X-shaped third harmonic generated by ultrashort infrared pulse filamentation in air

The authors report the measurement of the angularly resolved spectrum of the third harmonic generated in a femtosecond filament in air and its evolution with increasing pump power. Pumped by a focused infrared ultrashort pulse with a carrier wavelength of 1270 nm, a pulse duration of similar to 20 fs, and pulse energy up to 487 mu J, the generated third harmonic is composed of an on-axis emission and a conical ring emission. When the pump power is sufficiently high, angularly resolved spectra with significant X-like feature could be observed, indicating the formation of nonlinear X wave at third harmonic. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Optimization of single attosecond x-ray pulses by genetic algorithm control of the chirp and initial phase of 5 fs laser pulses

We show that the peak intensity of single attosecond x-ray pulses is enhanced by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude, the pulse duration is greatly compressed, and the optimal propagation distance is shortened by genetic algorithm optimization of the chirp and initial phase of 5 fs laser pulses. However, as the laser intensity increases, more efficient nonadiabatic self-phase matching can lead to a dramatically enhanced harmonic yield, and the efficiency of optimization decreases in the enhancement and compression of the generated attosecond pulses. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Radiation damping effects on the ultrashort x-ray pulses generated by nonlinear Thomson backscattering

Nonlinear Thomson backscattering of an intense Gaussian laser pulse by a counterpropagating energetic electron is investigated by numerically solving the electron equation of motion taking into account the radiative damping force. The backscattered radiation characteristics are different for linearly and circularly polarized lasers because of a difference in their ponderomotive forces acting on the electron. The radiative electron energy loss weakens the backscattered power, breaks the symmetry of the backscattered-pulse profile, and prolongs the duration of the backscattered radiation. With the circularly polarized laser, an adjustable double-peaked backscattered pulse can be obtained. Such a profile has potential applications as a subfemtosecond x-ray pump and probe with adjustable time delay and power ratio. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Attosecond x-ray pulse generation by linear Thomson scattering of intense laser beam with relativistic electron

Linear Thomson scattering of a short pulse laser by relativistic electron lids been investigated using computer simulations. It is shown that scattering of an intense laser pulse of similar to 33 fs full width at half maximum, with an electron of gamma(o) = 10 initial energy, generates an ultrashort, pulsed radiation of 76 attoseconds, with a photon wavelength of 2.5 nm in the backward direction. The scattered radiation generated by a highly relativistic electron has superior quality in terms of its pulse width and angular distribution in comparison to the one generated by lower relativistic energy electron.

Short-pulse laser absorption via J x B heating in ultrahigh intensity laser plasma interaction

An analytical fluid model for JxB heating during the normal incidence by a short ultraintense linearly polarized laser on a solid-density plasma is proposed. The steepening of an originally smooth electron density profile as the electrons are pushed inward by the laser is included self-consistently. It is shown that the JxB heating includes two distinct coupling processes depending on the initial laser and plasma conditions: for a moderate intensity (a <= 1), the ponderomotive force of the laser light can drive a large plasma wave at the point n(e)=4 gamma(0)n(c) resonantly. When this plasma wave is damped, the energy is transferred to the plasma. At higher intensity, the electron density is steepened to a high level by the time-independent ponderomotive force, n(e)> 4 gamma(0)n(c), so that no 2 omega resonance will occur, but the longitudinal component of the oscillating ponderomotive field can lead to an absorption mechanism similar to "vacuum heating." (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

X射线荧光层析

X射线荧光层析技术是利用内壳层电子跃迁所发出荧光辐射，来测定样品中的元素含量，获取样品内部的结构信息。Wolter型掠入射镜装置的元素灵敏度可以达到100个原子／cm^3，空间分辨率达到微米量级。结合康普顿散射和吸收层析进行成像可使其图像质量得到进一步的提高。而当获得了物体的投影数据以后，可采用各种重建算法来使物体得以准确重现。介绍了几种常用的重建算法，并就其特点进行了比较。

Near-field x-ray phase contrast imaging and phase retrieval algorithm

Theoretical analyses of x-ray diffraction phase contrast imaging and near field phase retrieval method are presented. A new variant of the near field intensity distribution is derived with the optimal phase imaging distance and spatial frequency of object taken into account. Numerical examples of phase retrieval using simulated data are also given. On the above basis, the influence of detecting distance and polychroism of radiation on the phase contrast image and the retrieved phase distribution are discussed. The present results should be useful in the practical application of in-line phase contrast imaging.

硬X射线相位衬度成像的实验研究

介绍了硬X射线(类同轴)相位衬度成像的工作原理及其实验研究结果。X射线波长为0．08860nm,样品为未经任何处理的飞蛾，记录介质为X射线胶片。胶片经处理以后，用光学显微镜读出，可以看出样品的许多细节,尤其在折射率突变处。而同样条件下基于吸收衬度机制的硬X射线吸收成像，由于是弱吸收样品．没有观察到任何图像。

光电子放大的X射线全息实时成像系统

本文介绍一种将同步辐射X射线成像与电子光学显微技术结合起来的实时记录方法。通过加速阳极对电子束的加速，控制其波长，再经过一个中心对称的电磁透镜系统的放大，最后到达CCD记录并输出，通过计算机实时重构出高分辨率的显微图像。该放大系统还可以应用到同步辐射的X射线相衬、显微和层析方面。对同步辐射应用技术的发展将产生不可估量的影响。

Attosecond X-ray pulse obtained from linear Thomson scattering

Linear Thomson scattering by a relativistic electron of a short pulse laser has been investigated by computer simulation. Under a laser field with a pulse of 33.3-fs full-width at half-maximum, and the initial energy of an electron of gamma(0) = 10, the motion of the electron is relativistic and generates an ultrashort radiation of 76-as with a photon wave length of 2.5-nm in the backward scattering. The radiation under a high relativistic energy electron has better characteristic than under a low relativistic energy electron in terms of the pulse width and the angular distribution. (c) 2005 Elsevier GrnbH. All rights reserved.

关于X射线同轴位相衬度成像的研究(英文)

利用模糊函数对部分相干源相X射线衬成像进行了详细的理论分析．列举了不同条件下的实验结果．通过与吸收成像相比较，相衬成像无疑对生物样品的内部结构有更高的对比度和可见度．

X射线相衬成像

本文介绍了近年来X射线位相衬度成像技术的发展状况，详细论述了X射线干涉相衬、衍射增强相衬，类同轴相衬和数字位相重构等几种典型的成像原理，讨论了影响成像衬度与分辨率的若干因素，并对位相成像的发展趋势作了展望。

硬X射线相衬成像技术

介绍了近年来硬X射线位相衬度成像技术的发展状况，详细论述了X射线干涉相衬、衍射增强相衬，类同轴相衬等几种典型的成像原理。