Planktonic foraminifera of Oligocene sediments from DSDP Hole 77-538A in the Gulf of Mexico

A relatively extended Oligocene pelagic sequence with good to medium recovery, drilled during DSDP Leg 77 in the Gulf of Mexico, yielded rich and well diversified planktonic foraminiferal faunas. Planktonic foraminifera recorded in Hole 538A span the interval from Zone P19 through P22. Evolutionary lineages were observed among the globoquadrinids, the globigerinitids, and the "Globigerina" ciperoensis and Globigerinoides primordius groups. Quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages shows that faunas fluctuate in abundance and species diversity throughout the sequence. A few of these fluctuations that could be related to selective dissolution are mainly confined to the early-mid Oligocene. A climatic curve was constructed using as warmer indicators, Turborotalia pseudoampliapertura, Globoquadrina tripartita, Dentoglobigerina globularis, Dentoglobigerina baroemoenensis,. "Globigerina" ciperoensis and Globigerinoides groups, and Cassigerinella chipolensis; and as coller indicators, Catapsydrax spp., Globorotaloides spp., Subbotina angiporoides group, Globigerina s. str., and the tenuitellides. Three major intervals are identifiable in the climatic curve: Interval 1 (lower) up to Zone P20 predominantly cooler: Interval 2 (intermediate) up to the upper part of Zone P21a with warm and cool fluctuations: and lnterval 3 (upper), warmer, with a large positive peak, due to abundant "G." angulisuturalis, at the beginning of Zone P21b with recooling midway in Zone P22. In Intervals 1 and 2 planktonic foraminiferal faunas are dominated by temperate forms. Interpretation of planktonic foraminiferal data suggests that cooler water conditions characterize the early-mid Oligocene: during the mid Oligocene (most of Zone P21a) water masses exhibit peculiar characteristics transitional to the warmer waters prevailing during the late Oligocene. Warmer conditions were not definitely settled in Zone P22, however, as indicated by the cooler episode following the warmest peak. These climatic trends are inconsistent with those inferred from oxygen isotopes except at small scale. In fact, oxygen isotope values for Oligocene Atlantic Ocean are too heavy (thus too cool) in comparison with the high abundance and diversity of warm taxa, expecially in Zone P22. When values are lighter (warmer), as in Zone P19 abundance and diversity of warm indices are too low. To explain such a cool isotope values in presence of highly diversified and abundant warm planktonic foraminifera, we suggest (1) that the oxygen isotope ratio used for estimating Oligocene paleotemperatures might be 1? heavier than Eocene values and further increased for the late Oligocene. This hypothesis implies the presence of a relatively extended ice cap in Antarctica in the early and mid Oligocene, and probably an increase in ice volume during the late Oligocenc: (2) heavier isotope values might be related to an increase in salinity, or (3) by a combination of both ice cap and increase in salinity.

Analysis of Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the oxygen minimum zone of the Pakistan continental margin

Live (Rose Bengal stained) and dead benthic foraminiferal communities (hard-shelled species only) from the Pakistan continental margin oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) have been studied in order to determine the relation between faunal composition and the oxygenation of bottom waters. During R.R.S. Charles Darwin Cruises 145 and 146 (12 March to May 28 2003), 11 multicores were taken on the continental margin off Karachi, Pakistan. Two transects were sampled, constituting a composite bathymetric profile from 136 m (above the OMZ in spring 2003) down to 1870 m water depth. Cores (surface area 25.5 cm2) were processed as follows: for stations situated above, and in the upper part of the OMZ, sediment slices were taken for the 0-0.5 and 0.5-1 cm intervals, and then in 1 cm intervals down to 10 cm. For the lower part of the OMZ, the second centimetre was also sliced in half-centimetre intervals. Each sample was stored in 10 % borax-buffered formalin for further processing. Onshore, the samples were wet sieved over 63 µm, 150 µm and 300 µm sieves and the residues were stained for one week in ethanol with Rose Bengal. After staining, the residue was washed again. The stained faunas were picked wet in three granulometric fractions (63-150 µm, 150-300 µm and >300 µm), down to 10 cm depth. To gain more insight into the population dynamics we investigated the dead (unstained) foraminifera in the 2-3 cm level for the fractions 150-300 µm and >300 µm. The fractions >300 µm and 150-300 µm show nearly the same faunal distribution and therefore the results are presented here for both fractions combined (i.e. the >150 µm fraction). Live foraminiferal densities show a clear maximum in the first half centimetre of the sediment; only few specimens are found down to 4 cm depth. The faunas exhibit a clear zonation across the Pakistan margin OMZ. Down to 500 m water depth, Uvigerina ex gr. U. semiornata and Bolivina aff. B. dilatata dominate the assemblages. These taxa are largely restricted to the upper cm of the sediment. They are adapted to the very low bottom-water oxygen values (ab. 0.1 ml/l in the OMZ core) and the extremely high input of organic carbon on the upper continental slope. The lower part of the OMZ is characterized by cosmopolitan faunas, containing also some taxa that in other areas have been described in deep infaunal microhabitats.

Meiobenthos investigations in the Black Sea during Poseidon cruise POS317/3

Meiobenthos densities and higher taxon composition were studied in an active gas seepage area at depths from 182 to 252 m in the submarine Dnieper Canyon located in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. The meiobenthos was represented by Ciliata, Foraminifera, Nematoda, Polychaeta, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Amphipoda, and Acarina. Also present in the sediment samples were juvenile stages of Copepoda and Cladocera which may be of planktonic origin. Nematoda and Foraminifera were the dominant groups. The abundance of the meiobenthos varied between 2397 and 52593 Ind./m**2. Maximum densities of Nematoda and Foraminifera were recorded in the upper sediment layer of a permanent H2S zone at depths from 220 to 250 m. This dense concentration of meiobenthos was found in an area where intense methane seeps were covered by methane-oxidizing microbial mats. Results suggest that methane and its microbial oxidation products are the factors responsible for the presence of a highly sulfidic and biologically productive zone characterized by specially adapted benthic groups. At the same time, an inverse correlation was found between meiofauna densities and methane concentrations in the uppermost sediment layers. The hypothesis is that the concentration of Nematoda and Foraminifera within the areas enriched with methane is an ecological compromise between the food requirements of these organisms and their adaptations to the toxic H2S.

Benthic foraminifera in Lower Cretaceous sediments from various DSDP samples

From the DSDP Legs 1, 11, 13, 17, 25, 27, 32, 36, 41, 43, 44, 50, and 62 the Lower Cretaceous foraminifers have been investigated for biostratigraphical, taxonomical, and palaeoecological purposes. An overview of the cored Lower Cretaceous sections of Leg 1-80 is given. In the Northern Atlantic Ocean characteristic foraminiferal faunas are missing from the Upper Tithonian to the Valanginian due to a marked regression which caused hiatuses. In areas without black shale conditions Valanginian to Barremian medium rich to poor microfaunas with Praedorothia ouachensis (Sigal) of the Praedorothia ouachensis Zone (Valanginian-Hauterivian). The Hauterivian-Aptian interval is characterized by zones of Gavelinella barrerniana, Gaudryina dividens, and Conorotalites aptiensis. During the Albian a world-wide fauna consisting of agglutinated and calcareous foraminifers of the Pseudoclavulina gaultina Zone is established in areas lacking the wide-spread black-shale conditions. The Upper Albian and the Cenomanian are represented by the Gavelinella eenomanica Zone. Some ornamented species of the nodosariids (Citharina, Lenticulina), Gavelinella, Conorotatites, Pleurostomella, Vatvulineria, and Osangularia are of some importance for the biostratigraphy of the Berriasian-Albian interval. The Berriasian to Albian zones introduced for the Tethys and the DSDP by Moullade (1984) could only be of some local importance due to the long stratigraphical range of the foraminiferal species used. In the Indian Ocean an exact stratigraphical age cannot be assigned to the few Neocomian foraminiferal faunas of a cooler sea water (Site 261). These faunas mainly contain primitive agglutinated foraminifers, because in most cases the calcareous tests are dissolved or redeposited. In the Pacific Ocean most of the Berriasian to Aptian microfaunas are of minor biostratigraphical and palaeoecological importance for reasons of poor core recoveries, contaminations or original foraminiferal poverty (black shales). Since the Albian there are somewhat higher-diverse faunas of calcareous and agglutinated foraminifers with index species of the Pseudoclavulina gaultina Zone. As a rule, the boundary Albian/Cenomanian is set by means of planktonic foraminifers because no other foraminifer has its first appearance datum during this interval, except Gavelinella cenornanica. During the Albian very uniform, world-wide foraminiferal faunas without a marked provincialism are obvious.

Diatom events and Neogene nannofossils of ODP Hole 201-1225A

Shipboard investigation of magnetostratigraphy and shore-based investigation of diatoms and calcareous nannofossils were used to identify datum events in sedimentary successions collected at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 201 Site 1225. The goal was to extend the magnetic record previously studied at the same site, ODP Leg 138 Site 851, and provide a comprehensive age model for Site 1225. Two high-magnetic intensity zones at 0-70 and 200-255 meters below seafloor (mbsf) were correlated with lithologic Subunits IA and IC in Hole 1225A. Subunit IA (0-70 mbsf) contains the magnetic reversal record until the Cochiti Subchronozone (3.8 Ma) and has a sedimentation rate of 1.7 cm/k.y. This agrees with previous work done at Site 851. Subunit IC (200-255 mbsf) was not sampled at Site 851. Diatom and nannofossil biostratigraphy constrained this subunit, and we found it to contain the magnetic reversal record between Subchrons C4n.2r and C5n.2n (8.6-9.7 Ma), yielding a sedimentation rate of 2.7 cm/k.y. Biostratigraphy was used to establish the sedimentation rates within Subunits IB and ID (70-200 mbsf and 255-300 mbsf, respectively). These subunits had higher sedimentation rates (~3.4 cm/k.y.) and coincide with the late Miocene-early Pliocene biogenic bloom event (4.5-7 Ma) and the Miocene global cooling trend (10-15 Ma). High biogenic productivity associated with these subunits resulted in the pyritization of the magnetic signal. In lithologic Subunit ID, basement flow is another factor that may be altering the magnetic signal; however, the good correlation between the biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy indicates that the magnetic record was locked-in near the seafloor and suggests the age model is robust.

Mid-Pleistocene benthic foraminiferal record in the Southwest Pacific

Benthic foraminiferal faunas from three bathyal sequences provide a proxy record of oceanographic changes through the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) on either side of the Subtropical Front (STF), east of New Zealand. Canonical correspondence analyses show that factors related to water depth, latitude and climate cycles were more significant than oceanographic factors in determining changes in faunal assemblage composition over the last 1 Ma. Even so, mid-Pleistocene faunal changes are recognizable and can be linked to inferred palaeoceanographic causes. North of the largely stationary STF the faunas were less variable than to the south, perhaps reflecting the less extreme glacial-interglacial fluctuations in the overlying Subtropical Surface Water. Prior to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 21 and after MIS 15, the northern faunas had fairly constant composition, but during most of the MPT faunal composition fluctuated in response to climate-related food-supply variations. Faunal changes through the MPT suggest increasing food supply and decreasing dissolved bottom oxygen. South of the STF, beneath Subantarctic Surface Water, mid-Pleistocene faunas exhibited strong glacial-interglacial fluctuations, inferred to be due to higher interglacial nutrient supply and lower oxygen levels. The most dramatic faunal change in the south occurred at the end of the MPT (MIS 17- 12). with an acme of Abditodentrix pseudothalmanni, possibly reflecting higher carbon flux and lower bottom oxygen. This study suggests that the mid-Pleistocene decline and extinction of a group of elongate, cylindrical deep-sea foraminifera may have been related to decreased bottom oxygen concentrations as aresult of slower deep-water currents.

Nannofossil datums and abundance in sediments from ODP Leg 164 sites

Twenty routinely used nannofossil datums in the late Neogene and Quaternary were identified at three Blake Ridge sites drilled during Leg 164. The quantitative investigation of the nannofossil assemblages in 236 samples selected from Hole 994C provide new biostratigraphic and paleoceanographic information. Although mostly overlooked previously, Umbilicosphaera aequiscutum is an abundant component of the late Neogene flora, and its last occurrence at ~2.3 Ma is a useful new biostratigraphic event. Small Gephyrocapsa evolved within the upper part of Subzone CN11a (~4.3 Ma), and after an initial acme, it temporarily disappeared for 400 k.y., between 2.9 and 2.5 Ma. Medium-sized Gephyrocapsa evolved in the latest Pliocene ~2.2 Ma), and after two short temporary disappearances, common specimens occurred continuously just above the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. The base of Subzone CN13b should be recognized as the beginning of the continuous occurrence of medium-sized (>4 µm) Gephyrocapsa. Stratigraphic variation in abundance of the very small placoliths and Florisphaera profunda alternated, indicating potential of the former as a proxy for the paleoproductivity. At this site, it is likely that upwelling took place during three time periods in the late Neogene (6.0-4.6 Ma, 2.3-2.1 Ma, and 2.0-1.8 Ma) and also in the early Pleistocene (1.4-0.9 Ma). Weak upwelling is also likely to have occurred intermittently through the late Pliocene. Due to the sharp and abrupt turnover of the nannofossils, which resulted from an evolution of very competitive species, the paleoproductivity of the late Pleistocene is not clear. The site was mostly in an oligotrophic central gyre setting during the 4.6- to 2.3-Ma interval, intermittently between 2.1 and 1.4 Ma, and continuously for the last several tens of thousand years.

Abundances and contents of major silicoflagellates from IODP Holes of Exp302

The silicoflagellate taxa obtained in IODP Expedition 302 (ACEX) were identified and counted in order to establish the silicoflagellate biostratigraphy in the central Arctic Ocean. These microfossils in the ACEX samples were preserved in the Lithology Units 1/6 and 2, which are dark silty clay and biosiliceous ooze, respectively. The silicoflagellate skeletons in the ACEX samples are assigned to 56 taxa. Seven taxa were described as new species, which were abundant in Lithology Unit 2. Comparison with several study cases outside the Eocene Arctic Ocean suggested that the silicoflagellate assemblages in ACEX were unique in Lithology Unit 2. The dominance of silicoflagellate taxa varied throughout the lithological section. Based on the cluster analysis by Morishita similarity index C(Lambda), the silicoflagellate assemblageswere divided into nine assemblage groups. The silicoflagellate datum event of the first occurrence of Corbisema hexacantha in the lower part of Lithology Unit 1/6 is regarded. Based on the datum events for silicoflagellate and palynomorphs, the assigned epoch of Lithology Units 1/6 and 2 is the middle Eocene.

Microflora from Molasse sediments in southern Germany

1. Polleninventar: Erstmals wurde der Sporomorpheninhalt der Süssbrackwassermolasse und der Oberen Süsswassermolasse Südbayerns einer umfassenden Sichtung unterzogen. Von den überprüften 92 Fundstellen erwiesen sich 55 als sporomorphenführend. Nur 15 davon waren so ergiebig, daß ihr Inhalt quantitativ erfaßt und als Grundlage für die Erstellung eines Diagramms herangezogen werden konnte. Dennoch weist der systematische Katalog 272 Formen auf. Dies ist eine im Vergleich mit anderen, in neuerer Zeit bearbeiteten neogenen Pollenfloren Mitteleuropas sehr große Zahl, wie folgende Angaben belegen: Niederrheinische Braunkohle 175 Arten, Braunkohle der Oberpfalz 138 Arten, subalpine Flözmolasse Bayerns 93 Arten und subalpine Molasse der Ostschweiz und der zentralen und westlichen Paratethys 219 Arten. Dieser Reichtum erklärt sich unschwer aus der Größe des Untersuchungsgebietes, das vom Allgäu im Westen bis an die Salzach im Osten reichte. Überwiegend gehören die nachgewiesenen Formen gutbekannten Arten bzw. Formenkreisen an. Deshalb wurde lediglich die Aufstellung von 2 neuen Gattungen, 19 neuen Arten sowie 5 Neukombinationen nötig. Neue Genera: Nr. (165) Ludwigiapollis Nr., (248) Caesalpiniaceaepollenites, 311 Neue Spezies: (039) Polypodiaceoisporltes subtriangularis, (046) P. pityogrammoides, (067) Perinomonoletes imperfectus, (124) Cycadopltes gemmatus, (125) C. concinus, (133) Lillacidites tener, (137) Nupharipollenites microechinatus, (150) Polyporopollenites nanus, (161) Porocolpopollenites subrotundus, (165) Ludwigiapollis labiatus, (169) Sporotrapoidites cucculatus, (190) Tricolpopollenites cribosus, (192) T. variabilis, (204) Tricolporopollenites pulcher, (210) T. operculiferus, (213) T. pseudomarcodurensis, (217) T. magnolaevigatus, (245) Umbelliferaepollenites achldorfensis, (248) Caesalpiniaceaepollenites antiquus Neukombinationen: (081) Pityosporites koraensis, (128) Magnoliaepollenites magnolioides, (130) M. graciliexinus, (168) Sporotrapoidites erdtmannii, (177) Chenopodipollis psilatoides. Für die meisten der vorgefundenen Sporomorphen sind die Lieferpflanzen bereits bekannt. Dennoch gingen parallel zur Bestimmung, d.h. der Zuordnung der Funde zu Gruppen des morphographischen Sporomorphensystems, die Bemühungen auch dahin, solche Lieferpflanzen, v.a. der selteneren oder neu gefundenen Sporomorphen, zu ermitteln; einige der neuen Arten sind in ihrer Verwandtschaft eindeutig, was durch die Benennung zum Ausdruck gebracht wird (s.o). Für die Mehrzahl der neuen Spezies und für viele bisher in ihrer Verwandtschaft unklare Formen ließ sich die botanische Deutung zumindest eingrenzen. Dies gelang für 148 Formen. Es handelt sich dabei teils um subtropisch-tropische Gewächse, teils aber auch um Pflanzen gemäßigter Klimata. Für genaue Zuweisungen sind jedoch umfangreiche Rezentvergleiche nötig, die einer eigenen Bearbeitung vorbehalten bleiben müssen. Auch einige als Sammelgruppen behandelte Formenkreise erfordern für eine Aufgliederung detailliertere Untersuchungen als sie in diesem Rahmen durchführbar waren. (z. B. Tricolpopollenites asper, T. sp. 2 u.a.). Andere Formen und Gattungen wiederum erwiesen sich dagegen als viel zahlreicher und leichter differenzierbar als bisher angenommen (z. B. Pinaceen, Magnoliaceen, Cyperaceen). In diesem Zusamenhang ist auch zu erwähnen, daß von Hemitrapa zwei Arten mit offensichtlich stratigraphischer Aussagekraft unterscheidbar sind; die Interpretation von Tricolporopol1enltes wackersdorfensis sensu MOHR & GREGOR (1984) als Gleditsia muß nach vorliegenden Erkenntnissen dagegen in Frage gestellt werden. Für 36 Formspezies blieb die Lieferpflanze völlig unbekannt oder es lassen sich höchstens vage Vermutungen anstellen. 2. Biostratigraphie: Fragen der Brauchbarkeit von Mikrofloren für die stratgraphische Gliederung der jüngsten Molassesedimente Südbayerns bildeten den zweiten Schwerpunkt vorliegender Bearbeitung. a) Reichweite: Die Fülle des gefundenen Sporomorphenmaterials brachte es mit sich, daß bei etlichen Formen eine weitere stratigraphische Reichweite als bisher angenommen festgestellt wurde. Zum Teil wurde diese Revision durch die Neugliederung des Paratethys-Miozäns nötig. b) Palynologische Gliederung: Im Laufe der Untersuchungen zeigte sich bald, daß allein auf der Basis der mikrofloristischen Bearbeitung kein von anderen Fossilresten unabhängiges stratigraphisches Gliederungsschema zu finden war. Weder die von anderen Autoren favoritisierte Leitformen-Methode, noch die Aufgliederung nach Klimaelementen ergab ein brauchbares Bild. Lediglich die bekannte generelle Abnahme der miozänen, paläotropischen und thermophilen Elemente und die Zunahme der pliozänen, arktoteriären und gemäßigten während des Neogens ließ sich deutlich ausmachen. Dagegen ermöglicht die Berücksichtigung des Sporomorpheninhalts eine Ergänzung und Deutung der vertebrat-stratigraphisch ausgeschiedenen Abfolgen. Voraussetzung ist die Möglichkeit einer Zuordnung zu einer natürlichen Art, Gattung oder wenigstens Familie und daraus ableitbar wiederum die Zuordnung zu einer oder mehreren Pflanzengesellschaften. Aufgeteilt nach Diversität, Dominanz und Verhältnis von 'Feuchtpflanzen' bzw. autochthonen Gemeinschaften zu mesophilen Phanerophyten bzw. allochthonen Gemeinschaften lassen sich in Südbayern fünf Pollenbilder erkennen, die mit den MN-Einheiten der Zoostratigraphie in Beziehung gebracht werden können. Die Pollenbilder 1 und 2, ungefähr entsprechend den Säugereinheiten 4b und 5, dokumentieren gattungsreiche, polydominante Mikrofloren, deren Lieferpflanzen vor allem verschiedenen Naß- und Feuchtgesellschaften angehören. Dementprechend sind Pteridaceen, Schizaeaceen, Cyperaceen und Poaceen relativ häufig. Das Pollenbild 1 (Langenau und Rauscheröd) zeichnet sich durch eine gewisse Artenarmut aus, wohingegen im Pollenbild 2 (Hitzhofen und Rittsteig) die Diversität zunimmt und Palmenpollen neben anderen mesophilen Akzessorien eine merkliche Rolle spielt. Bemerkenswert ist in den Entnahmeprofilen das Vorkommen kohliger Sedimente. Bezeichnend für Sporomorphenbild 3 sind oligodominante Mikrofloren, zusammengesetzt aus Elementen artenarmer Au- und Sumpfwälder (Taxodiaceen, Cyperaceen) sowie mesophiler 'Pionierwälder' (Pinaceen, Leguminosen). Fehlende Kohlebildung und das Zurücktreten mesophiler, d. h. allochthoner Lieferpflanzen sind weitere Charakteristika. Dieses Sporomorphenbild mit den Fundpunkten Gallenbach und Unterneul enspricht ungefähr der Säugereinheit MN 6. Die beiden stratigraphisch jüngsten Pollendiagramme 4 und 5 setzen sich deutlich von dem vorhergehenden ab. Belegt sind nun wiederum gattungsreiche, polydominante Pflanzenge seIl schaften feuchter, aber nicht nasser Biotope, in denen es ebenfalls mancherorts zur Kohlebildung kam. Gegenüber den Sporomorphenbildern und 2 ist der Anteil mesophiler Lieferpflanzen deutlich erhöht auf Kosten der Feuchtelemente. Letzteres gilt vor allem für das Sporomorphenbild 5 (Leonberg), in dem Fagaceen Pollen (Quercus, Fagus) vorherrscht. sporomorphenbild 4 entspricht annähernd MN 8 mit den Fundpunkten Hassenhausen und Achldorf, während Leonberg, nahe Marktl gelegen, MN 9 zugehört. Auf dem Umweg über diese an der Säugetierstratigraphie 'geeichten' Mikrofloren gelingt es, stratigraphisch unsichere Fundpunkte, wenn sie nur genügend formen- und individuenreich sind (Burtenbach, Lerchenberg, Wemding), einzuordnen. Auf diese Weise ergibt sich die in Diagramm 10 dargestellte Reihung vom Liegenden zum Hangenden. Dürftige Sporomorphenfloren oder Floren, die ausschließlich autochthone Feuchtelemente zeigen, können pollenstratigraphisch nicht sicher angesprochen werden, weil ihr Pollendiagramm undeutlich bleiben muß. Entsprechend der anerkannten Unterstellung, daß Phytostratigraphie zugleich Klimastratigraphie ist, läßt die dargestellte, im Grunde auf der Ausscheidung verschiedener Ukotypen basierende Gliederung sich auch paläoklimatisch interpretieren: Danach ist das verarmte Sporomorphenbild 3 in Südbayern als Ausdruck des vegetationsgeschichtlichen Pessimums anzusehen. Da die nachgewiesenen Sippen noch höhere Wärmeansprüche besitzen, ist nicht ein Temperaturrückgang, sondern ein Absinken der Niederschlagsmenge als begrenzender Faktor am wahrscheinlichsten und auf diese Weise das Ausbleiben von Pollen mesophiler Phanerophyten des Hinterlandes einleuchtend. 3. Paläogeographie: Bei dem Versuch, mit benachbarten Gebieten stratigraphische Beziehungen herzustellen, ergab sich, daß dies zwar über eine kürzere Entfernung recht gut gelingt, daß aber vor allem zu den Mikrofloren der niederrheinischen Braunkohle ein signifikanter Unterschied besteht: In Süddeutschland lassen die Pollendiagramme auf eine raschere Veränderung in der Zusammensetzung der Wälder schließen. Mit anderen Worten: altersgleiche Mikrofloren in Nordwestdeutschland täuschen ein höheres Alter vor. Erst im Obersarmat ähneln sich die jeweiligen Sporomorphenbilder. Damit erklärt sich auch, daß frühere Bearbeiter Schwierigkeiten hatten, mikrofloristische Befunde aus Süd- und Nordwestdeutschland miteinander zu korrelieren. Als Ursache für dieses überraschende Phänomen einer mittelmiozänen Diagrammverschiebung wird die stärkere, sprich länger andauernde maritime Beeinflussung des Niederrheingebietes angesehen.

Benthos fauna in the North Sea from 2 surveys in 1986 and 1987

During two surveys in the North Sea, in summer 1986 and in winter 1987, larger epibenthos was collected with a 2 m beam trawl. The distributions of the species were checked for average linkage by means of the JACCARD-index cluster analysis. In summer two main clusters can be recognized. These are situated to the north and to the south of the Dogger Bank. In winter two main clusters may be recognized as well, but these clusters divide the North Sea into a western and an eastern part. We conclude, that these differences of epibenthos characteristics are correlated with seasonal changes in water body distributions.

Calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera of ODP Hole 132-810C

The 136 m of calcareous oozes recovered in Hole 810C span the interval from upper Maastrichtian to middle Pleistocene. Three major hiatuses interrupt the sequence, with the topmost part of the Maastrichtian through the entire lower Paleocene, most of the lower Eocene, and the entire middle Eocene through most of the middle Miocene missing. Severe reworking and displacement affected the lower part of the succession from the Maastrichtian through the middle Miocene. Reworking and displacement gradually decreased in the upper portion. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy enabled us to calibrate precisely the nearly complete magnetic reversal sequence of the Pliocene to the late Pleistocene. Two minor hiatuses detected by calcareous nannofossils across the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary and in the upper lower Pleistocene, respectively, resulted in shortening of the Olduvai and Jaramillo Events within the Matuyama Chron of the magnetic reversal sequence.

Distribution of calcareous nannofossils in upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments of the Kerguelen Plateau

ODP Leg 119 drilled 11 sites on the Kerguelen Plateau (southern Indian Ocean) and Prydz Bay (East Antarctica). Upper Pliocene through Quaternary sediments were recovered at Site 736 on the northern Kerguelen Plateau; calcareous nannofossils occurred in only a few samples. Over 700 m of middle Eocene through Quaternary sediments was cored at Site 737 on the northern Kerguelen Plateau, and calcareous nannofossils are abundant in the middle Eocene through the middle Miocene sediments. Nearly 500 m of sediments ranging from the lower Turanian to the Quaternary was recovered at Site 738 on the southern Kerguelen Plateau; calcareous nannofossils are abundant from the Miocene downward. Calcareous nannofossils are also abundant in the upper Eocene through Miocene section from Site 744 on the southern Kerguelen Plateau. Except for Core 119-746A-13H, the Neogene sequences drilled at deep-water Sites 745 and 746 off the southern Kerguelen Plateau are devoid of calcareous nannofossils. Occurrences of calcareous nannofossils were generally rare and sporadic at Sites 739 and 742 in Prydz Bay and suggest that the diamictite sequences recovered is as old as middle Eocene-early Oligocene age. Other sites drilled in Prydz Bay (Sites 740, 741, and 743) did not yield calcareous nannofossils. Species diversity of calcareous nannofossils was low (about a dozen) in the southern Indian Ocean in the Late Cretaceous. High-latitude nanno floral characteristics are apparent after the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary extinctions. Cold climatic conditions limited Oligocene calcareous nannofossil assemblages to fewer than a dozen species, and extinctions of species generally were not compensated by originations of new species. Only a few species of calcareous nannofossils were found in the Miocene sequences, in which Coccolithuspelagicus and one or two species of Reticulofenestra exhibit extreme (0%-100%) fluctuations in assemblage dominance, and these fluctuations may reflect rapid fluctuations in the surface-water temperatures. Further deterioration of climate in the late Neogene essentially excluded calcareous nannoplankton from the Southern Ocean. Significantly warmer water conditions during part of the early-middle Pleistocene were inferred by a few lower-middle Pleistocene calcareous nannofossil species found on the Kerguelen Plateau. The calcareous nannofossil zonation of Roth (1978 doi:10.2973/dsdp.proc.44.134.1978) can be applied to the Upper Cretaceous section recovered at Site 738, and the zonation of Okada and Bukry (1980 doi:10.1016/0377-8398(80)90016-X) can be applied without much difficulty to the Paleocene to middle Eocene sequences from the Kerguelen Plateau. However, some conventional upper Paleogene markers are not useful for southern high latitudes, whereas a few nonconventional species events are useful for subdividing the upper Paleogene sequences. The latter species events include the first occurrence (FO) of Reticulofenestra reticulata, the FO and last occurrence (LO) of Reticulofenestra oamaruensis, the LO of Isthmolithus recurvus, and the LO of Chiasmolithus altus. As the Neogene sequences from the southern Indian Ocean contain only a few long-ranging, cold-water species, or are devoid of coccoliths, calcareous nannofossil zonations remain virtually unworkable for the Neogene in the high-latitude southern Indian Ocean as in other sectors of the Southern Ocean.

Pleistocene and late Miocene Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of ODP Hole 150-905A

Continental rise Site 905 yielded upper Miocene and Pliocene uniform hemipelagic mud (a contourite) from approximately 215 to 540 meters below seafloor. The nannofossil biostratigraphy of this interval was reexamined using closely spaced samples from core interiors. Additionally, total nannofossil abundances and dominant species and species group abundances were determined to evaluate the potential of this section for extracting sequence stratigraphic information. The data indicate that the putative hiatuses at the end of the late Pliocene (Zones NN17 and NN18) and in the early Pliocene (Zones NN13 and NN14) probably are condensed intervals, but the base of the late Miocene is almost certainly marked by an unconformity. Judging from carbonate content and sedimentation rate both, nannofossil abundance may be governed by carbonate dissolution or by siliciclastic dilution. Consequently, condensed sections cannot be identified by the abundance of pelagic component in the sediment alone, as is possible in equivalent age Gulf of Mexico sediments. Where nannofossil preservation is adequate in consecutive samples, as in the early Pliocene and latest late Miocene, total nannofossil abundance fluctuates regularly and with a periodicity of less than 105 yr, which suggests that dilution of the pelagic component occurred with a frequency probably related to astronomical forcing.

Jurassic microfossils of DSDP Hole 79-547B

The first marine incursion of the incipient North Atlantic Ocean is recorded in the uppermost Triassic to Lower Jurassic sequence of DSDP Site 547 off central Morocco. A lithologic change from continental red beds below to slope breccias and hemipelagic carbonates above indicates that a carbonate ramp was probably established by Sinemurian time along the Moroccan continental margin and that subsidence in the adjacent basin was rapid in the early phases of continental rift. Foraminifers recovered from the Liassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian) basinal deposits are diverse and well preserved. The faunas are compositionally similar to contemporaneous neritic assemblages of Europe and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The Middle Jurassic in Hole 547B is characterized by regressive deposits that are poor in foraminifers. The major Late Jurassic "Atlantic" transgression is again represented by basinal deposits consisting of limestone breccias and pelagic carbonates. Foraminifers recovered from this interval are transitional between Late Jurassic assemblages reported from deep-sea deposits in the North Atlantic and typical Late Jurassic neritic assemblages of Europe. The Late Jurassic assemblages of Hole 547B are primarily dominated by nodosariids and spirillinids with moderate abundances of simple arenaceous forms. Nonreticulate epistominids occur very rarely in the Upper Jurassic of Hole 547B. It is tentatively suggested that these represent upper bathyal assemblages.