Interação entre irmãos em situação de cuidados formais

Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever as principais características de famílias onde os filhos mais velhos são responsabilizados pela execução das tarefas domésticas e pelo cuidado aos irmãos menores, durante a ausência dos pais. Participaram deste estudo vinte famílias residentes à Vila Paranoá, Distrito Federal, com filhos de um a dezesseis anos de idade. Os dados foram colhidos através de entrevistas e sessões de observação sistemática do comportamento em ambiente natural, realizadas durante o período de almoço. A análise se deteve na organização familiar, desempenho em tarefas domésticas e interação entre irmãos, tendo sido possível classificar as famílias em três grupos qualitativamente distintos. Os resultados são discutidos em termos da necessidade de se considerar fatores de ordem social na análise do grupo familiar.

Cysts Resembling Hydatids in a Chicken

Two large cysts recovered from the abdominal cavity of a domestic chicken superficially resembled hydatid cysts of Echinococcus spp. No protoscolices were present. Microscopic examination of the internal lining of one of the cysts revealed a single cuboidal to columnar, ciliated epithelium, leading to a diagnosis of oviduct cysts. Earlier records of hydatids of fowl are reviewed. Spanish abstract: Reporte de Caso--Quistes en un pollo semejantes a la hidatidosis. Se encontraron dos quistes grandes en la cavidad abdominal de un pollo doméstico. Superficialmente los quistes parecían quistes hidatidícos de Echinococcus spp. No se encontraron escólecis o cabezas de la tenia. El examen microscópico de la pared interna de uno de los quistes mostró un epitelio ciliado, variando de cuboidal a columnar, conduciendo a un diagnóstico de quiste en el oviducto. Se revisan otros casos de hidatidosis en aves.

Análise histopatológica de fígado de tilápias (Oreochromis Niloticus) expostas ao herbicida 2,4-D comercial

The action of man has led, over the years, major impacts on the environment, especially in aquatic ecosystems, leading to an impairment of water quality, considered one of the essential factors for the maintenance of vital functions and consequently the life of the planet. Among the activities considered a risk for the environment are linked to pollution from many sources and even entire watersheds, whether by industrial waste, sewage, or for substances used in agriculture, such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers. The (2,4-D) 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is used worldwide, and the fact that its genotoxicity is proven by several studies and by its long persistence in soil, which enables the leaching and percolation of compounds affecting water bodies, toxicity studies are relevant and justifiable. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of 2,4-D by examining the liver of the fish Oreochromis niloticus exposed to different dilutions. Portions of liver were collected and fixed for histological and histochemical techniques to detect total proteins, polysaccharides and lipids. lipids. Treatment with 2,4-D herbicide apparently did not alter the lipid profiles, the accumulation of polysaccharides, and the presence of total proteins. The 2.5 and 5.0% were lethal to fish. These mortalities are probably of high toxic and cytotoxic potential of 2,4-D herbicide results. Several histopathological changes were found, such as: loss of cytoplasmic integrity, loss of cell limit, nuclear deformation, vacuolated cytoplasm, tissue disorganization and hydropic degeneration. Statistically significant changes were: hydropic degeneration and vacuolated cytoplasm. It is concluded, therefore, that the qualitative morphological analysis is an important method for observing changes in liver toxicology studies. As the O. niloticus species is an efficient biological indicator of water pollution by 2,4-D

Enriquecimento de amido de biomassa produzida em lagoa de lemna utilizando a espécie Landoltia punctata

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

In Situ Effect of Dentifrices Associated to CO2 Laser in the Permeability of Eroded Root Dentin

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a crossover 2 x 2 in situ trial, the effect of a desensitizing dentifrice associated with CO2 laser irradiation to control the permeability of eroded root dentin. Background data: Facing the increased prevalence of erosive lesion and the need for preventive means to control painful symptoms related to them. Methods: Eighty slabs of bovine root dentin were subjected to initial erosive challenge (citric acid 0.3%, 2 h), followed by a remineralizing period in artificial saliva (24 h). Specimens were then divided according to dentin treatment: desensitizing dentifrice, desensitizing dentifrice + CO2 laser, fluoride anticavity dentifrice. and fluoride anticavity dentifrice + CO2 laser. After a 2-day lead-in period, 10 volunteers wore an intraoral palatal appliance containing four root dentin slabs, in two phases of 5 days each. During the intraoral phase, one side of the appliance was immersed in 0.3% citric acid, and the opposite side was immersed in deionized water, four times a day. One hour after the immersions, all specimens were brushed with dentifrice slurry provided by the researcher. After a 7-day washout period, volunteers were crossed over on the different dentifrice group. Each phase having been completed, the specimens were evaluated for permeability through an optical microscope. Results: Data were analyzed using ANOVA and no significant difference (p = 0.272) was found between the surface treatments performed on bovine root dentin. Conclusions: It can be concluded that fluoride anticavity or desensitizing dentifrice, regardless of the association with the CO2 laser irradiation, was able to control the permeability of eroded root dentin.

Temperature rise during Er:YAG cavity preparation of primary enamel

This study aimed to assess in vitro thermal alterations taking place during the Er:YAG laser cavity preparation of primary tooth enamel at different energies and pulse repetition rates. Forty healthy human primary molars were bisected in a mesio-distal direction, thus providing 80 fragments. Two small orifices were made on the dentin surface to which type K thermocouples were attached. The fragments were individually fixed with wax in a cylindrical PlexiglassA (R) abutment and randomly assigned to eight groups, according to the laser parameters (n = 10): G1 -aEuro parts per thousand 250 mJ/ 3 Hz, G2 -aEuro parts per thousand 250 mJ/ 4 Hz, G3 -aEuro parts per thousand 250 mJ/ 6 Hz, G4 -aEuro parts per thousand 250 mJ/10 Hz, G5 -aEuro parts per thousand 250 mJ/ 15 Hz, G6 -aEuro parts per thousand 300 mJ/ 3 Hz, G7 -aEuro parts per thousand 300 mJ/ 4 Hz and G8 -aEuro parts per thousand 300 mJ/ 6 Hz. An area of 4 mm(2) was delimited. Cavities were done (2 mm long x 2 mm wide x 1 mm thick) using non-contact (12 mm) and focused mode. Temperature values were registered from the start of laser irradiation until the end of cavity preparation. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p a parts per thousand currency signaEuro parts per thousand 0.05). Groups G1, G2, G6, and G7 were statistically similar and furnished the lowest mean values of temperature rise. The set 250 mJ/10 and 15 Hz yielded the highest temperature values. The sets 250 and 300 mJ and 6 Hz provided temperatures with mean values below the acceptable critical value, suggesting that these parameters ablate the primary tooth enamel. Moreover, the temperature elevation was directly related to the increase in the employed pulse repetition rates. In addition, there was no direct correlation between temperature rise and energy density. Therefore, it is important to use a lower pulse frequency, such as 300 mJ and 6 Hz, during cavity preparation in pediatric patients.

Thermal alteration and morphological changes of sound and demineralized primary dentin after Er:YAG laser ablation

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of Er:YAG laser pulse repetition rate on the thermal alterations occurring during laser ablation of sound and demineralized primary dentin. The morphological changes at the lased areas were examined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). To this end, 60 fragments of 30 sound primary molars were selected and randomly assigned to two groups (n = 30); namely A sound dentin (control) and B demineralized dentin. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 10) according to the employed laser frequencies: I4 Hz; II6 Hz, and III10 Hz. Specimens in group B were submitted to a pH-cycling regimen for 21 consecutive days. The irradiation was performed with a 250 mJ pulse energy in the noncontact and focused mode, in the presence of a fine water mist at 1.5 mL/min, for 15 s. The measured temperature was recorded by type K thermocouples adapted to the dentin wall relative to the pulp chamber. Three samples of each group were analyzed by SEM. The data were submitted to the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and to qualitative SEM analysis. The results revealed that the temperature increase did not promote any damage to the dental structure. Data analysis demonstrated that in group A, there was a statistically significant difference among all the subgroups and the temperature rise was directly proportional to the increase in frequency. In group B, there was no difference between subgroup I and II in terms of temperature. The superficial dentin observed by SEM displayed irregularities that augmented with rising frequency, both in sound and demineralized tissues. In conclusion, temperature rise and morphological alterations are directly related to frequency increment in both demineralized and sound dentin. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE SAILFIN DORY Zenopsis conchifer (LOWE, 1852) CAUGHT BY DEEP-SEA TRAWLING FISHERY OFF SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Biological aspects of sailfin dory, Zenopsis conchifer, were studied from 839 individuals obtained from deep-sea commercial bottom trawling off southern Brazil at depths up to 526 m in 2002 and 2003. Samples included fish from 101 mm Lt and 15 g up to 640 mm Lt and 2,9 g. The sex-ratio was 50% at 150 mm Lt and between 300-350 mm Lt, with females outnumbering males in the remaining size classes. Reproductive activity seems to peak between July and August ( austral winter). Size at attainment of 50% maturity (Lt(50)) was 311 mm Lt in females. The mean length and maturity of the specimens increased with depth, suggesting that larger fish concentrate in deeper waters.

Nitrogen mass balance in the Brazilian Amazon: an update

The main purpose of this study is to perform a nitrogen budget survey for the entire Brazilian Amazon region. The main inputs of nitrogen to the region are biological nitrogen fixation occurring in tropical forests (7.7 Tg. yr(-1)), and biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural lands mainly due to the cultivation of a large area with soybean, which is an important nitrogen-fixing crop (1.68 Tg. yr(-1)). The input due to the use of N fertilizers (0.48 Tg. yr(-1)) is still incipient compared to the other two inputs mentioned above. The major output flux is the riverine flux, equal to 2.80 Tg. yr(-1) and export related to foodstuff, mainly the transport of soybean and beef to other parts of the country. The continuous population growth and high rate of urbanization may pose new threats to the nitrogen cycle of the region through the burning of fossil fuel and dumping of raw domestic sewage in rivers and streams of the region.

Rousseau preceptor: orientações pedagógicas para a instrução de crianças verdadeiras

Este trabalho tem por objetivo interpretar o tema da educação em alguns escritos de Rousseau. À luz da bibliografia sobre o tema, a análise centra-se no modo pelo qual Rousseau compreende a educação especialmente no Projeto para a educação do Senhor de Sainte-Marie, escrito no início dos anos 40 do século XVIII, a propósito do ofício de preceptor desempenhado pelo filósofo em 1740. Nesse sentido, compreende-se que, no referido escrito, Rousseau estabelece comentários e apreciações críticas acerca das práticas de ensino vigentes, fazendo recomendações e traçando sugestões pedagógicas para a educação das crianças. Tratava-se, no caso, de uma prática de ensino doméstico. Procurou-se confrontar essa perspectiva com as propostas expostas por Rousseau relativamente ao ensino público. Para tanto, interpretaram-se preliminarmente os aspectos educacionais contidos no verbete que, em 1755, Rousseau escreve para a Enciclopédia francesa sob o título Economia (moral e política). Buscou-se também identificar o tema da educação em Considerações sobre o governo da Polônia, texto escrito em 1771.

Pre-and post-puberty physiological plasma oxytocin concentrations in male domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus)

The hormone oxytocin is released by the neuropituitary gland through stimulation of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. In order to determine the physiological concentrations of this hormone in domestic cats, blood samples were collected from 15 male animals (Felis silvestris catus) during the pre- and post-puberty periods (at four and eight months of age, respectively). Oxytocin determination was accomplished by radioimmunoassay. The average oxytocin concentrations measured in the pre- and post-puberty periods were 2.54±0.24 (μg/dL) and 2.53±0.28 (μg/dL), respectively, and there were no statistical differences between these measurements. Because there are few literature on the analysis of this hormone, especially in the case of male Felis silvestris catus, more studies on the influence of oxytocin on the physiology and reproduction of this species should be conducted under maintenance and situations of stress (such as transportation), and other routine events.

A tributação no setor sucroenergético do estado de São Paulo: anos de 2000 e 2008

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a tributação sobre os principais bens finais do setor sucroenergético, quais sejam açúcar e álcool. Para tanto, estima-se - a partir da metodologia de recolhimento da cada tributo - a carga tributária potencial incidente sobre estes produtos em todos os elos de suas cadeias no estado de São Paulo nos anos de 2000 e 2008. Os resultados apontam para uma carga tributária potencial de 23,04% do preço final do álcool hidratado e de 27,39% do preço final do açúcar cristal em 2008. Com o objetivo de mensurar a importância da isenção de alguns tributos às vendas externas, este artigo estima as diferenças em termos de carga tributária potencial entre o álcool/açúcar exportado e aquele vendido no mercado doméstico. A diferença da carga tributária incidente sobre o álcool exportado pela usina e aquele vendido para o mercado doméstico é estimada em 15,65 pp. Para o açúcar, essa diferença é de 21,25 pp. Por último, estima-se a carga tributária incidente sobre o setor no ano 2000 - que foi de 40,08% para o álcool hidratado e de 25,91% para o açúcar. Observa-se um aumento da carga incidente sobre o açúcar e redução da carga incidente sobre o álcool.

Fatores de influência no preço do milho no Brasil

Compreender a dinâmica de funcionamento do mercado de milho brasileiro, procedendo a uma investigação dos fatores que afetam as quantidades e preços nesse mercado, é o objetivo deste trabalho. Os testes de raiz unitária foram feitos utilizando-se a metodologia DF-GLS - Dickey Fuller Generalized Least Square - e os de cointegração de Johansen (1988). O modelo estimado, de ajuste pelo preço, foi um Modelo de Autorregressão Vetorial com Correção de Erros - VEC, sendo a identificação feita pelo procedimento de Sims-Bernanke. O estudo permite afirmar que existe forte interação entre os mercados de milho e de soja, mostrando uma relação de complementaridade na oferta e substitutibilidade na demanda, e que fatores macroeconômicos como renda e juros são importantes na determinação dos preços do milho ao produtor e no atacado. Vale ressaltar que os preços externos do milho mostraram relativa importância no processo de formação do preço doméstico do grão.

Effects of chemical composition on the corrosion of dental alloys

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the oral environment on the corrosion of dental alloys with different compositions, using electrochemical methods. The corrosion rates were obtained from the current-potential curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of artificial saliva on the corrosion of dental alloys was dependent on alloy composition. Dissolution of the ions occurred in all tested dental alloys and the results were strongly dependent on the general alloy composition. Regarding the alloys containing nickel, the Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Ti alloys released 0.62 mg/L of Ni on average, while the Co-Cr dental alloy released ions between 0.01 and 0.03 mg/L of Co and Cr, respectively.The open-circuit potential stabilized at a higher level with lower deviation (standard deviation: Ni-Cr-6Ti = 32 mV/SCE and Co-Cr = 54 mV/SCE). The potenciodynamic curves of the dental alloys showed that the Ni-based dental alloy with >70 wt% of Ni had a similar curve and the Co-Cr dental alloy showed a low current density and hence a high resistance to corrosion compared with the Ni-based dental alloys. Some changes in microstructure were observed and this fact influenced the corrosion behavior for the alloys. The lower corrosion resistance also led to greater release of nickel ions to the medium. The quantity of Co ions released from the Co-Cr-Mo alloy was relatively small in the solutions. In addition, the quantity of Cr ions released into the artificial saliva from the Co-Cr alloy was lower than Cr release from the Ni-based dental alloys.

Effect of fluoride sodium mouthwash solutions on cpTI: evaluation of physicochemical properties

The effects of fluoride, which is present in different oral hygiene products, deserve more investigation because little is known about their impact on the surface of titanium, which is largely used in Implantology. This study evaluated the surface of commercially pure titanium (cpTi) after exposure to different concentrations of sodium fluoride (NaF). The hypothesis tested in this study was that different concentrations of NaF applied at different time intervals can affect the titanium surface in different ways. The treatments resulted in the following groups: GA (control): immersion in distilled water; GB: immersion in 0.05% NaF for 3 min daily; GC: immersion in 0.2% NaF for 3 min daily; GD: immersion in 0.05% NaF for 3 min every 2 weeks; and GE: immersion in 0.2% NaF for 3 min every 2 weeks. The experiment lasted 60 days. Roughness was measured initially and every 15 days subsequently up to 60 days. After 60 days, corrosion analysis and anodic polarization were done. The samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The roughness data were analyzed by ANOVA and there was no significant difference among groups and among time intervals. The corrosion data (i corr) were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test, and significant differences were found between GA and GC, GB and GC, GC and GD, GC and GE. SEM micrographs showed that the titanium surface exposed to NaF presented corrosion that varied with the different concentrations. This study suggests that the use of 0.05% NaF solution on cpTi is safe, whereas the 0.2% NaF solution should be carefully evaluated with regard to its daily use.