Study of two novel streptococcus pneumoniae operons: pilus islet 2 and the lantibiotic operon

Analysis of publicly available genomes of Streptococcus pneumoniae has led to the identification of a new genomic element resembling gram-positive pilus islets (PIs). Here, we demonstrate that this genomic region, herein referred to as PI-2 (containing the genes pitA, sipA, pitB, srtG1, and srtG2) codes for a novel functional pilus in pneumococcus. Therefore, there are two pilus islets identified so far in this pathogen (PI-1 and PI-2). Polymerization of the PI-2 pilus requires the backbone protein PitB as well as the sortase SrtG1 and the signal peptidase-like protein SipA. PI-2 is associated with serotypes 1, 2, 7F, 19A, and 19F, considered to be emerging in both industrialized and developing countries. Interestingly, strains belonging to clonal complex 271 (CC271) contain both PI-1 and PI-2, as revealed by genome analyses. In these strains both pili are surface exposed and independently assembled. Furthermore, in vitro experiments provide evidence that the pilus encoded by PI-2 of S. pneumoniae is involved in adherence. Thus, pneumococci encode at least two types of pili that may play a role in the initial host cell contact to the respiratory tract. In addition, the pilus proteins are potential antigens for inclusion in a new generation of pneumococcal vaccines. Adherence by pili could represent important factor in bacterial community formation, since it has been demonstrated that bacterial community formation plays an important role in pneumococcal otitis media. In vitro quantification of bacterial community formation by S. pneumoniae was performed in order to investigate the possible role of pneumococcal pili to form communities. By using different growth media we were not able to see clear association between pili and community formation. But our findings revealed that strains belonging to MLST clonal complex CC15 efficiently form bacterial communities in vitro in a glucose dependent manner. We compared the genome of forty-four pneumococcal isolates discovering four open reading frames specifically associated with CC15. These four genes are annotated as members of an operon responsible for the biosynthesis of a putative lanctibiotic peptide, described to be involved in bacterial community formation. Our experiments show that the lanctibiotic operon deletion affects glucose mediated community formation in CC 15 strain INV200. Moreover, since glucose consumption during bacterial growth produce an acidic environment, we tested bacterial community formation at different pH and we showed that the lanctibiotic operon deletion affected pH mediated community formation in CC 15 strain INV200. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the putative lanctibiotic operon is associated with pneumococcal CC 15 strains in vitro bacterial community formation.

Molecular and biological analysis on the horizontal transfer of insect transposons in Baculoviruses

Summary During the infection of Lepidoptera larvae with baculoviruses the horizontal escape of Tc1-like transposons, termed TCl4.7 and TCp3.2, from the genome of the host Cryptophlebia leucotreta and Cydia pomonella into the genome of Cydia pomonella granulovirus was observed. In this study we addressed the question whether the transposon harboring viruses had a replication advantage over the wild-type and became dominant in the virus population or whether the activity of the host transposable elements is stimulated by virus infection. Biological characterization studies demonstrated that the transposon containing viruses killed C. pomonella larvae slower than CpGV-M. In co-infection experiments of C. pomonella larvae using a mixture of CpGV-M and mutant viruses as inoculum, it was shown that the transposon carrying mutants had a significant selection disadvantage compared to CpGV-M. Transcription levels of the transposase gene of TCp3.2 were investigated in virus infected and uninfected larvae. These experiments demonstrated that a higher level of transposase transcription was detectable in CpGV-M infected than in mock infected control larvae. This observation gave strong evidence that CpGV-M infection might trigger the activity of transposon TCp3.2 within the genome of Cydia pomonella. Our results suggest that the horizontal transfer of insect host transposons into baculovirus genomes might be induced by virus infection.

New insight on a Group A Streptococcus protective antigen contributing to bacterial cell division

Bioinformatic analysis of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) genomes aiming at the identification of new vaccine antigens, revealed the presence of a gene coding for a putative surface-associated protein, named GAS40, inducing protective antibodies in an animal model of sepsis. The aim of our study was to unravel the involvement of GAS40 in cell division processes and to identify the putative interactor. Firstly, bioinformatic analysis showed that gas40 shares homology with ezrA, a gene coding for a negative regulator of Z-ring formation during cell division process. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicated morphological differences between wild-type and the GAS40 knock-out mutant strain, with the latter showing an impaired capacity to divide resulting in the formation of very long chains. Moreover, when the localization of the antigen on the bacterial surface was analyzed, we found that in bacteria grown at exponential phase GAS40 specifically localized at septum, indicating a possible role in cell division. Furthermore, by ELISA and co-sedimentation assays, we found that GAS40 is able to interact with FtsZ, a protein involved in Z-ring formation during cell division process. These data together with the co-localization of GAS40/FtsZ at bacterial septum demonstrated by by confocal microscopy, strongly support the hypothesis for a key role of GAS40 in bacterial cell division.

Domänen des Kapsidproteins L2 humanpathogener Papillomviren für die Interaktion mit viralen und zellulären Bindungspartnern

Die Kapsidproteine L1 und L2 von humanen Papillomviren (HPV) werden im Cytoplasma infizierter Keratinocyten synthetisiert und gelangen unabhängig voneinander in den Kern (Florin et al. 2002b). L2 lokalisiert in speziellen Kerndomänen, sog. ND10, und induziert die Reorganisation dieser Kernstrukturen: L2-abhängig akkumuliert der transkriptionelle Modulator Daxx verstärkt in ND10 und außerdem kommt es zum Ausschluss des transkriptionellen Aktivators Sp100 aus diesen Domänen (Florin et al. 2002a). Im Anschluss an diese Umorganisation im Kern induziert L2 die Lokalisation des Kapsidproteins L1 in ND10 (Florin et al. 2002b). Da auch die Replikation und Transkription von Papillomviren in oder in unmittelbarer Nähe von ND10 stattfinden, werden ND10 als Orte der Papillomvirus-Morphogenese diskutiert (Swindle et al. 1999). Innerhalb dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass L1 und L2 im Cytoplasma der Zellen mit Chaperonen interagieren, und dass der Kerntransport von L2 von der L2/Hsc70-Assoziation abhängig ist. Hsc70, das mit dem C-Terminus von L2 assoziiert ist, wird in virusähnliche Partikel (VLPs) eingebaut. Erst durch die Verpackung von DNA in die Kapside kommt es zum Ausschluss von Hsc70 aus dem Papillomvirus-Kapsid. Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lassen zudem vermuten, dass L2 über seinen C-Terminus mit Mikrotubuli interagieren kann, falls diese Aminosäure-Region in L2 nicht durch das Chaperon maskiert wird. Mit Hilfe dieser Erkenntnisse wurde eine Modellvorstellung für die Rolle von L2 während der Infektion und der Morphogenese von HPV entwickelt. Die ND10-Lokalisationsdomäne (NDLD) in L2 konnte wie bei keinem Protein zuvor auf eine sehr kurze Sequenz von 22 Aminosäuren eingeengt werden. Welcher Mechanismus für die ND10-Lokalisation verantwortlich ist, muss dagegen noch geklärt werden. Alle L2-Mutanten, die ND10-Lokalisation zeigen, induzieren auch die Reorganisation dieser Domänen. Dies spricht dafür, dass L2 direkt in ND10 die Veränderungen hervorruft und wahrscheinlich keine zusätzlichen Domänen in L2 daran beteiligt sind. Es konnten zwei L1-Interaktionsdomänen in L2 kartiert werden. Diese beiden Regionen in L2 konnten nicht genauer lokalisiert werden und umfassen möglicherweise mehrere L1-Interaktionsdomänen. Der Einbau von L2 in die Kapside kann nur im Kern infizierter Zellen stattfinden. Hierfür ist die Lokalisation der Kapsidproteine in ND10 nicht notwendig. Weiterführende Versuche müssen jedoch noch klären, inwieweit ND10 trotzdem unerlässlich für eine produktive Morphogenese sind. Zudem wurde klar, dass die ersten 150 Aminosäuren im L2-Protein für das L1/L2-Verhältnis in Kapsiden verantwortlich sind. In Virionen beträgt dieses Verhältnis 30:1, d. h. zwölf L2-Moleküle werden in die Partikel aus 360 L1-Molekülen eingebaut. Bei der Verwendung der Deletionsmutante L2-150/467 beträgt dieses Verhältnis 5:1. Weitere Analysen, welche Regionen von L1 und L2 miteinander interagieren und wodurch die Beschränkung des L1/L2-Verhältnisses in Papillomviren zustande kommt, können genauere Einblicke in den Aufbau der Kapside und speziell die Lage von L2 im Kapsid liefern.

Untersuchungen zum infektiösen Aufnahmeweg des humanen Papillomvirus HPV33

Nicht-umhüllte humane Papillomviren binden an Heparansulfatproteoglykane (HSPG) der Zelloberfläche und werden durch Endocytose in Zielzellen aufgenommen. Um eine effiziente Infektion zu etablieren, muss die virale DNA in den Zellkern transportiert werden. Auf welche Art und Weise hierbei die Endosomenmembran überwunden wird, war bislang völlig unklar. Die Suche nach potentiellen membrandestabilisierenden Eigenschaften der Kapsidproteine L1 und L2 von HPV führte im Vorfeld der vorliegenden Dissertation zur Identifizierung eines carboxyterminalen Peptids des minoren L2-Proteins, welches als sehr mikrobizid und fungizid beschrieben werden konnte. Es ist gekennzeichnet durch einen Bereich basischer und einen Bereich hydrophober Aminosäuren. Da das minore L2-Protein für den Infektionsprozess von Papillomviren essentiell ist, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Rolle des C-terminalen Peptids für den Transport des infektiösen Materials durch die zelluläre Membranbarriere genauer untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das carboxyterminale L2-Peptid von HPV33 nach externer Zugabe eine cytotoxische Wirkung auf höhere eukaryotische Zellen hat. Es lokalisiert an zellulären Membranen und induziert eine pH-abhängige Reduktion des ATP-Gehalts von Säugerzellen. Weiter wurde nachgewiesen, dass das Peptid die Cytoplasmamembran permeabilisieren und für kleine, hydrophile Substanzen wie Propidiumjodid durchlässig machen kann. Mutationen innerhalb des Peptids verdeutlichten die Notwendigkeit beider Bereiche, basischer und hydrophober Aminosäuren, für den membrandestabilisierenden Effekt. Im Folgenden wurde die intrazelluläre Aktivität des L2-Peptids mit Hilfe von GFP2-Peptid-Fusionen analysiert. Das Peptid ist in der Lage, eine Integration des globulären GFP-Dimers in Membranen zu vermitteln, was bei einem hohen Prozentsatz der exprimierenden Zellen zum Absterben führt. Auch wt 33L2 weist im Gegensatz zu C-terminalen Deletions- und Punktmutanten die Fähigkeit zur Membranassoziation auf. Abschließend wurde der Effekt von Mutationen innerhalb dieses L2-Peptids auf die Infektiösität von L1/L2-Pseudovirionen beschrieben. Die Mutationen haben keinen Einfluss auf den Einbau des L2-Proteins in die Pseudovirionen und auf die DNA-Verpackung. Die Virusmorphogenese ist somit nicht negativ beeinträchtigt. Die Infektiösität der HPV33- wie auch von HPV16-Pseudovirionen mit C-terminal mutiertem L2-Protein ist jedoch auf das Niveau von solchen reduziert, die nur aus dem majoren L1 bestehen und geht gegen Null. Zusammenfassend kann man festhalten, dass das minore Kapsidprotein L2 von HPV am Carboxyterminus eine membrandestabilisierende Aktivität besitzt, welche unter Papillomviren konserviert und für eine effektive Infektion essentiell ist.

Generierung und Charakterisierung von rekombinanten Cytomegaloviren mit Punktmutationen in antigenen Peptiden

Die Kontrolle der produktiven Cytomegalovirus- (CMV) Infektion ist von der effizienten Rekonstitution antiviraler CD8 T-Zellen abhängig. Dies führt jedoch nicht zur vollständigen Eliminierung des viralen Genoms aus den Zielorganen, sondern das Virus verbleibt in einem nicht-replikativen Zustand: der Latenz. Es ist bekannt, dass während der Latenz nur ein geringer Anteil latenter mCMV-Genome in der Lunge die Major Immediate Early (MIE) Gene ie1 und ie2 exprimiert, die Latenz aber dennoch bestehen bleibt, weil das differentielle Splicing des primären IE1/3-Transkripts zum Transaktivator-Transkript IE3 nicht erfolgt. Damit war neben der Initiation der IE-Genexpression am MIE-Promotor-Enhancer das IE1/3-Splicing als zweiter molekularer Latenz-Kontrollpunkt identifiziert. Parallel zur Latenz-assoziierten IE1-Genexpression sind in der Lunge aktivierte CD62L-low CD8 T-Zellen mit Spezifität für das immundominante IE1-Peptid 168-YPHFMPTNL-176 angereichert. Dies legte die Hypothese nahe, dass neben der molekularen Kontrolle der Latenz auch eine immunologische Kontrolle, beispielsweise durch IE1-Epitop-spezifische CD8 T-Zellen besteht. Zur Evaluierung dieser Hypothese wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit mittels BAC-Mutagenese erstmals ein rekombinantes mCMV generiert, in dem das IE1-Peptid durch Punktmutation der C-terminalen MHC-Ankeraminosäure L176A zerstört ist. Dazu musste zunächst die Technik der BAC-Mutagenese herpesviraler Genome (in Anlehnung an die publizierten Arbeiten von Messerle et al., 1997; Borst et al., 1999, 2004; Wagner et al., 1999) in der Arbeitsgruppe etabliert werden. Neben der Funktionsverlust-Mutante (mCMV-IE1-L176A) wurden zur Kontrolle zwei Revertanten (mCMV-IE1-A176L und mCMV-IE1-A176L*) generiert. In letzterer, als Wobble-Revertante bezeichnet, wird wieder die authentische MHC-Ankeraminosäure L eingesetzt, es verbleibt aber ein singulärer Nukleotidaustausch A->T in der Wobble-Position des Codons als Marker zur Unterscheidung zum WT-mCMV zurück. Der immunologische Phänotyp der Funktionsverlust-Mutante, also die funktionelle Auslöschung des antigenen IE1-Peptids im Priming einer CD8 T-Zell-Antwort, entsprach der Erwartung. Entsprechend konnte nach Infektion mit der Funktionsverlust-Mutante keine Reaktivität gegen das IE1-Peptid nachgewiesen werden. In den Revertanten hingegen war die Erkennung des IE1-Peptids wieder hergestellt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen weiter, dass die Funktionsverlust-Mutante sowie die Revertanten ohne signifikante Beeinflussung in vitro in permissiven Fibroblasten und in vivo in verschiedenen Geweben replizieren. Wie aktuelle Daten nach Knochenmarktransplantation und Infektion mit der Funktionsverlust-Mutante im Vergleich zu den Revertanten zeigen, ist die Frequenz Latenz-assoziierter IE1-Transkriptionsereignisse bei der Funktionsverlust-Mutante signifikant erhöht. Damit konnte erstmalig der Beweis für eine Kontrolle der Latenz-assoziierten IE1-Genexpression durch IE1-Epitop-spezifische CD8 T-Zellen und damit für eine Präsentation des IE1-Peptids während der Latenz erbracht werden.

Structural and functional analysis of centromeric chromatin

Animal neocentromeres are defined as ectopic centromeres that have formed in non-centromeric locations and avoid some of the features, like the DNA satellite sequence, that normally characterize canonical centromeres. Despite this, they are stable functional centromeres inherited through generations. The only existence of neocentromeres provide convincing evidence that centromere specification is determined by epigenetic rather than sequence-specific mechanisms. For all this reasons, we used them as simplified models to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlay the formation and the maintenance of functional centromeres. We collected human cell lines carrying neocentromeres in different positions. To investigate the region involved in the process at the DNA sequence level we applied a recent technology that integrates Chromatin Immuno-Precipitation and DNA microarrays (ChIP-on-chip) using rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against CENP-A or CENP-C human centromeric proteins. These DNA binding-proteins are required for kinetochore function and are exclusively targeted to functional centromeres. Thus, the immunoprecipitation of DNA bound by these proteins allows the isolation of centromeric sequences, including those of the neocentromeres. Neocentromeres arise even in protein-coding genes region. We further analyzed if the increased scaffold attachment sites and the corresponding tighter chromatin of the region involved in the neocentromerization process still were permissive or not to transcription of within encoded genes. Centromere repositioning is a phenomenon in which a neocentromere arisen without altering the gene order, followed by the inactivation of the canonical centromere, becomes fixed in population. It is a process of chromosome rearrangement fundamental in evolution, at the bases of speciation. The repeat-free region where the neocentromere initially forms, progressively acquires extended arrays of satellite tandem repeats that may contribute to its functional stability. In this view our attention focalized to the repositioned horse ECA11 centromere. ChIP-on-chip analysis was used to define the region involved and SNPs studies, mapping within the region involved into neocentromerization, were carried on. We have been able to describe the structural polymorphism of the chromosome 11 centromeric domain of Caballus population. That polymorphism was seen even between homologues chromosome of the same cells. That discovery was the first described ever. Genomic plasticity had a fundamental role in evolution. Centromeres are not static packaged region of genomes. The key question that fascinates biologists is to understand how that centromere plasticity could be combined to the stability and maintenance of centromeric function. Starting from the epigenetic point of view that underlies centromere formation, we decided to analyze the RNA content of centromeric chromatin. RNA, as well as secondary chemically modifications that involve both histones and DNA, represents a good candidate to guide somehow the centromere formation and maintenance. Many observations suggest that transcription of centromeric DNA or of other non-coding RNAs could affect centromere formation. To date has been no thorough investigation addressing the identity of the chromatin-associated RNAs (CARs) on a global scale. This prompted us to develop techniques to identify CARs in a genome-wide approach using high-throughput genomic platforms. The future goal of this study will be to focalize the attention on what strictly happens specifically inside centromere chromatin.

Mappaggio fine di un QTL principale per la resa in granella sul cromosoma 3B di frumento duro

In durum wheat, two major QTL for grain yield (Qyld.idw-2B and Qyld.idw-3B) and related traits were identified in a recombinant population derived from Kofa and Svevo (Maccaferri et al. 2008). To further investigate the genetic and physiological basis of allelic variation for this important trait, the fine mapping of Qyld.idw-2B e Qyld.idw-3B was done during the PhD. In this regard, new molecular markers were added to increase the map resolution in the target interval. For Qyld.idw-2B region COS markers derived from the synteny between wheat and rice/ sorghum /brachypodiu genomes were screened. While for Qyld.idw-3B region SSR, ISBP and COS markers obtained from BAC end-sequences and BAC sequences generated during the construction of the 3B physical map (Paux et al., 2008) were screened. In the RIL population a final map resolution of 2,8 markers/cM for Qyld.idw-2B and 0,6 markers/cM for Qyld.idw-3B were obtained. Eighteen pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) for Qyld.idw-3B were obtained from F4:5 heterogeneous inbred families. In order to confirm the phenotypic effect of the QTL all pairs were evaluated in field trials (2010 and 2011) for all traits. Three pairs of NILs, with contrasted haplotypes at the target region, were crossed to produce a large F2 population (ca. 7,500 plants in total) that was screened for the identification of recombinants. A total of 233 homozygous F4:5 segmental isolines were obtained and the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of these materials were done. A fine mapping for Qyld.idw-3B was obtained and the QTL peak was identified in a interval of 0,4 cM. All markers were anchored to the Chinese Spring physical map of chr. 3B, which allowed us to identify the BAC Contigs spanning the QTL region and to assign the QTL peak to Contig 954. Sequencing of this contig has revealed the presence of 42 genes.

Die Leber als Latenzort des murinen Cytomegalovirus: Identifizierung und Charakterisierung des latent infizierten Zelltyps

Die Untersuchungen der murinen Cytomegalovirus (mCMV) Infektion im BALB/c Mausmodell konzentrierten sich bislang auf die Lunge, da diese einen Hauptort der mCMV Latenz darstellt. Da latentes CMV auch häufig durch Lebertransplantationen übertragen wird, wurde in dieser Arbeit die Leber als ein weiteres medizinisch relevantes Organ der CMV Latenz und Reaktivierung untersucht. Um zunächst die zellulären Orte der mCMV Latenz in der Leber zu ermitteln, wurden verschiedengeschlechtliche Knochenmarktransplantationen (KMT) mit männlichen tdy-positiven Spendern und weiblichen, tdy-negativen Empfängern, mit anschließender mCMV Infektion durchgeführt, um latent infizierte Mäuse mit geschlechtschromosomalem Chimärismus zu generieren. Diese Chimären erlaubten eine Unterscheidung zwischen tdy-positiven Zellen hämatopoetischen Ursprungs und tdy-negativen stromalen und parenchymalen Gewebszellen. Die Separation von Leberzellen der Chimären mittels zentrifugaler Elutriation und anschließender DNA Quantifizierung viraler und zellulärer Genome durch eine quantitative real-time PCR ergab einen ersten Hinweis, dass Endothelzellen ein zellulärer Ort der mCMV Latenz sind. Die darauf folgende immunomagnetische Zelltrennung lokalisierte latente virale DNA in der CD31-positiven Zellfraktion. Die Koexpression von CD31 mit dem endothelzellspezifischen Oberflächenmarker ME-9F1 identifizierte die sinusoidalen Endothelzellen der Leber (LSEC) als die Zellen, die latente virale DNA beherbergen. In den zytofluorometrisch aufgereinigten CD31+/ME-9F1+ LSEC waren bei gleichzeitigem Rückgang der männlichen tdy Markergene virale Genome angereichert, was darauf hinwies, dass Zellen, die virale DNA enthalten, vom Knochenmark-Empfänger stammen. Durch zytofluorometrische Analysen isolierter LSEC konnte eine vom Spender abstammende Subpopulation MHCII+/CD11b+ LSEC identifiziert werden. Anschließende Quantifizierungen viraler DNA aus latent infizierten Mäusen detektierten eine Abnahme viraler Genome mit zunehmender Menge an tdy-positiven Zellen, was beweist, dass MHCII+/CD11b+ LSEC keinen Ort der mCMV Latenz darstellen. Die limiting dilution Untersuchungen der isolierten latent infizierten LSEC ergaben eine Frequenz von einer latent infizierten Zelle unter ~1,9x104 LSEC und eine Anzahl von 7 bis 19 viralen Genomen pro latent infizierter Zelle. Nach 24 Stunden Kultivierung der LSEC konnte mittels quantitativer real-time RT-PCR mit Gesamt-RNA aus LSEC ein Anstieg der Genexpression der immediate early Gene ie1 und ie3 sowie eine Induktion des early Gens e1 gezeigt werden. Eine Erhöhung der transkriptionellen Reaktivierung durch die Inkubation der LSEC mit unterschiedlichen HDAC Inhibitoren konnte allerdings nicht erzielt werden, da sowohl die Menge der isolierten RNA aus behandelten Kulturen, als auch die Anzahl viraler Transkripte im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten Kulturen erniedrigt war. Aufgrund der kurzen Lebensdauer isolierter LSEC in vitro konnte durch Kokultivierungen latent infizierter LSEC zusammen mit murinen embryonalen Fibroblasten keine Virusreaktivierung induziert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden durch den Transfer gereinigter ME-9F1+/CD31+ LSEC aus latent infizierten Spendern in immunsupprimierte Empfänger virale Rekurrenzen in Lungenexplantatkulturen des Rezipienten detektiert. Damit konnten LSEC eindeutig als zellulärer Ort von mCMV Latenz und Reaktivierung in der Leber identifiziert werden.

Virus oncogeni a dna in tumori umani: studio delle infezioni da papillomavirus e poliomavirus in neoplasie di diversa origine.

I virus tumorali inducono oncogenesi nel loro ospite naturale o in sistemi animali sperimentali, manipolando diverse vie cellulari. Ad oggi, sono stati identificati sette virus capaci di causare specifici tumori umani. Inoltre HPV, JCV ed SV40, sono stati associati con un grande numero di tumori umani in sedi corporee non convenzionali, ma, nonostante molti anni di ricerca, nessuna eziologia virale è stata ancora confermata. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato di valutare la presenza ed il significato sia di JCV ed SV40 in tumori ossei umani, e di HPV nel carcinoma della mammella (BC), galattoforectomie (GF), secrezioni mammarie patologiche (ND) e glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Tecniche di biologia molecolare sono state impiegate per esaminare campioni di tessuto tumorale di 70 tumori ossei (20 osteosarcomi [OS], 20 tumori a cellule giganti [TCG], 30 condrosarcomi [CS]), 168 BCs , 30 GFs, 59 GBM e 30 campioni di ND. Il genoma di SV40 e JCV è stato trovato nel 70% dei CS + 20% degli OS, e nel 13% dei CS +10% dei TCG, rispettivamente. Il DNA di HPV è stato rilevato nel 30% dei pazienti con BC, nel 27% dei campioni GF e nel 13% dei NDs. HPV16 è stato il genotipo maggiormente osservato in tutti questi campioni, seguito da HPV18 e HPV35. Inoltre, il DNA di HPV è stato trovato nel 22% dei pazienti con GBM, in questo tumore HPV6 era il tipo più frequentemente rilevato, seguito da HPV16. L’ ISH ha mostrato che il DNA di HPV è situato all’interno di cellule tumorali mammarie e di GBM. I nostri risultati suggeriscono un possibile ruolo di JCV, SV40 e HPV in questi tumori, se non come induttori come promotori del processo neoplastico, tuttavia diversi criteri devono ancora essere soddisfatti prima di chiarirne il ruolo.

Comparing genetic and linguistic diversity in African populations with a focus on the Khoisan of southern Africa

The interaction between disciplines in the study of human population history is of primary importance, profiting from the biological and cultural characteristics of humankind. In fact, data from genetics, linguistics, archaeology and cultural anthropology can be combined to allow for a broader research perspective. This multidisciplinary approach is here applied to the study of the prehistory of sub-Saharan African populations: in this continent, where Homo sapiens originally started his evolution and diversification, the understanding of the patterns of human variation has a crucial relevance. For this dissertation, molecular data is interpreted and complemented with a major contribution from linguistics: linguistic data are compared to the genetic data and the research questions are contextualized within a linguistic perspective. In the four articles proposed, we analyze Y chromosome SNPs and STRs profiles and full mtDNA genomes on a representative number of samples to investigate key questions of African human variability. Some of these questions address i) the amount of genetic variation on a continental scale and the effects of the widespread migration of Bantu speakers, ii) the extent of ancient population structure, which has been lost in present day populations, iii) the colonization of the southern edge of the continent together with the degree of population contact/replacement, and iv) the prehistory of the diverse Khoisan ethnolinguistic groups, who were traditionally understudied despite representing one of the most ancient divergences of modern human phylogeny. Our results uncover a deep level of genetic structure within the continent and a multilayered pattern of contact between populations. These case studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on our prehistory and open up further research threads.

Functional and Genetic characterization of new genomic islands from an E. coli strain associated with neonatal meningitis.

Enterobacteriaceae genomes evolve through mutations, rearrangements and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The latter evolutionary pathway works through the acquisition DNA (GEI) modules of foreign origin that enhances fitness of the host to a given environment. The genome of E. coli IHE3034, a strain isolated from a case of neonatal meningitis, has recently been sequenced and its subsequent sequence analysis has predicted 18 possible GEIs, of which: 8 have not been previously described, 5 fully meet the pathogenic island definition and at least 10 that seem to be of prophagic origin. In order to study the GEI distribution of our reference strain, we screened for the presence 18 GEIs a panel of 132 strains, representative of E. coli diversity. Also, using an inverse nested PCR approach we identified 9 GEI that can form an extrachromosomal circular intermediate (CI) and their respective attachment sites (att). Further, we set up a qPCR approach that allowed us to determine the excision rates of 5 genomic islands in different growth conditions. Four islands, specific for strains appertaining to the sequence type complex 95 (STC95), have been deleted in order to assess their function in a Dictyostelium discoideum grazing assays. Overall, the distribution data presented here indicate that 16 IHE3034 GEIs are more associated to the STC95 strains. Also the functional and genetic characterization has uncovered that GEI 13, 17 and 19 are involved in the resistance to phagocitation by Dictyostelium d thus suggesting a possible role in the adaptation of the pathogen during certain stages of infection.

Novel isolates of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV): deciphering the molecular mechanism for overcoming CpGV resistance in codling moth (Cydia pomonella)

During the last twenty years, Cydia pomonolla granulovirus (CpGV, Baculoviridae) has become the most important biological control agent for the codling moth (CM) in organic and integrated apple production. All registered products in Europe are based on the isolate CpGV-M, which was discovered 1964 in Mexico. A serious threat to future application of CpGV is the occurrence of CM field populations resistant to CpGV. Since 2003, populations with up to 10,000-fold reduced susceptibility were reported from orchards in Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and the Netherlands. A putative alternative to CpGV-M are novel CpGV isolates which are able to overcome CM resistance. This thesis focuses on the identification and characterisation of resistance overcoming CpGV isolates and the analysis of their molecular difference to CpGV-M.rnSixteen CpGV isolates were tested against CM lab strains in bioassays. Hereby, five isolates were identified which were able to completely overcome resistance. The genomes of these isolates were compared to CpGV-M by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. To identify the molecular factor responsible for improved virulence of some CpGV isolates, major genomic differences were sequenced and analysed. A 0.7 kb insertion was found in CpGV-I01, -I12 and -E2, but not in other resistance overcoming isolates. Analysis of the insertions sequence revealed that it might be due to a transposition event, but not involved in overcoming resistance. rnFor unequivocal identification of CpGV isolates, a new method based on molecular analysis was established. Partial sequencing of the conserved polyhedrin/granulin (polh/gran), late expression factor-8 (lef-8) and late expression factor-9 (lef-9) genes revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNP analysis correlated with the grouping obtained by RFLP analysis. A phylogenetic classification due to different genome types A-E is proposed. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that CpGV-M was the phylogenetically youngest of the tested CpGV isolates.rnWhole genome sequencing of two resistance overcoming isolates CpGV-I12 (type D genome) and -S (type E genome) and CpGV-M (type A genome) was performed. Comparison of the three genomes revealed a high sequence identity. Several insertions and deletions ranging from 1-700 nucleotides (nt) were found. Comparison on open reading frame (ORF) level revealed that CpGV-I12 and -S shared only one protein alteration when compared to CpGV-M: a stretch of 24 nt present in ORF cp24 was not found in any of the resistance overcoming isolates. Cp24 codes for the early gene pe38. Combined with the results of phylogenetic analysis, it is proposed that these 24 nt are a recent insertion into the CpGV-M genome. The role of pe38 in overcoming resistance was investigated by knocking out pe38 of a CpGV-M based bacmid and swapping of CpGV-I12 pe38 of into the k.o. bacmid. When pe38 of CpGV-I12 was inserted into the k.o. bacmid, the infectivity could not be rescued, suggesting that the genomic portion of pe38 might play a role in its function.rnIt can be concluded that the recently observed CpGV resistance in CM is only related to type A genomes. RFLP and SNP analysis provide tools for identifying and characterising different CpGV isolates reliably, a pre-condition for a future registration of CpGV products based on novel CpGV isolates.rnrnrn

Transposable elements dynamics in taxa with different reproductive strategies or speciation rate

In recent years the advances in genomics allowed to understand the importance of Transposable Elements (TE) in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. In this thesis I face two aspects of the TE impact on the in the animal kingdom. The first part is a comparison of the dynamics of the TE dynamics in three species of stick-insects of the Genus Bacillus. I produced three random genomic libraries of 200 Kbps for the three parental species of the taxon: a gonochoric population of Bacillus rossius (facultative parthenogenetic), Bacillus grandii (gonochoric) and Bacillus atticus (obligate parthenogenetic). The unisexual taxon Bacillus atticus does not shows dramatic differences in TE total content and activity with respect to Bacillus grandii and Bacillus rossius. This datum does not confirm the trend observed in other animal models in which unisexual taxa tend to repress the activity of TE to escape the extinction by accumulation of harmful mutations. In the second part I tried to add a contribute to the debate initiated in recent years about the possibility that a high TE content is linked to a high rate of speciation. I designed an evolutionary framework to establish the different rate of speciation among two or more taxa, then I compared TE dynamics considering the different rates of speciation. The species dataset comprises: 29 mammals, four birds, two fish and two insects. On the whole the majority of comparisons confirms the expected trend. In particular the amount of species analyzed in Mammalia allowed me to get a statistical support (p<0,05) of the fact that the TE activity of recently mobilized elements is positively related with the rate of speciation.

Molecular variability of Meningococcal antigens in carriage and disease strains and in other Neisseria species

This PhD thesis is focused on the study of the molecular variability of some specific proteins, part of the outer membrane of the pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, and described as protective antigens and important virulence factors. These antigens have been employed as components of the vaccine developed by Novartis Vaccines against N. meningitidis of serogroup B, and their variability in the meningococcal population is a key aspect when the effect of the vaccine is evaluated. The PhD project has led to complete three major studies described in three different manuscritps, of which two have been published and the third is in preparation. The thesis is structured in three main chapters, each of them dedicated to the three studies. The first, described in Chapter 1, is specifically dedicated to the analysis of the molecular conservation of meningococcal antigens in the genomes of all species classified in the genus Neisseria (Conservation of Meningococcal Antigens in the Genus Neisseria. A. Muzzi et al.. 2013. mBio 4 (3)). The second study, described in Chapter 2, focuses on the analysis of the presence and conservation of the antigens in a panel of bacterial isolates obtained from cases of the disease and from healthy individuals, and collected in the same year and in the same geographical area (Conservation of fHbp, NadA, and NHBA in carrier and pathogenic isolates of Neisseria meningitidis collected in the Czech Republic in 1993. A. Muzzi et al.. Manuscript in preparation). Finally, Chapter 3 describes the molecular features of the antigens in a panel of bacterial isolates collected over a period of 50 years, and representatives of the epidemiological history of meningococcal disease in the Netherlands (An Analysis of the Sequence Variability of Meningococcal fHbp, NadA and NHBA over a 50-Year Period in the Netherlands. S. Bambini et al.. 2013. PloS one e65043).