Humanização do direito e da justiça: reconhecimento e efetividade dos direitos da criança e do adolescente

The crisis of the model of technical and formal rationality is discussed in light of a paradigmatic change of the Law that arises in the context of recent transformations of capitalism worldwide, proposing a humanization of Law and Justice with a new ethical-political foundation that promotes a reconciliation between the rules that governs the social order and the world of life, a process of society’s emancipation. As empirical cut it is taken the Right of Children and Youth and, in a practical perspective, the recognition and effectiveness of the Rights of Children and Adolescents in Brazil. It is proposed to analyze the process of democratization and legitimacy of the children and youth rights from the study and apprehension of knowledge that advocate a multidisciplinary view of knowledge and a dialogic praxis for construction of a thought able to contribute to the analysis of public policies and to develop strategies that allow a real change on the social thinking about the doctrine of integral protection of children and adolescents. The proposed methodological approach was developed from a dialectical view of science and as a research strategy for data collection of symbolic cartography or cartographic sociology of law and justice. It is shown that in the process of humanization of the Law and Justice there is a gap between the rights and the democratic participation of these rights.

Processo de cuidar de crianças hospitalizadas com câncer

The objective was to understand the process of care in the perception of hospitalized children with cancer. This is a descriptive study of qualitative approach. Data were collected between the months of October 2013 and January 2014, through photographic records and semi-structured interview consisting of questions relating to the identification of age, sex, diagnosis and length of stay and a script of questions related to the recorded pictures. Eight children were included aged between six and twelve who were admitted to a pediatric oncology sector, located in the city of Natal / RN. The criteria used in the sample were: being hospitalized for cancer treatment; and present favorable physical conditions for carrying out the data collection. For the treatment of collected material was used content analysis, thematic modality. The study followed the ethical and legal principles governing scientific research with human beings and took place with the approval of the project by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Northern League Riograndense against Cancer, with opinion registered under number 329 015 and CAAE 16097613.9.0000.5293. According to the results it was found that, for the child, the care happens through technical activities, such as making procedures and the use of personal protective equipment, as well as through the dialogic relationship, which favors the establishment of confidence in care professional. Caring also means developing activities that promote well-being, the fun and the social and cognitive development, highlighting thus the playful, during hospitalization, as an auxiliary tool in the care process. During hospitalization, the child identifies two individuals responsible for their care, accompanying family and professional, and nursing professionals the most cited in moments of care. , Also of note, the promotion of care, in the perception of the child related to the infrastructure of the institution, environmental cleaning, personal hygiene, the medicalization and the food. It is concluded that care understood by the child, whilst still maintaining relations with the biomedical model, points to a new perspective that should consider the biological, social and psychological of acquiring cancer without unlink them of the development child. 9 Moreover, we see the child as an active social actor in this process, and therefore needs to be heard and answered their needs

A criança com paralisia cerebral na educação infantil: um olhar sobre a prática docente

La inclusión de los niños con discapacidad en la educación infantil, además de ser un tema poco planteado en la comunidad científica, es un reto actual en lo que se refiere a la práctica docente. Basándose en este aspecto, nuestro objetivo en esta investigación realizada, que resultó en la elaboración de este trabajo, fue analizar cómo se procesa la práctica docente con vistas a la inclusión escolar de un niño con parálisis cerebral, en un Centro Municipal de Educación Infantil (CMEI), en la ciudad de Natal / RN. Más específicamente, buscamos: reflexionar sobre la práctica de la profesora responsable por la clase, en lo que se refiere al desarrollo del niño con parálisis cerebral; analizar las interacciones entre educador y niño con parálisis cerebral; observar la práctica docente en la perspectiva de favorecer la interacción entre el niño con parálisis cerebral y otros niños. Para ello, realizamos una pesquisa exploratoria, cualitativa, y así que optamos por el método del Estudio de Caso. Utilizamos como procedimientos metodológicos el análisis documental, la investigación bibliográfica, la entrevista semiestructurada, la observación y la filmación de escenas relacionadas a la práctica docente. Los sujetos de la investigación fueron la profesora y el niño con parálisis cerebral. Los datos construidos durante la investigación señalaron el hecho de que la práctica de la profesora no estaba encaminada a las necesidades específicas de la alumna con parálisis cerebral, todavía, se desarrollaba de una manera similar para todos los niños en la clase. La presencia de limitaciones significativas para la inclusión de la niña con parálisis cerebral en la educación infantil puede ser considerado como el resultado de la ausencia de una adecuada preparación docente, tanto en el nivel de la formación inicial, cuanto de una formación continua y también la escasez de directrices para el maestro, en proceso; directrices estas acerca de la educación de los niños con parálisis cerebral, lo que hacía imposible a la profesora contribuir de manera efectiva a su mayor desarrollo cognitivo y social.

Acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança: a participação das mães da área rural

The accompaniment of growth and development is the central thrust of child care in primary health care in order to contribute to the reduction of infant morbidity and mortality and promote healthy development. Despite its importance, the family health unit located in rural Parazinhocounty experiences the problem of frequent absences of children to follow-up consultations. Thus, this study aims to analyze the participation of mothers in the accompaniment of growth and development of children in the Family Health Strategy. This is an exploratory, descriptive study with a qualitative approach with the method action research, developed with mothers who are part of the monitoring of the growth and development of children in the rural area of the municipality of Parazinho/RN from May to October 2014. Data collection was performed using the focus group techniques, participant observation and individual interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis of categorization. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, under the opinion embodied 617,559 and CAAE 28598014.7.0000.5537. In step situation analysis, were conducted two focus groups, attended by a total of 14 mothers of different rural locations. From the speeches, one realizes that they have a satisfactory understanding of the monitoring of the growth and development of the childwas a learning moment. The nurse was mentioned as key professional that actionof accompaniment. The main reason that mothers to abandon consultations is access to health services, due to the distance from their homes to the basic unit, the shortage of public transport for the movement of users and delay between the service and the back home. As a strategy to try to tackle these problems, at the suggestion of their mothers was created Monitoring of Growth and Development Itinerant, where the FHS team moved to rural locations, performing activities related to children's health. Mothers who participated in the action approved the initiative as improving access and care of health needs, despite indicate dissatisfaction as the poor infrastructure and little privacy in consultations. Therefore, it is concluded that, despite the difficulties encountered often for lack of management support and involvement of some professionals, the monitoring of growth and development itinerant proved to be an important tool in solving the problem of access to services oriented to the health of child, in addition to functioning as a space for the realization of health education, becoming, since then, an activity inherent in family health team schedule.

A criança com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) e o professor: uma proposta de intervenção baseada na experiência de aprendizagem mediada (EAM)

The presence of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in regular schools has increased and with it, the need to develop interventional strategies that enhance their learning. One of the tools that can facilitate this process is Mediated Learning, defined as an interaction style where the teacher selects, modifies, enhances, and interprets environmental stimuli in order to promote student learning. In recent years several studies have used the Mediated Learning Experience Scale (MLE; Lidz, 1991) as a tool to assess the mediator behavior. These studies have suggested that the EAM Scale can provide important guidelines for planning educational interventions, particularly those involving students with special needs. In order to extend these findings, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention based on the Mediated Learning Experience on social / academic skills of a child with ASD, enrolled in the 4th grade of a regular elementary school. This collaborative study was held in the city of Parnamirim, state of Rio Grande do Norte, in 2014. A 9-year old boy with ASD and his teacher participated in the study. The research used a quasi-experimental A-B design (baseline and treatment) to evaluate the teacher's behavior. Qualitative procedures were also used to analyze the dyad´s responses. Teacher and student behaviors were observed in three school routines during baseline. Based on the results of this phase, a training program was designed for the teacher. Dyad behavior was analyzed again after training in the same routines. The results of this phase showed qualitative and quantitative changes in levels of teacher mediation. Additionally, data indicated that the child enhanced his social and academic skills during the intervention.

Avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil e a influência dos fatores biopsicossociais em crianças com cardiopatia congênita

Child development is the result of the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors. Hostile environment, income, offered stimuli, as well as the presence of a chronic illness are issues that may interfere significantly. Considering the chronic diseases, we can identify congenital heart disease (CHD) is characterized by anatomical heart defects and functional and currently has presented an incidence of up to 1% of the population of live births. This research aimed to evaluate child development and verify an association with the commitment by biopsychosocial factors of children with and without CHD. Study participants were children from zero to six years, divided into three groups: Group1- 29 children pre-surgical congenital heart disease, Group2- 43 children post-surgical cardiac patients and Group3- 56 healthy children. The instruments used were a biopsychosocial questionnaire and the Screening Test Denver II. Of the total of 128 children evaluated, 66 (51.56%) are girls, and ages ranged from two months to six years (median 24.5 months). In G1 and G2 predominated acyanotic heart disease (55.2% and 58.1%). Regarding the Denver II reviews, children with heart disease had more development ratings "suspicious" and "suspect/abnormal", and 41.9% of children who have gone through surgery had characterized its development as "suspect/abnormal" . In the group of healthy children 53.6% were classified as developmental profile "normal" (p = ˂0,0001). On the areas of Denver II, among children with heart disease was greatest change in motor areas (p = 0.016, p = ˂0,001). The biopsychosocial variables that were related to a possible developmental delay were gender (p = 0.042), child's age (p = 0.0001) and income per capita (p = 0.019). There were no associations between the variables related to the treatment of disease, information, understanding of the disease and the way parents treat their children. In the group of healthy children showed that children who underwent hospitalization rates were more changes in development (p = 0.025) and the higher the number of admissions over these changes have intensified (p = 0.023). The results suggest that children with congenital heart disease have likely delayed development. It was also observed that there is a significant difference between the children who have gone through surgery, those who are still waiting for surgery only doing clinical follow-up. Changes in the development are more connected motor areas can be explained by the characteristic features of the disease and treatment, such as dyspnea, fatigue, care and limitations in daily activities. The gender and age appear to be decisive in the development as well as healthy children go through hospitalization experience. Already in children with heart disease, it was realized that social variables involved in the disease and the treatment did not affect the development. This question can be understood by means of protective factors and resiliency, as this population receives family and social support.

Impacto do Programa Saúde da Família sobre indicadores de saúde da criança em municípios de grande porte da região Nordeste do Brasil

The present study carried out in the context of the Baseline Studies of the PROESF was aimed at evaluating the impact of the Family Health Program (PSF) on indicators for child health in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the Brazilian Northeast. Four cities were investigated. In each one, twenty censual sectors were selected randomly from areas covered by the PSF and compared with twenty sectors selected from areas not covered by the PSF on the basis of socioeconomic criteria. In most cases, no significant differences were found between the areas covered and not covered by the PSF. The only difference found was a significantly lower rate of hospital admissions due to diarrhea but this was on account of the Program of Community Health Agents. The PSF exerted no additional effect on the reduction of this indicator. It was also observed that the way by which the program is implemented in each city interferes directly in the results. Thus, there is no basis for considering the PSF per se ineffective or not differing from other programs with regard to its health care patterns. An evaluation of the PSF would necessarily have to include an analysis of the way the program is implemented and conducted in each case, besides considering its general socioeconomical and political characteristics.

Interação individualizada educador-criança e desenvolvimento da linguagem

Relatório de estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de mestre na especialidade profissional de Educação pré-Escolar e ensino do 1º ciclo do ensino básico

Relação entre a cárie precoce da infância com o índice de Apgar e outros fatores de risco

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association of early childhood caries (ECC) with the Apgar score (AS) and other variables related to the child (conditions at birth and medical history) and related to the child and parents and / or guardians and family (demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral). One hundred and twenty healthy children aged between 3-5 years-old treated by Pediatric Dentistry Area of Dentistry College of the Federal University of Uberlandia during 2015 were selected. To obtain qualitative and quantitative variables a questionnaire was applied as an interview to the parents and/or guardians. The 5-minute AS (interest exposure) was obtained through the record in the Child Health Handbook. To assess the prevalence of caries (clinical dependent variable), a single calibrated researcher conducted the clinical examination, according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. Caries experience was measured using the indexes dmft and dmfs. The children were classified into three groups, according to age and dmfs index: no caries (NC), with ECC and with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Data were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis using the SPSS software (IBM, Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA) 17th version. Three logistics models were carried out having the following classifications: NC and ECC, NC and S-ECC, ECC and S-ECC (p<0.05). The overall ECC prevalence, considering children with ECC and S-ECC, was 55,8% (n= 67). The AS was not a statistically significant variable. The child’s age, weaning age and recent hospitalization were variables associated with the ECC prevalence. The age of brush start and the educational level of the mother were variables associated with the S-ECC prevalence. Considering the ECC and the S-ECC groups, the child's age and the beginning of the use of fluoride toothpaste, recent hospitalization, the educational level of the mother and the father's income were associated with the S-ECC prevalence. Considering the methodology employed and the analysis of results, it was concluded that there was no association between the ECC with the AS in healthy children. However, an association was found of ECC and S-ECC with some variables related to birth and to medical history of the child (recent hospitalization), demographic (child’s age), socioeconomic (educational level of the mother and father's income) and behavioral (age of brush start, weaning age and use of fluoride toothpaste) related to children and to the parents and/or guardians.

Estudo de caso " Como desenvolver o vocabulário de uma criança com acentuadas perturbações autistas?"

Estudo de Caso de uma Criança com Perfil Comunicativo e Linguísti-co da Perturbação do Espectro do Autismo sem oralidade é a temática do nosso trabalho através do qual pretendemos dar a conhecer a espe-cificidade desta problemática, seguindo uma investigação fundamen-tada, séria e rigorosa. Abordaremos desta forma, tanto o enquadra-mento conceptual a metodologia de trabalho de campo. A temática estudada é profundamente atual e relevante à sociedade dos nossos dias, especialmente para profissionais da educação que pretendam elevar a qualidade e padrões das suas formas de ensinar. Os objetivos foram definidos no sentido de aferir a forma de desen-volver o vocabulário em crianças com este tipo de perturbação. Enquanto investigação, seguimos a metodologia de estudo de caso visando a definição de estratégias para o desenvolvimento de vocabu-lário e intenção comunicativa da criança com PEA. Foram utilizadas grelhas como ferramenta para a recolha de dados relativos à evolução do vocabulário e da implementação das estraté-gias. Os dados apurados demonstram que as atividades desenvolvidas geraram momentos cuja abrangência foi capaz de promover aprendi-zagens significativas nesta criança.

Caminhada de aprendizagens em Educação de Infância e em 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Interação entre pares incluindo uma criança com Necessidades Educativas Especiais.

Este relatório foi efetuado no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB), e centra-se em duas dimensões diferentes, a reflexiva e a investigativa. Na dimensão reflexiva encontram-se reflexões críticas e fundamentadas que demonstram as minhas vivências e aprendizagens mais significativas ao longo dos distintos contextos de intervenção, particularmente no contexto de Educação de Infância e de 1.º CEB. A dimensão investigativa apresenta um estudo realizado com quatro crianças de um jardim-de-infância. Trata-se de um estudo caso que se situa num paradigma interpretativo. O principal objetivo foi identificar e conhecer o tipo de interações estabelecidas entre uma criança com necessidades educativas especiais e os seus pares nos momentos de brincadeira livre, assim como as conceções que as crianças e as famílias tinham acerca dessas interações. Indo ao encontro dos objetivos definidos, os dados foram recolhidos através de observações, entrevistas e inquéritos por questionário. A análise dos dados permite verificar, que as crianças interagiram com a criança com necessidades educativas especiais de diferentes formas - com e sem mediação de objetos. Destaca-se que o objeto atua como mediador da interação social, e portanto, permite a aproximação das crianças. Sobressai a conceção das crianças acerca da interação com mediação de objetos que ocorre entre pares incluindo uma criança com necessidades educativas especiais, ao contrário da conceção das famílias que ressaltam as interações sem a mediação de objetos.

A Língua Gestual Portuguesa como primeira língua da criança surda

Hoje em dia a realidade das nossas escolas com crianças surdas é que estas se situam na generalidade aquém dos alunos ouvintes, cujas competências académicas são na grande maioria acima da dos alunos surdos. Neste trabalho vamos tentar perceber se esse facto está relacionado com o acesso tardio à Língua Gestual ou se se relaciona com a forma não natural como é ensinada esta língua. Outra das razões desta diferença nos resultados destas crianças resulta da dificuldade das famílias comunicarem com as suas crianças surdas e destas comunicarem com os seus pares ouvintes e com adultos no contexto escolar, por não poderem partilhar de um mesmo código linguístico. Esta preocupação resultou neste trabalho, com o tema “A Língua Gestual como primeira língua da criança surda” considerando que a idade com que estas crianças iniciam a aprendizagem da Língua Gestual (doravante LG) é muito importante e está relacionada com o seu processo comunicativo e, com as aprendizagens decorrente no meio escolar. Assim, a finalidade deste estudo é a análise da comunicação das crianças surdas, e em como é essencial o ensino primordial da língua gestual e que esta seja aprendida o mais precocemente possível. É também de realçar e destacar dos demais intervenientes na educação da criança a importância do envolvimento dos pais e dos familiares mais próximos nos processos de aprendizagem da língua gestual. No presente trabalho, procedemos a um estudo com observações diretas e participantes a um sujeito surdo no seu contexto escolar e familiar analisando, assim, a comunicação deste para com a família e vice-versa. Examinando ainda a reação deste com os seus pares ouvintes aquando a aprendizagem destes da LG e dos docentes envolvidos no processo. Foram ainda construídos dois inquéritos, para completar o estudo e serem comparadas realidades, dado que as observações diretas foram realizadas a um só sujeito. De forma a poder também analisar e caracterizar a comunicação dos adultos que trabalham com estas crianças e, descrevendo também, como os adultos surdos se sentem / sentiam na comunicação enquanto crianças surdas com adultos e familiares ouvintes. Os dois inquéritos foram preenchidos um por professores ou técnicos que trabalhem com crianças surdas e outro para por adolescentes e adultos surdos. Os resultados obtidos apontam para um acesso tardio à LG que será a primeira língua dos sujeitos surdos e, a uma comunicação disfuncional entre adultos no âmbito escolar e as crianças surdas. Este défice comunicacional é também comprovado entre familiares diretos dos sujeitos surdos, ficando a criança com um atraso comunicacional, nas aprendizagens e na socialização. Desta forma, defendemos, na educação das crianças surdas, a importância da precocidade na identificação da surdez e na implementação da aprendizagem da LG o mais cedo possível.

Subjetividade controlada : Implicações para o Brincar e Se-Movimentar da criança

Nesse estudo, abordamos o tema do controle da subjetividade da criança e as implicaçoes que esse controle traz para o mundo de movimentos da criança, em especial sobre o seu "brincar e se-movimentar". Chamamos a atençao para uma visao "adultocêntrica" da infância, a qual, muitas vezes, desconsidera os verdadeiros interesses dos pequenos, privilegiando uma preparaçao para a vida futura. Consideramos que a valorizaçao do brincar livre e espontâneo pode nos auxiliar a entender melhor a própria criança. Aos adultos (pais e professores) cabe o papel de configurar espaços de abertura para esses momentos. Nao se trata de estabelecer formas e brincadeiras pré-moldadas, nem de dirigir todos os acontecimentos, mas de possibilitar à criança conhecer pelo seu brincar

Trabalho artístico mirim : A inserção precoce da criança no mundo adulto

No decorrer da história da humanidade a criança assumiu diversas percepçoes, onde, até o século XVII, nao existia uma definiçao específica sobre a criança. Nesse período, nao havia distinçao entre a criança e o adulto. Durante a Revoluçao Industrial, a criança era vista como uma simples mao de obra barata. A partir do ano de 1850, a criança começou a ser vista como um ser que precisava de atençao especial. No Brasil, entre as décadas de 80 e 90, prevaleceu uma visao distorcida entre a relaçao criança e mundo do trabalho, sendo que esse nao era visto como prejudicial ao seu desenvolvimento. Este estudo apresenta uma reflexao acerca do trabalho artístico mirim, uma nova forma de trabalho infantil que passa despercebida pelos olhos da sociedade, privando a criança da vivência do seu "tempo de ser criança", introduzindo-a precocemente em um processo de "adultizaçao"