Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries

Importance Limited information exists about the epidemiology, recognition, management, and outcomes of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Objectives To evaluate intensive care unit (ICU) incidence and outcome of ARDS and to assess clinician recognition, ventilation management, and use of adjuncts—for example prone positioning—in routine clinical practice for patients fulfilling the ARDS Berlin Definition.

Design, Setting, and Participants The Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE) was an international, multicenter, prospective cohort study of patients undergoing invasive or noninvasive ventilation, conducted during 4 consecutive weeks in the winter of 2014 in a convenience sample of 459 ICUs from 50 countries across 5 continents.

Exposures Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was ICU incidence of ARDS. Secondary outcomes included assessment of clinician recognition of ARDS, the application of ventilatory management, the use of adjunctive interventions in routine clinical practice, and clinical outcomes from ARDS.

Results Of 29 144 patients admitted to participating ICUs, 3022 (10.4%) fulfilled ARDS criteria. Of these, 2377 patients developed ARDS in the first 48 hours and whose respiratory failure was managed with invasive mechanical ventilation. The period prevalence of mild ARDS was 30.0% (95% CI, 28.2%-31.9%); of moderate ARDS, 46.6% (95% CI, 44.5%-48.6%); and of severe ARDS, 23.4% (95% CI, 21.7%-25.2%). ARDS represented 0.42 cases per ICU bed over 4 weeks and represented 10.4% (95% CI, 10.0%-10.7%) of ICU admissions and 23.4% of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Clinical recognition of ARDS ranged from 51.3% (95% CI, 47.5%-55.0%) in mild to 78.5% (95% CI, 74.8%-81.8%) in severe ARDS. Less than two-thirds of patients with ARDS received a tidal volume 8 of mL/kg or less of predicted body weight. Plateau pressure was measured in 40.1% (95% CI, 38.2-42.1), whereas 82.6% (95% CI, 81.0%-84.1%) received a positive end-expository pressure (PEEP) of less than 12 cm H2O. Prone positioning was used in 16.3% (95% CI, 13.7%-19.2%) of patients with severe ARDS. Clinician recognition of ARDS was associated with higher PEEP, greater use of neuromuscular blockade, and prone positioning. Hospital mortality was 34.9% (95% CI, 31.4%-38.5%) for those with mild, 40.3% (95% CI, 37.4%-43.3%) for those with moderate, and 46.1% (95% CI, 41.9%-50.4%) for those with severe ARDS.

Conclusions and Relevance Among ICUs in 50 countries, the period prevalence of ARDS was 10.4% of ICU admissions. This syndrome appeared to be underrecognized and undertreated and associated with a high mortality rate. These findings indicate the potential for improvement in the management of patients with ARDS.

Supra-treatment threshold neonatal jaundice: Incidence in HIV-exposed compared to non-exposed neonates at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi

INTRODUCTION: Jaundice is the yellowish pigmentation of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes resulting from bilirubin deposition. Children born to mothers with HIV are more likely to be born premature, with low birth weight, and to become septic-all risk factors for neonatal jaundice. Further, there has been a change in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV guidelines from single-dose nevirapine to a six-week course, all of which theoretically put HIV-exposed newborns at greater risk of developing neonatal jaundice.

AIM: We carried out a study to determine the incidence of severe and clinical neonatal jaundice in HIV-exposed neonates admitted to the Chatinkha Nursery (CN) neonatal unit at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Blantyre.

METHODS: Over a period of four weeks, the incidence among non-exposed neonates was also determined for comparison between the two groups of infants. Clinical jaundice was defined as transcutaneous bilirubin levels greater than 5 mg/dL and severe jaundice as bilirubin levels above the age-specific treatment threshold according the QECH guidelines. Case notes of babies admitted were retrieved and information on birth date, gestational age, birth weight, HIV status of mother, type of feeding, mode of delivery, VDRL status of mother, serum bilirubin, duration of stay in CN, and outcome were extracted.

RESULTS: Of the 149 neonates who were recruited, 17 (11.4%) were HIV-exposed. One (5.88%) of the 17 HIV-exposed and 19 (14.4%) of 132 HIV-non-exposed infants developed severe jaundice requiring therapeutic intervention (p = 0.378). Eight (47%) of the HIV-exposed and 107 (81%) of the non-exposed neonates had clinical jaundice of bilirubin levels greater than 5 mg/dL (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a significant difference in the incidence of clinical jaundice between the HIV-exposed and HIV-non-exposed neonates. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the incidence was greater in HIV-non-exposed than in HIV-exposed infants.

Interactive management control via analytic hierarchy process (AHP). An empirical study in a public university hospital

Management control in public university hospitals is a challenging task because of continuous changes due to external pressures (e.g. economic pressures, stakeholder focuses and scientific progress) and internal complexities (top management turnover, shared leadership, technological evolution, and researcher oriented mission). Interactive budgeting contributed to improving vertical and horizontal communication between hospital and stakeholders and between different organizational levels. This paper describes an application of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to enhance interactive budgeting in one of the biggest public university hospital in Italy. AHP improved budget allocation facilitating elicitation and formalization of units' needs. Furthermore, AHP facilitated vertical communication among manager and stakeholders, as it allowed multilevel hierarchical representation of hospital needs, and horizontal communication among staff of the same hospital, as it allowed units' need prioritization and standardization, with a scientific multi-criteria approach, without using complex mathematics. Finally, AHP allowed traceability of a complex decision making processes (as budget allocation), this aspect being of paramount importance in public sectors, where managers are called to respond to many different stakeholders about their choices.

The design and implementation of a study to investigate the effectiveness of community vs hospital eye service follow-up for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration with quiescent disease

Introduction
Standard treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF drugs. Following multiple injections, nAMD lesions often become quiescent but there is a high risk of reactivation, and regular review by hospital ophthalmologists is the norm. The present trial examines the feasibility of community optometrists making lesion reactivation decisions.

Methods
The Effectiveness of Community vs Hospital Eye Service (ECHoES) trial is a virtual trial; lesion reactivation decisions were made about vignettes that comprised clinical data, colour fundus photographs, and optical coherence tomograms displayed on a web-based platform. Participants were either hospital ophthalmologists or community optometrists. All participants were provided with webinar training on the disease, its management, and assessment of the retinal imaging outputs. In a balanced design, 96 participants each assessed 42 vignettes; a total of 288 vignettes were assessed seven times by each professional group.The primary outcome is a participant's judgement of lesion reactivation compared with a reference standard. Secondary outcomes are the frequency of sight threatening errors; judgements about specific lesion components; participant-rated confidence in their decisions about the primary outcome; cost effectiveness of follow-up by optometrists rather than ophthalmologists.

Discussion
This trial addresses an important question for the NHS, namely whether, with appropriate training, community optometrists can make retreatment decisions for patients with nAMD to the same standard as hospital ophthalmologists. The trial employed a novel approach as participation was entirely through a web-based application; the trial required very few resources compared with those that would have been needed for a conventional randomised controlled clinical trial.

A Nova Gestão Pública aplicada em contexto hospitalar:impacto na Cultura Organizacional do Hospital Distrital de Santarém, EPE

Dissertação, Mestrado, Gestão Pública, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Escola Superior de Gestão e Tecnologia, 2014

Proyecto de Factibilidad para la creación de una empresa dedicada a la elaboración de papel a base del pinzote de banano, ubicado en el sector Rumicucho, parroquia San Antonio de Pichincha, Canctón Quito. Provincia de Pichincha.

El presente trabajo investigativo contiene cinco capítulos los cuales están ordenados en una forma secuencial y lógica para el entendimiento de los lectores. El Capítulo I, es el Estudio de Mercado, en el cual como método de investigación se utilizo la encuesta, para conocer la cantidad de personas que requieren adquirí el producto, sus necesidades, además de indagar en las ofertas existentes, las tendencias que tienen estos, para de esta manera saber en qué mercado queremos incursionar y cuál sería la oferta que podemos presentar. El Capítulo II, es el Estudio de Tamaño y Localización, se analizo factores de producción, maquinaria los que permiten conocer cuál es el tamaño óptimo de la planta, el tamaño de la maquinaria para de esta manera analizar la distribución espacial de la planta. La localización a pesar de conocerla, se analizó para saber las características con las que cuenta este lugar tanto como las falencias del mismo. El Capítulo III, es el Estudio de Ingeniería del Proyecto, este nos permitió conocer los recursos humanos, de infraestructura, materia prima, de equipos y maquinaria, que se necesitarán para la implementación de la planta, el costo que estos implican, para considerar la selección adecuada de los mismos. El Capítulo VI, Estudio Financiero, es el que permite establecer la factibilidad del proyecto de manera cuantitativa a través de la inversión que se realizará, los, costos, los ingresos, que permiten conocer la utilidad que genera el proyecto, además de analizar con métodos financieros la viabilidad de la empresa a base de sus resultados. El Capítulo V, Análisis Legal y Organizacional, establece las bases jurídicas tanto internas y externas que debe cumplir la empresa, desde su constitución y durante todo el horizonte del proyecto. En lo referente a la organización se estable la misión, visión, organigramas y la importancia del personal en la empresa.

O ajustamento de crianças com doença crónica e o brincar no hospital

Este trabalho procura averiguar o impacte das doenças crónicas no ajustamento psicológico das crianças, tendo em conta diferentes tipos de doenças, as suas características e a perceção dos pais acerca das mesmas. Para além disso procura perceber a perceção dos pais e dos profissionais de saúde em relação à importância atribuída ao brincar em contexto hospitalar. A amostra é constituída por 176 crianças, dos 3 aos 10 anos, distribuídas por quatro grupos: crianças com asma, crianças com cancro, crianças com patologia uro-nefrológica e crianças sem doença. A recolha de dados teve lugar nas salas de espera de consulta externa de Pediatria do Hospital Infante D. Pedro e de Oncologia Médica do Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra. Este estudo recorreu a metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa. Desta forma os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Observação do Brincar (POS), alguns itens do Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), o Questionário de Capacidades e de Dificuldades (SDQ) e a entrevista semi-estruturada. O ajustamento psicológico foi avaliado através de questionários aplicados aos pais mas também através da observação direta do brincar da criança, colmatando assim uma das principais lacunas nesta área – o acesso a uma única fonte de informação e forma de avaliação. A análise dos resultados permitiu perceber que não existe uma relação linear entre o ajustamento psicológico das crianças e a presença de uma doença crónica e que a avaliação do ajustamento da criança através da observação direta do brincar nem sempre é coincidente com a perspetiva dos pais acerca desse ajustamento. Tanto os pais como os profissionais de saúde reconhecem ainda inúmeras vantagens na utilização do brincar em crianças com doença crónica.

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y la cuestión mora

Leído en la mesa redonda Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 500 años de su nacimiento (1503-2003), organizado por Margarita Peña Muñoz, en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, U.N.A.M., 20 de junio de 2003.

Chiapas a través de los viajeros del siglo XVII: aspectos narrativos e historia descriptiva en Thomas Gage y Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa

Chiapas representó en el siglo XVII una región donde confluían los mitos, temores y fascinaciones de colonos y europeos. Al ser visitada por Thomas Gage en su travesía hacia Guatemala, es descrita en su Nuevo reconocimiento de las Indias Occidentales de modo muy distinto cuando el narrador, como es este caso, registra sus vivencias personales e, incluso, pasionales. Sólo la historiografía moderna podría explicarnos particulares pasajes en que el viajero es abordado súbitamente por una realidad que pasa desapercibida a otros viajeros con un programa muy claro de supervisión y registro de datos, como es el caso de Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa en su Descripción de la Nueva España. Si el historiógrafo describe puntualmente flora, fauna y geografía, el narrador huele, paladea y recorre con nosotros el laberinto de la tierra chiapaneca. El paisaje a través de la persona, con todos los cabos sueltos y apariciones inexplicables para quien se interna en lo desconocido, cobran, a la luz de investigaciones recientes acerca del contexto sociohistórico de Chiapas, un sentido cabal que no sólo nos ilustra, sino que nos interna y se nos interna.

Curso: Análisis comparativo de las democracias

Imparte: Mtro. Antonio Lorenzo Ocaña Prada. l Responsable: Dr. Carlos Oliva Mendoza

Narrativement vôtre San-Antonio, ou, La fictivité racontée

Comme l'ont souligné certains critiques, un des aspects essentiels de l'écriture sanantonienne réside dans la mise en scène de l'acte de narration. Dans le but de comprendre l'évolution de l'oeuvre de San-Antonio, l'analyse de cette caractéristique, à travers un corpus de romans parus dans cinq décennies différentes, s'est avérée opportune. L'étude du paratexte réel, d'une part, et de la représentation fictive du paratexte, d'autre part, démontre que cette mise en scène de la narration s'est développée et complexifiée de 1950 à 1980. Par la suite, cette pratique est demeurée, mais a été utilisée avec moins d'emphase. Par ailleurs, l'exploration des possibilités paratextuelles menée par San-Antonio révèle en creux les nombreuses conventions littéraires qui reposent sur le paratexte. Enfin, la mise en évidence de la narration est une sorte de défi au pouvoir de la fiction: la magie du récit opère toujours malgré ces évidents bris du réalisme.

Metacognição e formação profissional dos enfermeiros: um estudo exploratório num hospital do centro do país

A abertura dos indivíduos face às oportunidades de aprendizagem e, a forma como estes analisam e interpretam as experiências do seu quotidiano, parecem estar intimamente ligadas à auto-aprendizagem e, dessa forma à motivação para a formação, o que sugere uma relação positiva entre estas dimensões e o desempenho dos indivíduos no contexto de trabalho. Neste âmbito, desenvolvemos um estudo que teve como objetivo principal analisar a relação entre metacognição e o percurso de formação profissional dos enfermeiros, numa amostra constituída por 141 enfermeiros (N= 141), a exercer funções num Hospital Distrital do Centro do País. O dispositivo utilizado para a recolha dos dados incluiu uma adaptação da Escala de Formação Profissional dos Enfermeiros (EFPE) – a perspetiva do profissional de enfermagem, construída e validada por Guerra (2008), e o Inventário de Atividade Metacognitiva de Grendene (2007). Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a uma maior atividade metacognitiva está associada uma perceção mais favorável dos benefícios da formação, o que também se verificou no resultado Global das Dimensões da EFPE. Para investigações futuras sugere-se o desenho de estudos longitudinais que, para além das medidas relativas à metacognição e à formação profissional, contem com uma avaliação das dimensões formativas do contexto de trabalho.

Strategic Human Resource Management of Volunteers and the Link to Hospital Patient Satisfaction

This article uses strategic human resource management theory to consider the ways in which volunteers can potentially enhance hospital patient satisfaction. Results of a structural equation modeling analysis of multi-source data on 107 U.S. hospitals show positive associations between hospital strategy, volunteer management practices, volunteer workforce attributes, and patient satisfaction. Although no causality can be assumed, the results shed light on the volunteer–patient satisfaction relationship and have important implications for hospital leaders, volunteer administrators, and future research.