Regulation: A Burden in Biopharmaceutical Industry? The Case of EU-Risk Management Plans

The generation of new medicinal products is both a contributor to global economic growth and a source of valuable benefits to human health. Given their direct responsibility for public health, regulatory authorities monitor closely both the development and exploitation of the underlying technologies and the products derived from them. The manner in which such regulation is implemented can result in regulators constraining or facilitating the generation of new products. This paper will study as an example the impact of EU Risk Management Plans (EU-RMPs), which have been mandatory for the approval of new medicines since 2005, on both the industry and regulatory authorities. In interviews, the responses of those who had experience of the implementation of EU-RMPs were mixed. Although the benefits of a more structured and predictable approach to the evaluation of risk were appreciated, some respondents perceived the regulation as an excessive burden on their organisations. The exploration of factors that influence how EU-RMP regulation affects individual firms provides new insights for both regulators and managers, and demonstrates one aspect of the complexity of the process by which new medicinal products are brought to market.

Regulation: A burden in biopharmaceutical industry? The case of EU-risk management plans

The generation of new medicinal products is both a contributor to global economic growth and a source of valuable benefits to human health. Given their direct responsibility for public health, regulatory authorities monitor closely both the development and exploitation of the underlying technologies and the products derived from them. The manner in which such regulation is implemented can result in regulators constraining or facilitating the generation of new products. This paper will study as an example the impact of EU Risk Management Plans (EU-RMPs), which have been mandatory for the approval of new medicines since 2005, on both the industry and regulatory authorities. In interviews, the responses of those who had experience of the implementation of EU-RMPs were mixed. Although the benefits of a more structured and predictable approach to the evaluation of risk were appreciated, some respondents perceived the regulation as an excessive burden on their organisations. The exploration of factors that influence how EU-RMP regulation affects individual firms provides new insights for both regulators and managers, and demonstrates one aspect of the complexity of the process by which new medicinal products are brought to market. © 2010 IEEE.

Molecular phylogeography of endangered sharp-snouted pitviper (Deinagkistrodon acutus; Reptilia, Viperidae) in Mainland China

Using phylogenetic and population genetic approaches, the present study reports the phylogeographic structure of the sharp-snouted pitviper (Deinagkistrodon acutus), a threatened snake species with commercial and medicinal importance in China. The entire mitochondrial ND2 gene (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) sequences of 86 individuals of D. acutus from 14 localities across its range in China were determined. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses, distribution of diagnostic sites, haplotype network, and AMOVA hierarchical analysis, an cast-west division of the whole D. acutus population could be observed. Geographically, a line formed by a lake, river, and mountain chain (the Poyang Lake, Gan River to the southern end of the Wuyi Mountains), results in vicariance and approximately vertically splits the range into two and the whole population into two main lineages (western and eastern). The bifurcating tree suggested generally west to east dispersal trend. The data fit the isolation by distance (IBD) model well. Star-like clusters in haplotype network, significantly negative values of Fs statistics, and unimodal mismatch distributions all suggest recent demographic expansions in four areas. The results show that isolation, dispersal, bottleneck, and expansion jointly constitute the history of D. acutus. In a haplotype network, the excessive predominance of central haplotypes, few medium-frequency haplotypes, predominance (73.1 %) of the singletons among the derived haplotypes, most of which are connected to the central haplotype by only one mutational step, unsymmetrical campanulate unimodal curve of mismatch distributions and leftwards shift of the peaks, all suggest that the whole D. acutus population is a young population with low genetic diversity. Based on the data, the first priority for conservation action should be given to the Huangshan unit. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The status and causes of alien species invasion in China

Data of classification, origin, pathway and environmental impacts of invasive alien micro-organisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, weeds, trees, and marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems of China, were analyzed, based on literature retrieval, field survey and consultation. Some 283 invasive alien species were recorded in China, including 19 invasive alien micro-organisms, 18 aquatic plants, 170 terrestrial plants, 25 aquatic invertebrates, 33 terrestrial invertebrates, 3 amphibians and reptiles, 10 fish, and 5 mammals. Of the invasive alien species, 55.1% originated from North and South America, 21.7% from Europe, 9.9% from Asia, 8.1% from Africa and 0.6% from Oceania. Many institutions and individuals in China lack adequate knowledge of ecological and environmental consequences caused by invasive alien species, with some ignorance of the dangerous invasion in the introduction of alien species. For instance, 50.0% of invasive alien plants were intentionally introduced as pasture, feedingstuff, ornamental plants, textile plants, medicinal plants, vegetables, or lawn plants, 25% of alien invasive animals were intentionally introduced for cultivation, ornament, or biological control, In addition, more efforts are being made in the introduction of alien species, and little attention is paid on the management of introduced alien species, which may cause their escape into natural environment and potential threats to the environment. There were also gaps in quarantine system in China. All microorganisms were unintentionally introduced, through timber, seedling, flowerpot, or soil; 76.3% of alien invasive animals invaded through commodity or transportation facility because of the failure of quarantine. Therefore, quarantine measures should be strictly implemented; and meanwhile the intentional introduction of alien species should be strictly managed and a system of risk assessment should be implemented.

Influence of selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon with reference to haematological, biochemical and immunological changes

Immunostimulants are the substances, which enhance the non-specific defence mechanism and provide resistance against the invading pathogenic micro-organism. In order to increase the immunity of shrimps against the WSSV, the methanolic extracts of five different herbal medicinal plants like Cyanodon dactylon, Aegle marmelos, Tinospora cordifolia, Picrorhiza kurooa and Eclipta alba were selected and mixed thoroughly in equal proportion. The mixed extract was supplemented with various concentrations viz. 100 (A), 200 (B), 400 (C), and 800 (D) mg kg(-1) through artificial diets individually. The prepared diets (A-D) were fed individually to WSSV free healthy shrimp Penaeus monodon with an average weight of 8.0 +/- 0.5 g for 25 days. Control diet (E), devoid of herbal extract was also fed to shrimps simultaneously. After 25 days of feeding experiment, the shrimps were challenged with WSSV, which were isolated and propagated from the infected crustaceans. The shrimps succumbed to death within 7 days when fed on no herbal immunostimulant diet (E). Among the different concentrations of herbal immunostimulant supplemented diets, the shrimps fed on diet D (800 mg kg(-1)) significantly (P < 0.0001) had more survival (74%) and reduction in the viral load. Also the better performance of haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters was found in the immunostimulant incorporated diets fed shrimps. The present work revealed that the application of herbal immunostimulants will be effective against shrimp viral pathogenesis and they can be recommended for shrimp culture. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Composition of volatile oil of Primula obconica in Central China

Primula obconica was introduced to Europe from Hubei, China in 1880, and has been cultivated worldwide as one of popular ornamental plants. The volatile oil of wild P. obconica collected from its original place, Yichang, Hubei was first investigated. A total of 43 compounds constituting 93.49% of the oil were identified by using GC and GC-MS. The major compounds were methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl benzoate (30.41%), methyl 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methyl benzoate (29.27%), and hypnone (8.92%) etc. In comparison with the published data of some European cultivars, the native P. obconica seems to be allergen-free due to absence of primin and miconidin.

土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程中的土壤抗蚀与细沟侵蚀演变

对黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞纸坊沟和县南沟、延安燕沟3个流域不同恢复年限的植物群落的土壤抗蚀性和侵蚀程度进行了研究。对12个土壤抗蚀性指标进行主成分分析表明,土壤抗蚀性(主成分综合指数)强弱为灌木群落阶段>多年生草本和蒿类群落阶段>一二年生草本群落阶段,与一二年生草本群落阶段相比,灌木群落阶段与多年生草本和蒿类群落阶段的土壤抗蚀性分别增加了362.29%～673.33%和574.71%～930.00%;野外调查结果分析表明,随着植被的恢复演替,土壤侵蚀量呈现明显的下降趋势,灌木群落阶段的土壤侵蚀量仅为演替初期的1.42%～5.59%;通过回归分析,土壤侵蚀量和水稳性团聚类因子,以及有机质含量之间分别存在极显著与显著相关关系,鉴于土壤分析的易获性,可选择>0.5mm水稳性团聚体与有机质含量作为反映土壤侵蚀程度的指标。

中国畜牧业现状与可持续发展措施的研究

畜牧业是否成长为农村经济的支柱产业,是衡量一个国家农业发达程度的主要标志。现阶段.我国畜牧业的增长方式、发展路径、动力、市场和地位都发生了重大变化,给畜牧业的可持续发展提出了许多新问题和新挑战。近年来.我国畜牧业的发展取得了举世嘱目的成就,促进了国民经济的快速发展,丰富了城乡人民物质和文化生活的需要。随着经济的发展和人们生活水平的逐步提高.对畜牧产品的需求将有较大增长,大力加强和发展畜牧业将是我国农业的最终方向。依据现有统计资料,结合我国畜牧业的实际情况,根据"十一五"规划和建设社会主义新农村的要求,文章分析了畜牧业发展的地位,探讨了畜牧业存在的问题.并提出了相应的对策和建议。

黄土丘陵区植被次生演替灌木初期土壤物理性质特征

研究了黄土丘陵区植被次生演替草灌过渡灌木初期的土壤物理性质特征。结果表明:当植被次生演替进展到草灌过渡灌木初期,除土壤含水量外,土壤容重、孔隙度、稳定入渗和水稳性团聚体都好于对照白羊草地,表明灌木树种定居的土壤物理条件一般要高于草本群落。植被演替的过程是植被与土壤相互作用复杂变化的过程,它们的相互反馈也是生态恢复的重要标志。随着植物群落的变化土壤也发生着不同程度变化。其中,土壤物理性质各个因子之间的变化是相互影响和相互联系的。土壤稳定入渗速率与土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度和土壤团聚体之间有显著的相关关系;土壤毛管孔隙度与土壤非毛管孔隙度线性显著负相关;土壤容重与土壤总孔隙度极显著负相关。

西夫韦肽和盐肤木提取物体外抗HIV 活性及机制研究

本论文主要由3 个相对独立的部分组成: 西夫韦肽抗HIV 活性机制研究及其 联合用药和耐药性研究，盐肤木提取物及其化合物抗HIV 活性机制研究和精子 顶体反应抑制剂AGB 抗HIV 活性及机制研究。 HIV 侵入抑制剂是抗HIV 药物研发的热点。该类抑制剂靶定在病毒复制周 期早期，为HARRT 疗法提供了更多新的药物组合，且该类抑制剂对临床中已产 生的耐药毒株也有较好的抑制作用。目前FDA 批准上市的侵入抑制剂仅有T-20， 急需开发新一类的HIV-1 侵入抑制剂。西夫韦肽是由36 个氨基酸组成的多肽， 我们对西夫韦肽进行了一系列体外抗HIV 药效学的实验来研究西夫韦肽体外抗 HIV 活性以及作用机制。实验结果表明西夫韦肽对多种HIV 宿主细胞毒性小， 可以有效抑制HIV-1IIIB 诱导的C8166 细胞的病变效应，EC50 值仅为7.8ng/ml ， TI 值大于 384,615;在不同的检测方法中，西夫韦肽均表现出了比T-20 更好的抑 制活性，EC50 值低了13-42 倍。在对HIV-1 临床分离株、耐药株、两株HIV-2 毒株和SIVmac239 的抑制活性研究表明西夫韦肽也可以很好地抑制 HIV-1 临床株 HIV-1KM018 的复制，EC50 值低至4.4ng/ml，对耐药株HIV-174V、HIV-2 和 SIVmac239 的复制也均有较好的抑制作用。 在机制研究中，我们发现西夫韦肽极有效地抑制HIV-1慢性感染H9细胞与 正常C8166细胞间的融合作用，EC50 低至0.4ng/ml，表明西夫韦肽可以以极低的 浓度有效抑制HIV进入宿主细胞。用GST-pull down 实验进一步验证了西夫韦肽 和T-20可以很好地与HR1结合而不能与HR2结合，作用机制就是特异地与gp41的 HR1结合从而抑制了6-Helix的形成，阻断了HIV的融合过程。由于HIV的高变异 性，单一药物治疗容易产生耐药性，最终导致治疗失败。因此在新药开发中进行 药物与作用靶不同的已上市药物体外联合用药和耐药性研究是非常必要的，将对 临床应用有指导意义，我们的实验结果表明西夫韦肽与AZT联合用药体外抗HIV-1作用较单独用药好，不同检测方法联合用药比单独使用西夫韦肽的效果好 8.3-9.4倍；耐药性研究表明其体外诱导耐药性产生的时间与T-20相仿，与T-20有 交叉耐药。 我国传统的中医药是个巨大的宝库，有丰富的临床经验，中医药治疗艾滋病 有着一定的潜力。从我国国情出发，利用中医药的独特性及经济性，开发传统的 具有我国特色的艾滋病治疗天然药物成为AIDS 防治工作的当务之急。盐肤木是 中国的本土植物，在我国民间用作传统医药有着悠久的历史。盐肤木茎提取物尤 其是石油醚提取部分RC-1 具有较好的抗HIV 活性，且作用于病毒复制周期的后 期，从中分离得到的化合物1、2、4、5 和6 都是RC-1 的活性成份；盐肤木茎 提取物乙酸乙酯提取物RC-2 中也有较好的抗HIV 作用，其中的化合物8、9、 10 和13 是抗HIV 的活性成分，且作用机制各不相同，这些有效化合物的抗HIV 机制值得进一步的研究。 杀微生物剂是一种局部用药于阴道或宫颈的药物制剂，由女性自主控制防止 性传播疾病病原体包括HIV 的感染，是近年来的研究热点之一。AGB(4`-乙酰胺 苯基 4-胍基苯甲酸酯)是顶体酶的抑制剂，我们的实验表明AGB 有很好的杀精 子作用，还具有体外抗HIV-1 的作用，作用机制主要是阻断HIV-1 进入细胞。

西藏产雪莲花的化学成分研究

本学位论文报道了作为传统藏药材广泛使用的西藏产雪莲花化学成分的研究。论文由五章组成，第一章是三种西藏产雪莲花的化学成分的系统分离纯化和结构鉴定；第二章为西藏产雪莲花化学成分的液-质及串联质谱联用分析；第三章提出了以HPLC和TLC为检测方法的雪莲花药材质量标准草案；第四章给出了对西藏产雪莲花挥发油化学成分的气-质联用分析结果；第五章概述了雪莲花的化学成分及药理研究进展。 第一章包括三个部分。第一部分报道了绵头雪莲花(Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz.)全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离鉴定。采用正相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法，从西藏产绵头雪莲花的乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定出15个化合物。其中11个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到，当中2个化合物系在凤毛菊属植物中首次发现。第二部分报道了水母雪莲花(Saussurea medusa Maxim.)全草乙醇提取物的化学成分。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法，共分离鉴定出15个化合物，其中1个为新化合物，另有4个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。新化合物结构通过质谱和一维及二维核磁共振等波谱解析方法及碱水解反应确定为巴豆酰基-高车前苷(M-7)。第三部分报道了三指雪莲花 (Saussurea tridactyla Sch.-Bip. ex Hook. f.)全草乙醇提取物的化学成分。采用正相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法，共分离鉴定出7个化合物，其中1个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。 第二章也包括三个部分。首先是采用液-质联用(HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn)分析方法，对7个西藏不同产地的三指雪莲花化学成分进行了分析，通过与标准品的 UV和MS数据比较，共鉴定出14个峰，并对其中8个共有成分进行了定量测定。其次是关于八种西藏产雪莲花化学成分的液-质联用(HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn)分析，通过与标准品的UV和MS数据比较，共鉴定出15个峰，并对其中8个共有成分进行了定量检测。最后通过对八种西藏产雪莲花主要化学成分的多级串联质谱(ESI-MSn)分析，快速、灵敏地鉴定出10个黄酮和3个香豆素化学成分。 第三章同样包括三个部分。首先是以绵头雪莲花中主要香豆素成分东莨菪素和伞形花内酯为对照品，通过TLC定性检测和HPLC含量测定，草拟出较严谨的药材质量标准。其次是将绵头雪莲花、三指雪莲花和雪兔子作为一个药材看待，草拟了以东莨菪素和伞形花内酯的TLC检测为指标的药材质量标准。最后是针对水母雪莲花，以主要黄酮成分芹菜素-7-O-b-D-葡萄糖苷为对照品作TLC检测，并草拟出该药材的质量标准草案。 第四章报道了西藏产雪莲花挥发油的化学成分分析。采用传统水蒸气蒸馏法分别从八种雪莲花全草中提取挥发油，利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别从水母雪莲花、绵头雪莲花、槲叶雪莲花、云状雪兔子、拉萨雪兔子、小果雪兔子、雪兔子和三指雪莲花中分别鉴定出83、83、56、34、21、20、24和20个化学成分，分别占其挥发油总量的70.7%、76.0%、82.2%、55.4%、49.7%、70.4 %、76.2%和 76.7%。 第五章为综述，总结和概括了雪莲花的化学和药理研究进展。 The dissertation reports the investigation of the chemical constituents of the genus Saussurea. Quite a lot of species in this genus are traditional Tibetan medicinal plants, and hence have been widely used in traditional Tibetan medicine. This dissertation consisted of five chapters. The first chapter is on the chemical constituents of three Saussurea plants. The second section is about the analysis of chemical constituents of Saussurea plants using HPLC-MS and ESI-MS/MS. In the third chapter, we proposed quality-control standards for the Genus Saussurea based on TLC (thin layer chromatography) and HPLC. The fourth chapter is about chemical compositions of the essential oil from the whole plant of Saussurea plants. The last chapter reviews the research progress of the Genus Saussurea. The first chapter consists of three parts. The first part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz. Fifteen compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Among them, eleven compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time, and two compounds were isolated from Genus Saussurea for the first time. The second part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea medusa Maxim. Fifteen compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase, reversed phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Five of them were isolated from this plant for the first time, and there is one new flavonoid glucoside which was identified as 6″-O-crotonoyl-homoplantaginin (M-7) based on the evidence of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry analysis, and alkaline hydrolysis reaction. The last part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea tridactyla Sch.-Bip. ex Hook. f.. Seven compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. There is one compound which was isolated from this plant for the first time. The second chapter consists of three parts. In the first part, we analyzed the chemical constituents of S. tridactyla collected from seven different places in Tibet using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Fourteen peaks in the HPLC were identified by comparison of UV and MS spectra with those of authentic compounds, among which eight common peaks were quantified. In the second part, we analyzed the chemical constituents of eight Saussurea species using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn method. Fifteen peaks in the HPLC were identified by comparison of UV and MS spectra with those of authentic compounds and eight main peaks of them were quantified. In the last part, we analyzed the chemical compounds of the above eight Saussurea plants directly by ESI-MS/MS. Thirteen major compounds, including 10 flavonoids and 3 coumarins were easily rapidly identified. The third chapter consists of three parts. In the first part, we proposed a comparative high quality-control standard for S. laniceps, based on quality detection by TLC and quantity analysis by HPLC using two major compounds (umbelliferone and scopoletin) as standard compounds. In the second part, in viewing S. laniceps, S. tridactyla and S. gossypiphora as the members of one family of medicinal herbs, we suggested a quality-control standard based on the TLC detection of the two major compounds (umbelliferone and scopoletin). In the last part, we proposed a quality-control standard for S. medusa based on the TLC detection of its major component (apigenin 7-O-glucoside). The four chapter analyzed the chemical constituents of essential oil of eight Saussurea species. The essential oils were extracted from the whole plants of these samples with water stream distillation. By GC-MS analysis, we identified eighty-three compounds from S. medusa, eighty-three from S. laniceps, fifty-six from S. quercifolia, thirty-four from S. aster, twenty-one from S. kingii, twenty from S. simpsoniana, twenty-four from S. gossypiphora, and twenty from S. tridactyla respetively, which accounted for 70.7%, 76.0%, 82.2%, 55.4%, 49.7%, 70.4 %, 76.2% and 76.7% of the total essential oil, respectively. The last chapter reviews the research progress of the Genus Saussurea.

几种植物药材的色谱－质谱联用分析

本论文由四章组成，第一、二、三章为实验论文，分别报道了中药羌活、菊花、全缘叶绿绒蒿的化学成分的高效液相色谱(HPLC)和液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)联用分析以及挥发油的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析。第四章概述了重要藏药材化学成分的研究进展。 第一章首先对28批不同产地的羌活药材进行了HPLC分析，建立了羌活的指纹图谱。结果表明，不同产地羌活的化学成分基本相似，但是各组分在含量上存在较大差异。其次，对羌活的主要化学组分包括紫花前胡苷、紫花前胡素、6'-O-反式阿魏酸紫花前胡苷、茴香酸对羟基苯乙酯、羌活醇和异欧前胡素进行了定量分析。此外，针对同一产地不同采集时间的羌活挥发油进行系统分析，结果表明它们的化学成分基本相似，主要含有a－蒎烯、b－蒎烯、柠檬烯和龙脑乙酸酯等，只是各组分含量有所变化，这说明采集药材时要注意采集时间。 第二章分别报道了不同产地不同品种菊花非挥发性成分的液相色谱－二极管阵列检测－串联质谱(LC-PDA-MSn)分析和挥发性成分的气相色谱－质谱(GC-MS)联用分析比较。首先通过液相色谱－质谱－串联质谱对各色谱峰进行定性分析，通过与标准品对照，以及UV和MSn提供的结构信息，结合文献报道共鉴定了11个化学成分，包括绿原酸和10个黄酮化合物，并比较了不同品种菊花的化学成分相同之处和不同之处。另外，对七种不同品种不同产地的菊花挥发性成分通过GC-MS分析表明其主要挥发性成分为单萜类、倍半萜类化合物，共有成分樟脑、龙脑和龙脑乙酸酯等，各成分在不同挥发油中的含量变化明显。 第三章为藏药全缘叶绿绒蒿不同部位挥发油成分的气相色谱－质谱(GC-MS)联用分析，比较其挥发油化学成分及其含量变化的异同点。研究结果表明，全缘叶绿绒蒿花精油的化学成分明显多于全草部位，且两者主要成分有较大的差别。 第四章综述了青藏高原重要藏药材化学成分的研究进展。分别对藏药的资源特色和110多种常用重要藏药材的化学成分的研究情况以及藏药未来发展思路进行了阐述，以期对相关的研究提供一些信息。 This dissertation consists of four parts. The first part reports studies on the fingerprint of Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii by HPLC-PDA-MSn, and on the constitutents of essential oil by GC-MS. The second part elaborates the chemical constitutents of Chrysanthemum L. by LC-MS and GC-MS analysis. The third part reports the chemical compositions of the essential oil from the different parts of Meconopsis integrifolia. The fourth part reviews on the progress of the studies on the chemical constitutents in Tibetan medicines. The first chapter is about HPLC analysis of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Qiang-huo (Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii ). Firstly, based on analyzing and contrasting the relative retention time and relative paek area in chromatographic fingerprint, the HPLC chromatographic fingerprint of Notopterygium incisum was established, which can used as a scientific basement for the quality evalution of this herb. Secondly, quantitative analysis were performed on the main chemical constitutents of Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii including nodakenin, nodakenetin, 6’-O-trans-feruloylnodakenin, p-hydroxypenethylanisate, notopterol and isoimperatorin. The results indicated that the contents were variable related to different growth regions. Lastly, the essential oil of Notopterygium incisum collected in different harvest times is analyzed by GC-MS. The second chapter is about HPLC-MS and GC-MS analysis of several species of Chrysanthemum L. Firstly, eleven compounds including chlorogenic acid and ten flavone compounds were identified in the methanol extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. from different regions by HPLC-MS analysis. Secondly, the essential oil of seven different species of Chrysanthemum L.were extracted by steam distillation, and its compositions were isolated and identified by GC-MS. The main active constitutents such as camphor, borneol and bornyl acetate were detected, but the relative content varied notably. The third chapter is about GC-MS analysis of the essential oil from different parts of Meconopsis integrifolia. It indicated great difference of the chemical compositions of their oil in the flowers and residual overground part. The last chapter is a review of the research progress of the Tibetan medicines, which includes their features and their main chemical constitutents.