período de llenado (7, 14, 21 y 28 días desde antesis), dadas por (iii.1) sin modificación en la relación fuente - destino (control), (iii.2) incremento en la disponibilidad de recursos por grano mediante desespiguillado (tratamiento DE), (iii.3) disminución parcial en el tamaño de la fuente foliar actual (defoliación de todas las hojas verdes del cultivo con excepción de la hoja bandera, tratamiento HB), y (iii.4) supresión total en el tamaño de la fuente foliar actual (defoliación de todas las hojas verdes, tratamiento SH). El desespiguillado en trigo aumentó el porcentaje de nitrógeno en grano (PNG) independientemente del momento en el cual se realizó dicho tratamiento, y con mayor efecto en la situación NO que N1. En cebada, solo el tratamiento DE 7 generó incrementos en el PNG respecto al control. Por consiguiente, la limitación por nitrógeno post-antesis fue mayor en trigo que en cebada y se evidenció hasta estados intermedio - avanzados del período de llenado. Los tratamientos de defoliaciones parciales o totales no presentaron diferencias en PNG con respecto a la situación control en ningún momento del periodo de llenado en el que se realizó el tratamiento en ninguno de los cultivares. La respuesta del PNG a los cambios F:D de granos provenientes del vástago principal fue semejante a la de los granos de los macollos.