Nos veremos en el escenario: prácticas musicales locales dentro del género del rock y mercados globales

La presente investigación está enfocada en el análisis de los circuitos independientes de producción, circulación, promoción y consumo musical del género rock en la ciudad de Quito. La industria musical en el Ecuador no ha podido consolidar un sólido asidero para las prácticas contemporáneas y se ha caracterizado por una acción incipiente y fragmentaria vinculada básicamente al ejercicio de promoción y distribución ligado a las lógicas de las industrias transnacionales. El agenciamiento independiente ha logrado re-funcionalizar los sentidos de intercambios musicales y mostrar las tensiones existentes relacionadas con la producción-circulación de bienes simbólicos en el ámbito musical. En la actualidad es necesario abrir el debate acerca de una de las industrias culturales con mayor incidencia dentro de la vivencia cotidiana de los jóvenes urbanos; en este sentido, este trabajo intentará abrir puentes para entender el fenómeno desde su experiencia local y sus formas de inserción en audiencias más ampliadas.

Una banda sonora para el desquite: de industrias, cotidianidades, territorios y ciudades narradas desde el rock en Cartagena de Indias

Este ejercicio investigativo responde a la pregunta por el rock en Cartagena de Indias, una música que a lo largo de más de dos décadas ha ganado algún espacio en el inventario de músicas del Caribe colombiano. Es un ejercicio que se adentra en las cotidianidades de diversos actores sociales que han constituido sus identidades desde el rock para narrar, andar, cantar, significar y habitar la ciudad. Muestra cómo la construcción de identidades desde el rock se produce por la negociación con los discursos interpeladores procedentes del mercado. Se expone entonces que el consumo y la resignificación son dos elementos importantes para entender el rock y los procesos identitarios en el contexto cartagenero.

Estudio de la estructura y funcionamiento de la industria musical de rock en Quito y propuesta de mejoras

La producción de rock en Quito puede ser enmarcada como una actividad propia de las industrias creativas en el Ecuador. Este trabajo estudia la producción del género musical en cuestión desde una perspectiva de gestión empresarial, con el fin de determinar su situación actual y formular una propuesta para mejorar su competitividad. Es un primer acercamiento al tema desde el mencionado campo conceptual de las industrias creativas, y por tanto una investigación exploratoria. Quizá el mayor aporte de este esfuerzo académico sea el de ubicar a la actividad creativa dentro del debate de la producción económica, señalando las situaciones particulares propias del sector. Para la redacción del presente trabajo se han utilizado los postulados conceptuales sobre las industrias creativas enunciados por el Foro Económico Mundial (World Economic Forum, o WEF, por sus siglas en inglés), la conferencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y el Desarrollo (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, o UNCTAD por sus siglas en inglés), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, o UNESCO, por sus siglas en inglés) y una profesora titular de una prestigiosa universidad a nivel mundial. En el presente trabajo se ha observado una débil posición de los músicos dentro del encadenamiento productivo de la industria; y al mismo tiempo se ha visto que su nivel de profesionalización, en términos generales, puede mejorar. Se encontró que hay poca continuidad en la operación de las bandas de rock, y también que existe un paradigma que entiende al éxito comercial como un condición que impide la originalidad de los trabajos musicales; al mismo tiempo que se conoció sobre una renuencia a profesionalizarse del sector, en términos generales. También se evidenció la importancia de la tecnología audiovisual para acompañar los temas musicales, y una relativa escasez de proveedores y actores complementarios y de apoyo para las bandas. Adicionalmente, se recogieron varios testimonios sobre una realidad económica compleja para las personas que deciden dedicarse profesionalmente a la carrera musical en el género de rock. Otros hallazgos de esta investigación giran en torno a una división cultural entre músicos del norte y del sur de la ciudad. También se analizaron los impactos positivos y negativos de varias Políticas Públicas y una falta de institucionalidad y seguridad jurídica para los promotores de conciertos y espectáculos en vivo. Finalmente, se notó una división entre públicos para espectáculos internacionales y locales, con su respectiva y considerable diferencia en los precios que están dispuestos a pagar los grupos en mención; y por tanto se nota la necesidad para que las bandas locales posicionen su oferta a través de asociaciones con nombres o artistas extranjeros. Esto, a su vez, facilitaría el acceso a los medios de comunicación masiva, mismos que –según testimonios recogidos- no tienen mayor interés en la producción local de música rock.

Rock art and social life - Revisiting the Neolithic transition in Mediterranean Iberia

This article revisits the Neolithic transition in Mediterranean Iberia taking into account an aspect usually neglected in the archaeological discourse: the rock art styles that emerged in this context. These distinct styles have been generally attributed to different populations, according to a historicist point of view that equates stylistic variability and ethnic identity. However, the recent recognition that they were developed by the same social group requires the formulation of an alternative explanation. My proposal is based on the exploration of the social context of production and consumption of the rock art, through the analysis of the patterns of location of the sites within the landscape and the definition of their archaeological context.

Response of organically managed grassland to available phosphorus and potassium in the soil and supplementary fertilization: field trials using grass-clover leys cut for silage

Effective use and recycling of manures together with occasional and judicious use of supplementary fertilizing materials forms the basis for management of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) within organic farming systems. Replicated field trials were established at three sites across the UK to compare the supply of P and K to grass-clover swards cut for silage from a range of fertilizing materials, and to assess the usefulness of routine soil tests for P and K in organic farming systems. None of the fertilizing materials (farmyard manure, rock phosphate, Kali vinasse, volcanic tuff) significantly increased silage yields, nor was P offtake increased. However, farmyard manure and Kali vinasse proved effective sources of K to grass and clover in the short to medium term. Available P (measured as Olsen-P) showed no clear relationship with crop P offtake in these trials. In contrast, available K (measured by ammonium nitrate extraction) proved a useful measurement to predict K availability to crops and support K management decisions.

A comparison of cross-hole electrical and seismic data in fractured rock

Cross-hole anisotropic electrical and seismic tomograms of fractured metamorphic rock have been obtained at a test site where extensive hydrological data were available. A strong correlation between electrical resistivity anisotropy and seismic compressional-wave velocity anisotropy has been observed. Analysis of core samples from the site reveal that the shale-rich rocks have fabric-related average velocity anisotropy of between 10% and 30%. The cross-hole seismic data are consistent with these values, indicating that observed anisotropy might be principally due to the inherent rock fabric rather than to the aligned sets of open fractures. One region with velocity anisotropy greater than 30% has been modelled as aligned open fractures within an anisotropic rock matrix and this model is consistent with available fracture density and hydraulic transmissivity data from the boreholes and the cross-hole resistivity tomography data. However, in general the study highlights the uncertainties that can arise, due to the relative influence of rock fabric and fluid-filled fractures, when using geophysical techniques for hydrological investigations.

Assessment of the effect of time and temperature on the availability of residual phosphate in a glasshouse study of four soils using the Olsen method

The Olsen method is an indicator of plant-available phosphorus (P). The effect of time and temperature on residual phosphate in soils was measured using the Olsen method in a pot experiment. Four soils were investigated: two from Pakistan and one each from England (calcareous) and Colombia (acidic). Two levels of residual phosphate were developed in each soil after addition of phosphate by incubation at either 10degreesC or 45degreesC. The amount of phosphate added was based on the P maximum of each soil, calculated using the Langmuir equation. Rvegrass was used as the test crop. The pooled data for the four soils incubated at 10degreesC showed good correlation between Olsen P and dry matter yield or P uptake (r(2) = 0.85 and 0.77, respectively), whereas at 45 degreesC, each soil had its own relationship and pooled data did not show correlation of Olsen P with dry matter yield or P uptake. When the data at both temperatures were pooled, Olsen P was a good indicator of yield and uptake for the English soil. For the Pakistani soils, Olsen P after 45 degreesC treatment was an underestimate relative to the 10 degreesC data and for the Colombian soil it was an overestimate. The reasons for these differences need to be explored further before high temperature incubation can be used to simulate long-term changes in the field.

The role of gypsum in the reactions of phosphate with soils

The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms by which gypsum increases the sorption of fertilizer-P in soils of and and semi-arid regions. Either gypsum or soil (Usher from the UK; pH 7.8, 7% organic matter, 21% CaCO3: Yasouj from Iran; pH 8.2, 1.4% OM, 18% CaCO3: Ghanimeh from Saudi Arabia; pH 7.8, 1% OM, 26% CaCO3, 13% gypsum) was shaken for 24 It with KH2PO4 solutions in 10 mM CaCl2. With gypsum, grinding increased sorption by a factor of about 3, and increase in pH from 5.6 to 7.5 greatly increased sorption. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and EDX quantitative analysis showed that small crystals of gypsum disappeared and roughly spherical particles of dicalcium phosphate (DCPD) were formed. Analysis of equilibrium Solutions showed, using GEOCHEM, that octa-calcium phosphate (OCP) coated the DCPD. For the soils, sorption was in the order Ghanimeh > Yasouj > Usher. Removal of gypsum from Ghanimeh reduced sorption, with precipitated gypsum having a greater effect than gypsum mixed physically with the soil. Addition to Usher had no effect. SEM and EDX could not be used in the soil matrix, but solubility analysis again showed that solutions were close to equilibrium with OCP. Usher was unresponsive to added gypsum, presumably because of its small sorption capacity and high organic matter content. In Ghanimeh and Yasouj soils, gypsum increased sorption by being a source of readily available Ca2+ (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Arsenate-induced phosphate release from soils and its effect on plant phosphorus

Adsorption of arsenic onto soil was investigated as a means of understanding arsenic-induced release of phosphate. In batch adsorption experiments As adsorption was accompanied by P desorption. At low As additions, the ratio As adsorbed: P desorbed remained constant. At higher As additions, P desorption reached a maximum while As adsorption continued to increase. The P desorption maximum coincided with an increase in pH. Barley plants were grown on soils spiked with arsenate (0-360 mg As kg(-1)) to investigate the effect on plant growth and P uptake. As arsenic concentration increased, above ground plant yield decreased and the plants showed symptoms typical of As toxicity and P deficiency. At low As additions to the soil, uptake of As and P by barley increased. At higher As additions P uptake decreased. It is argued that this was due to the change in As:P ratio in the soil solution. It is concluded that input of arsenic to the soil could mobilise phosphate. Crop yield is likely to be affected, either due to reduced phosphate availability at low arsenic additions or arsenic toxicity at higher additions.