Crianças em risco: a museologia como instrumento educacional

Em todo o mundo estão a ser comemorados, este ano, os dez anos da Convenção Relativa aos Direitos da Criança.A preocupação em assegurar aos menores de 18 anos “o reconhecimento da dignidade inerente a todos os membros da família humana”1 e a constatação de que “a infância tem direito a uma ajuda e a uma assistência especiais”2) são afinal uma preocupação antiga dos homens.Já em 1924, no rescaldo do primeiro conflito mundial, a Declaração de Genebra se preocupou com a situação das crianças.Um passo em frente foi dado com a Declaração dos Direitos da Criança adoptada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas em 20 de Novembro de 1959.Foi, todavia, necessário esperar mais 30 anos para que a maioria dos Estados adoptasse e ratificasse uma Convenção nesta matéria que, sobre ser muito mais abrangente do que as anteriores, obriga os Estados ratificantes à observação do que está disposto no articulado, bem como à adopção de medidas internas (legislativas, políticas, sociais, etc) que garantam a aplicação da Convenção em cada país.

Identidades compostas por múltiplas pertenças religiosas : um estudo de caso na Igreja Batista do Pinheiro

A partir de um estudo de caso entre os membros e congregados da Igreja Batista do Pinheiro, a presente pesquisa problematiza questões relacionadas à experiência da vivência simultânea de diversas crenças e práticas oriundas de diferentes tradições dentro de uma mesma identidade religiosa. Abordamos questões como a construção sócio-cultural das identidades; a imbricação da alteridade na formação do Si Mesmo; e a relação entre contemporaneidade, hibridismo cultural e sincretismo religioso. Considerando tais discussões, abordaremos o fenômeno das identidades religiosas inclusivas, a partir de uma perspectiva sociológica e da Ciência das Religiões, privilegiando, algumas teorias acerca do papel da religião na contemporaneidade, além e das possíveis causas e efeitos dessa orientação sincrética que vem crescentemente marcando o terreno das identidades religiosas. Trata-se de um esforço no sentido de atentar às vozes de alguns teóricos contemporâneos sobre o tema das identidades plurais, articulando-as aos dados obtidos em pesquisa de campo, a fim de entender como os sujeitos que vivenciam esse fenômeno articulam suas diferentes e às vezes divergentes identificações dentro de sua inclusiva identidade religiosa, e com o meio onde se inserem.

Os efeitos de um programa de exercícios domiciliares em pacientes com Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/Mielopatia Associada ao HTLV-1 (PET/MAH)

Introdução e Objetivos: Os efeitos da prática de exercícios sobre a funcionalidade de indivíduos com Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/Mielopatia Associada ao HTLV-1 (PET/MAH) são desconhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos de um Programa de Exercícios Domiciliares (PED) e a sua taxa de adesão em indivíduos com PET/MAH. Métodos: Vinte e três participantes com o diagnóstico de PET/MAH, marcha preservada e que não praticavam exercícios há pelo menos um mês foram submetidos ao PED de 20 semanas. Os desfechos primários incluíram os escores de força muscular, contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM) e comprimento muscular dos membros inferiores, dor lombar e nos membros inferiores, EDSS, Escala de Incapacidade do IPEC, Índice de Barthel e SF-36. A taxa de adesão e os eventos adversos também foram mensurados e caracterizados. Resultados: No momento da análise os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o teste Timed Up and Go (TUG) (<20s vs \226520s). O comprimento dos músculos isquiotibiais e plantiflexores, a CIVM dos membros inferiores e o componente \201CAspectos Sociais\201D da SF-36 apresentaram melhora significativa no grupo TUG <20s. Os indivíduos do grupo TUG \226520s melhoraram significativamente o componente \201CCapacidade Funcional\201D da SF-36. A taxa de adesão foi de 90% no total e os eventos adversos, como fadiga, dor muscular e caimbras foram de intensidade leve a moderada Discussão: Foi observada uma boa adesão ao PED, além de melhora significativa da incapacidade e da qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com PET/MAH. É possível que o grupo TUG \226520s apresente um maior componente neurodegenerativo e, portanto, uma menor probabilidade de incremento da funcionalidade. Conclusões: O PED foi eficaz em melhorar algumas incapacidades e a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com PET/MAH. Tais resultados reforçam a necessidade de estratégias alternativas ao modelo ambulatorial, que ampliem a participação destas pessoas a programas de reabilitação

Effects of Cobalt Chloride in Junctional Epithelium and Reduced Enamel Epithelium of the Rat Maxillary First Molar

Cobalt is one of the main components of cast metal alloys broadly used in dentistry. It is the constituent of 45 to 70% of numerous prosthetic works. There are evidences that metal elements cause systemic and local toxicity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cobalt on the junctional epithelium and reduced enamel epithelium of the first superior molar in rats, during lactation. To do this, 1-day old rats were used, whose mothers received 300mg of cobalt chloride per liter of distilled water in the drinker, during lactation. After 21 days, the rat pups were killed with an anesthetic overdose. The heads were separated, fixed in ""alfac"", decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Frontal sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin were employed. Karyometric methods allowed to estimate the following parameters: biggest, smallest and mean diameters, D/d ratio, perimeter, area, volume, volume/area ratio, eccentricity, form coefficient and contour index. Stereologic methods allow to evaluate: cytoplasm/nucleus ratio, cell and cytoplasm volume, cell number density, external surface/basal membrane ratio, thickness of the epithelial layers and surface density. All the collected data were subjected to statistic analysis by the non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. The nuclei of the studied tissues showed smaller values after karyometry for: diameters; perimeter, area, volume and volume/area ratio. Stereologically, it was observed, in the junctional epithelium and in the reduced enamel epithelium, smaller cells with scarce cytoplasm, reflected in the greater number of cells per mm3 of tissue. In this study, cobalt caused epithelial atrophy, indicating a direct action on the junctional and enamel epithelium.

Effects of Cadmium on the Rat Salivary Glands, During Lactation

Cadmium (Cd) in air, drinking water and food has the potential to affect the health of people, mainly those who live in highly industrialized regions. Cd affects placental function, can cross the placental barrier and directly modify fetal development. Once the organism is particularly susceptible to the exposition to the Cd during the perinatal period, and that this metal can be excreted in the milk, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of the constant exposition to drinkable water containing low levels of Cd during the lactation, on the salivary glands of the rat. Female rats received ad libitum drinking water containing 300mg/l of CdCl2 throughout the whole lactation. Control animals received a similar volume of water without Cd. Lactant rats (21 day old) were killed by lethal dose of anesthetic. The salivary glands were separated, fixed in ""alfac"" solution for 24 h, and serially sectioned. The 6 mu m thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Nuclear glandular parameters were estimated, as well as cytoplasm and cell volume, nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, number and surface density, diameters and cell thickness. Mean body weight was 34.86 g for the control group and 18.56 g for the Cd-treated group. Histologically, the glandular acini were significantly smaller, the gland ducts were similar in both groups studied. The connective tissue was more abundant. In conclusion, the salivary glands (submandibular, parotid and sublingual) showed retarded growth after Cd intoxication.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) in Dental Follicles of Impacted Third Molars

This study investigated the immunodetection of PCNA in epithelial components of dental follicles associated with impacted third molars without radiographical and morphological signs of pathosis. A total of 105 specimens of dental follicles associated with impacted third molars with incomplete rhizogenesis (between Nolla`s stage 6 and 9) were surgically removed from 56 patients. Epithelial cell proliferating was determined by using immunohistochemical labeling. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test. Of the 105 dental follicles collected, 6 were PCNA-positive (approximate to 6%). The specimens with squamous metaplasia and epithelial hyperplasia had higher rates of positivity for PCNA, as well as those with proliferative remnants of odontogenic epithelium. In conclusion, this study shows that dental follicles at this stage of development have low proliferative potential, but suggests that squamous metaplasia, hyperplasia of the epithelial lining and presence of proliferative odontogenic epithelial rests in the connective tissue may be early signs of developing lesions of odontogenic origin.

Fibroelastic Components of the Vesicourethral Junction of Rats in the Aging Process

The vesicourethral junction comprising the vesical trigone, is relevant in setting and positioning of the urinary bladder, along with the vesical neck, fixed by lateral ligaments of the bladder and tendinous arch of the pelvis fascia. Namely, the puboprostatic ligament (men) and the pubovesical (women). The circular set elastic fibers in this junction are important and valuable in the elasticity and plasticity of the area, allowing quick expansion and withdrawal with the flow of urine, and associated to smooth muscle tissue and nerve control form an important collective to maintain urinary continence. The objective of the present study is to describe the elastic system in the vesicouretral junction in relation to aging and its involvement in the states of urinary continence and incontinence, as well as the study of the vesicouretral junction in various age groups while evaluating with electron transmission microscopy. To carry out the study, 12 Wistar rats were used, divided into groups: neonate (4 animals), adult group (4 animals) and aged group (4 animals). Electron transmission microscopy with use of tanic acid technique associated to glutaraldehyde fixation, satisfactorily showed the extreme structural differences between mature elaunin and oxytalan fibers present between intercelular spaces and bundles of collagen fibers. The phases of elastogenesis in neonate animals and degradation of the elastic system of older animals were also evaluated.

The Occurrence of the Plantaris Muscle and its Muscle-Tendon Relationship in Adult Human Cadavers

Twenty legs from adult male cadavers were examined to analyze the anatomical relationships between the component parts of the plantaris muscle. This muscle was present in all of the cadavers and it was found that the length of the muscle in relation to its belly was approximately three times greater than in relation to the tendon.

Iberia-Latin-American Symposia of Morphological Terminology (SILAT). First Two Years and Statute

On the occasion of meeting the first two years of life, it makes a review of SILAT as scientific and educational program that serves as a tool to analyze and solve the problems of morphological medical terminology in the countries of Hispanic and Portuguese-speaking America. It describes the basis of its creation, strategy and scope in the region, the founding years and its immediate future. Finally, some conclusions are indicated and it Statute is annexed.

Ibero-Latin-American Symposium of Morphological Terminology. General Characteristics

It describes the main features of SILAT as a multinational scientific and educational program that serves as a tool to analyze and solve the morphological medical terminology problems in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries of America. It treated history and creation, members, aims and functions, resources, activities, organizational structure, board, relations with other organizations and publications.

Effects of exercise on the morphology of the myenteric neurons of the duodenum of Wistar rats during the ageing process

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of regular physical activity on the morphology of the myenteric plexus of the duodenum in rats during the ageing process. To this end, 45 Wistar rats were divided into three groups: C (sedentary - 6 months old), S (sedentary - 12 months old) and T (trained - 12 months old). The animals of group S were given with a physical activity programme consisting of a 10-min-treadmill workout once a week. The animals of group T were submitted to the physical activity programme five times a week. Their duodenums were collected and submitted to the techniques of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-diaphorase enzyme histochemistry for whole-mount preparations and transmission electron microscopy. No differences in the constitution of the myenteric plexuses were found when the sedentary and trained groups were compared with the control group. The ultrastructural features were similar for the three groups. However, it was verified that the physical activity of the trained animals resulted in a similar myenteric neuron morphology to that of the adult animals (6 months old), thereby confirming its beneficial effect, as the sedentary animals had larger alterations in the collagen fibrils and the basal membrane that occur through ageing. The quantitative analysis showed that the NADH-diaphorase positive neurons decreased with ageing and increased with physical activity (P > 0.05). No significant alteration (P > 0.05) in the neuronal profile area of the NADH-diaphorase positive neurons has been observed with ageing.

SEM and Neurohistological Observations of Nerve Endings in the Middle Region of the Tongue of the Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu): A Silver Impregnation Method

The presence of lingual papillae and the nerve endings in the middle region of the tongue mucosa of collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) were studied using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, based upon the silver impregnation method. The middle region of tongue mucosa revealed numerous filiform and fungiform papillae. The thick epithelial layer showed epithelial cells and a dense connective tissue layer containing nerve fibre bundles and capillaries. The sensory nerve endings, intensely stained by silver impregnation, were usually non-encapsulated and extended into the connective tissue of the filiform and fungiform papillae very close to the epithelial cells. In some regions, the sensory nerves fibres formed a dense and complex network of fine fibrils. The presence of these nerve fibrils may characterize the mechanisms of transmission of sensitive impulses to the tongue mucosa.

Akt Expression is Diminished by Physical Inactivity in Early Stages of Development in Soleus Muscle of Rats

Metabolic Syndrome is a group of conditions related to obesity and physical inactivity. Little is known about the role of physical inactivity, in early stages of development, in the susceptibility to insulin resistant phenotype induced by high fat diet. Akt plays a key role in protein synthesis and glucose transport in skeletal muscle and has been regulated by muscle activity. The objective of present study was to determine the effect of early physical inactivity on muscle growth and susceptibility to acquire a diabetic phenotype and to assess its relationship with Akt expression. Forty Wistar male rats were distributed in two groups (standard group, Std) and movement restriction (RM). Between days 23 and 70 after birth, RM group was kept in small cages that did not allow them to perform relevant motor activity. From day 71 to 102 after birth, 10 rats of each group were fed with hyperlipidic diet (groups Std-DAG and RM-DAG). No differences were observed in total body weight although DAG increased epididymal fat pad weight. RM decreased significantly the soleus weight. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake was lower in RM-DAG group. Akt protein levels were lower in RM groups. Real time RT-PCR analysis showed that movement restriction decreased mRNA levels of AKT1 in soleus muscle, regardless of supplied diet. These findings suggest that early physical inactivity limits muscle`s growth and contributes to instauration of insulin resistant phenotype, which can be partly explained by dysregulation of Akt expression.

A conversão de D. José Brandão de Castro : a ação social de mediadores religiosos na Diocese de Propriá

This dissertation looked for to study the charisma of the religious mediator us " Movements of Christianity of Liberation " in the Diocese Sergipana of Propriá, during the decade from sixty to eighty. Centering our debate in the understanding of the social action, we have as main subject to understand the " poor " influence in the adoption of actions on the part of the mediators, in that public's favor, mainly in Fazenda Betume conflicts (1974) and of Santana dos Frades (1979). The hypotheses, we became pregnant that the mediators as D. José Brandão de Castro and the nun Maria Joana Hermínia exercised an important influence in the construction of the identity of the movements as CEBs, MEB and CPT in the area. Such influence was motivated by a conversion of the mediator D. Brandão, constituted starting from a relationship maintained between him and the members of the movements and proportionate for the critics and demands done by the popular ones. They resulted in actions in favor of the rural ones, what characterized the Church of Propriá as allied of the involved in the conflicts and no mere middleman. Before the collected material, we made use of the Analysis of Content using the poor " term " as analysis category, complemented by interviews done to members of the mentioned movements. Esta dissertação buscou estudar o carisma do mediador religioso nos “Movimentos de Cristianismo de Libertação” na Diocese Sergipana de Propriá, durante a década de sessenta a oitenta. Centrando nosso debate na compreensão da ação social, temos como questão principal entender a influência dos “pobres” na adoção de ações por parte do mediador, em favor desse público, principalmente nos conflitos da Fazenda Betume (1974) e de Santana dos Frades (1979). Como hipóteses, concebemos que os mediadores como D. José Brandão de Castro e a freira Maria Joana Hermínia exerceram uma importante influência na construção da identidade dos movimentos como as CEBs, o MEB e a CPT na região. Tal influência foi motivada por uma conversão do mediador D. Brandão, constituída a partir de uma relação mantida entre ele e os membros dos movimentos e proporcionada pelas críticas e demandas feita pelos populares. Elas resultaram em ações em favor dos campesinos, o que caracterizou a Igreja de Propriá como aliada dos envolvidos nos conflitos e não mera intermediária. Ante o material coletado, fizemos uso da Análise de Conteúdo utilizando o termo “pobre” como categoria de análise, complementada por entrevistas feitas à membros dos movimentos citados.

Gestão socioambiental em empresas industriais

Atualmente as questões ambientais têm sido foco de intensa discussão. Os primeiros debatedores dessa temática foram membros do meio científico, seguidos por ONGs e empresas. No entanto, a sociedade ao perceber o sentido da urgência do tema parece ter imergido nesse debate. Especificamente em relação às empresas, nota-se que a necessidade da aplicação de uma política de gestão ambiental torna-se cada vez mais indispensável, devendo estar respaldada em normas internacionalmente aplicadas, a exemplo da ISO 14000, entre outras. Uma das facetas da operacionalização da Gestão Ambiental é a produção mais limpa (P+L). Essa atitude das empresas acaba por propiciar o desenvolvimento sustentável, tão almejado pela sociedade. Por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva qualitativa que empregou o método de estudo de casos, este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar algumas ações práticas já em operação em empresas brasileiras no tocante à redução, reutilização e reciclagem de materiais empregados nos processos produtivos geradores dos produtos industrializados. O que se percebeu a partir dos resultados obtidos foi um conjunto de ações reais e efetivas que sinalizam um significativo avanço no esforço das empresas industriais analisadas no sentido de viabilizar uma política de gestão ambiental.