997 resultados para Cdna


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Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is one of the abundant and ubiquitously expressed proteins in metazoans In the present study, the first molluscan TCTP (denoted as VpTCTP) was identified from Venerupis philippinarum haemocytes by EST and RACE approaches The full-length cDNA of VpTCTP consisted of 1148 nucleotides with an open-reading frame of 555 bp encoding 184 amino acids The deduced amino acid sequence of VpTCTP shared high similarity with TCTPs from other species, indicating that VpTCTP should be a new member of TCTP family Several highly conserved motifs, including 5'terminal ologopyrimidine (5'TOP) starting sequence and rich AU and AUUT elements in 3'UTR, were also identified in VpTCTP The tissue and temporal expression of VpTCTP after Vi boo anguillarum challenge was recorded by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. VpTCTP transcript could be detected in all examined tissues with the highest expression level in haemocytes and the lowest in hepatopancreas Concerning the time-course expression in haemocytes, the relative expression of VpTCTP mRNA was down-regulated sharply from 6 h to 12 h post-infection. Then, the expression level was obviously up-regulated and reached 3.4-fold to that in the control group at 48 h post challenge As time progressed, the expression of VpTCTP recovered to the original level at 96 h. All these results indicated that VpTCTP was an acute-phase protein involved in the Immune response of V philippinarum (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The anti-lipopolysaccharide factor CALF) is a small basic protein that can bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mediating degranulation and activation of an intracellular coagulation cascade. In the present study, cDNA of the second Eriocheir sinensis ALF (designated as EsALF-2) was cloned and the full-length cDNA of EsALF-2 was of 724 bp, consisting of an open reading frame (ORF) of 363 bp encoding a polypeptide of 120 amino acids. The deduced amino acid of EsALF-2 shared 82% similarity with EsALF-1 from E. sinensis and about 53-65% similarity with ALFs from other crustaceans. The potential tertiary structures of EsALF-1 and EsALF-2 contained two highly conserved-cysteine residues to define the LPS binding site, but the N-terminal of EsALF-1 formed a single additional alpha-helix compared to EsALF-2, implying that EsALF-1 and EsALF-2 might represent different biological functions in E. sinensis. The mRNA transcript of EsALF-2 was detected in all examined tissues of healthy crabs, including haemocytes, hepatopancreas, gill, muscle, heart and gonad, which suggested that EsALF-2 could be a multifunctional molecule for the host immune defense responses and thereby provided systemic protection against pathogens. The mRNA expression of EsALF-2 was up-regulated after Listonelln anguillarum and Pichia pastoris challenge and the recombinant protein of EsALF-2 showed antimicrobial activity against L. anguillarum and P. pastoris. indicating that EsALF-2 was involved in the immune defense responses in Chinese mitten crab against L. anguillarum and P. pastoris. These results together indicated that there were abundant and diverse ALFs in E. sinensis with various biological functions and these ALFs would provide candidate promising therapeutic or prophylactic agents in health management and diseases control of crab aquaculture. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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C-type lectins are a superfamily of carbohydrate-recognition proteins which play crucial roles as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the innate immunity. In this study, the full-length cDNA of a C-type lectin was cloned from scallop Chlamys farreri (designated as Cflec-5) by expression sequence tag (EST) analysis and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach The full-length cDNA of Cflec-5 was of 1412 bp. The open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 153 amino acids, including a signal sequence and a conserved carbohydrate-recognition domain with the EPN motif determining the mannose-binding specificity The deduced amino acid sequence of Cflec-5 showed high similarity to members of C-type lectin superfamily. The quantitative real-time PCR was performed to investigate the tissue distribution of Cflec-5 mRNA and its temporal expression profiles in hemocytes post pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) stimulation. In healthy scallops, the Cflec-5 mRNA was mainly detected in gill and mantle, and marginally in other tissues The mRNA expression of Cflec-5 could be significantly induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucan stimulation and reached the maximum level at 6 h and 12 h, respectively But its expression level did not change significantly during peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulation The function of Cflec-5 was investigated by recombination and expression of the cDNA fragment encoding its mature peptide in Escherichia coli Rosetta Gami (DE3) The recombinant Cflec-5 agglutinated Pichia pastoris in a calcium-independent way The agglutinating activity could be inhibited by D-mannose. LPS and glucan, but not by D-galactose or PGN. These results collectively suggested that Cflec-5 was involved in the innate Immune response of scallops and might contribute to nonself-recognition through its interaction with various PAMPs (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

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Ferritin, the iron storage protein, plays a key role in iron metabolism. A cDNA encoding ferritin (FcFer) was cloned from hepatopancreas of Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The predicted protein contains 170 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight (MW) about 19, 422.89 Da and theoretical isoelectric point (PI) of 4.73. Amino acid alignment of FcFer revealed 97% homology with Litopenaeus vannamei ferritin. Results of the RT-PCR showed that the expression of FcFer mRNA was up-regulated after shrimp was challenged with either white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or heavy metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+) in the laboratory. A fusion protein containing FcFer was produced and the purified recombinant protein exhibited similar function of iron uptake in vitro. The result of in-gel digestion and identification using LC-ESI-MS showed that two peptide fragments (-DDVALPGFAK- and -LLEDEYLEEQVDS1KK-) of the recombinant protein were identical to the corresponding sequence of L. vannamei ferritin. The recombinant FcFer protein will be proved useful for study on the structure and function of ferritin in F chinensis. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Ferritins are conserved Iron storage proteins that exist in most living organisms and play an essential role in Iron homeostasis. In this study, we reported the identification and analysis a ferritin M subunit, SmFerM, from turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The full length cDNA of SmFerM contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 232 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 531 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 196 bp The ORF encodes a putative protein of 176 amino acids, which shares extensive sequence identities with the M terrains of several fish species. In silico analysis identified in SmFerM both the ferroxidase center of mammalian H ferritins and the iron nucleation site of mammalian L ferritins. Quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis indicated that SmFerM expression was highest in muscle and lowest in heart and responded positively to experimental challenges with bacterial pathogens and poly(I center dot C) Exposure of cultured turbot hepatocytes to treatment of stress inducers (iron, copper, and H2O2) significantly upregulated the expression of SmFerM in a dose dependent manner. Iron chelating analysis showed that recombinant SmFerM purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent iron binding activity. These results suggest that SmFerM is a functional M ferritin and is likely to play a role in iron sequestration and protection against oxidative stress and microbial infection (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

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Serine protease inhibitors, critical regulators of endogenous proteases, are found in all multicellular organisms and play crucial roles in host physiological and immunological effector mechanisms. The first mollusk serine proteinase inhibitor (designated AISPI) cDNA was obtained from the bay scallop Argopecten irradians by randomly sequencing a whole tissue cDNA library and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of the scallop serine protease inhibitor was 1020 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 39 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 147 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly(A) tail, and an open reading frame of 834 bp. The AISPI cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 278 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acids and a mature protein of 256 amino acids. The deduced amino-acid sequence of AISPI contained six tandem and homologous domains similar to that of Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors, including the conserved sequence C-X(7)-C-X(6)-Y-X(3)-C-X(2,3)-C and six cysteine residues responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges, indicating that the AISPI protein from bay scallop should be a member of the Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor family. The temporal expression of AISPI was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR after injury or bacterial challenge. After the adductor muscle was wounded or injected with Vibrio anguillarum, the expression of AISPI mRNA in hemolymph was up-regulated and reached the maximum level at 8 and 16 h, respectively, and then progressively dropped back to the original level. The results indicated that AISPI could play an important role in injury healing and immune response in mollusks as it could be induced by injury and bacterial challenge. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A new member of antimicrobial protein genes of the Crustin family was cloned from haemocytes of the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis by 3' and 5' RACE. The full-length cDNA of Crustin-like gene contains a 390 bp open reading frame, encoding 130 amino acids. The deduced peptide contains a putative signal peptide of 17 amino acids and mature peptide of 113 amino acids. The molecular mass of the deduced mature peptide is 12.3 ku. It is highly cationic with a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.5. The deduced amino acids sequence of this Crustin showed high homology with those of Penaeus (Litopenaeas) setferus. Northern blotting showed that the cloned Crustin gene was mainly expressed in haemocytes, gill, intestine, and RNA in situ hybridization indicated that the Crustin gene was constitutively expressed exclusively in haemocytes of these tissues. Capillary electrophoresis RT-PCR analysis showed that Crustin was up-regulated dramatically from 12 to 48 h after a brief decrease of mRNA during first 6 h in response to microbe infection. The level of Crustin mRNA began to restore at 72 h post-challenge. This indicated that Crustin gene might play an important role when shrimps are infected by bacterial pathogen.

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A full length amphioxus cDNA, encoding a novel phosducin-like protein (Amphi-PhLP), was identified for the first time from the gut cDNA library of Branchiostoma belcheri. It is comprised of 1 550 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 241 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 28 kDa. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed a tissue-specific expression pattern of Amphi-PhLP with the high levels in the ovary, and at a lower level in the hind gut and testis, hepatic caecum, gill, endostyle, and epipharyngeal groove, while it was absent in the muscle, neural tube and notochord. In the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the expression plasmid pEGFP-N1/Amphi-PhLP, the fusion protein was targeted in the cytoplasm of CHO cells, suggesting that Amphi-PhLP is a cytosolic protein. This work may provide a framework for further understanding of the physiological function of Amphi-PhLP in B. belcheri.

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针对目前刺参养殖过程中亟需解决的种质、环境和产品品质之间日益突出的矛盾,本论文从刺参的自身防御和内分泌机制入手,比较系统地研究了环境胁迫与细胞免疫和应激激素之间的作用机理;并从生理和分子的角度对刺参的夏眠机理进行了初步研究,主要研究成果如下: 1. 查阅国内外大量文献资料,较为系统地综述了海参的免疫体系、生态免疫学研究进展、当前夏眠机理的研究状况和刺参夏眠的基础研究。对刺参生态免疫及其夏眠机理研究提出了新的见解和思路。 2. 研究了温度(0、8、16、24、32℃)和盐度(20、25、35)的急性胁迫(72h)作用对刺参免疫指标的影响。刺参体腔液内几种免疫酶类活性受升温胁迫影响显著;而降温胁迫的影响并不显著。高盐胁迫可使刺参体腔液细胞吞噬活性、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著变化,而对髓过氧化物酶和溶菌酶活性都没有显著影响。从这几种免疫指标变化情况来看,温度胁迫对刺参的影响要强于盐度胁迫,且高温胁迫的影响要强于低温胁迫。 3. 研究了温度(8、16、24℃)、盐度(20、25、35)和露空等急性胁迫(24h)作用对刺参体腔液儿茶酚胺类激素含量的影响。急性温度胁迫能够显著影响刺参体腔液内肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的含量;而盐度和露空胁迫对刺参体腔液肾上腺素含量、去甲肾上腺素含量以及多巴胺含量都没有产生显著影响。 4. 完成了刺参体腔液几种酶类变化的周年测定(2006年7月到2007年6月)。一年内刺参体腔液内几种酶类变化的转折点为9月份,10月份,1月份,2月份,4月份和5月份。刺参体腔液内几种酶类活性变化与温度和盐度等环境因素并不存在简单的相关关系,因此推测这些显著变化并不是单一温度、盐度等因素作用的结果,还可能与刺参生长、繁殖及其它环境因素的作用有关。 5. 开展了夏眠期间刺参免疫指标的现场研究(2006年7月到11月)。在此期间刺参体腔液细胞总数显著下降;刺参体腔液内免疫相关酶类均在8月份、9月份达到最高值;肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的含量均在8月下旬和11月下旬显著升高,而多巴胺含量则没有显著变化。刺参完全进入夏眠的8、9月份,体腔液内各项免疫指标也都具有显著变化,说明夏眠对刺参机体的免疫状态产生影响。 6. 探讨了刺参夏眠前后肠道基因表达的差异(2007年7月至12月)。抑制消减杂交实验结果表明接头连接效率大于50%,说明连接效率较高。消减效率分析结果表明,消减后进行cDNA保守序列扩增比未消减落后约10个循环才能明显看到扩增产物,说明对共同序列的消减效率比较高。利用抑制消减杂交技术成功构建了符合技术要求的夏眠刺参与未夏眠刺参肠道抑制消减杂交基因文库。

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栉孔扇贝是我国北方一种重要的贝类养殖品种。自1997年以来爆发的栉孔扇贝大规模死亡,给地区经济造成了重大损失并且已经严重威胁着扇贝养殖业的健康发展。然而,到目前为止,对扇贝免疫防御分子机理的了解还很少,深入研究扇贝免疫应答的分子机制是认识和了解病害发生和实现病害控制的重要途径。本研究采用了EST大规模测序和3’RACE的方法,从栉孔扇贝cDNA文库中克隆到一个凝集素基因CfLec-2,并对功能进行了研究。 CfLec-2 cDNA全长708bp,5’非翻译区(Untranslated Region, UTR)含有59bp,3’非翻译区含有163bp,具有典型的多聚腺苷酸加尾信号序列AATAAA和多聚腺苷酸尾巴,开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF )含有486bp,编码162个氨基酸残基,该多肽的理论分子量为16.8 kDa,等电点为4.54。利用SignalP分析,发现其信号肽的剪切位置在VEA-QSL之间。经BLASTP比对分析可知,CfLec-2基因编码的蛋白与人的Brevican,Anguilla japonica的C-type lectin-1和C-type lectin-2, Rattus norvegicus的CD23有较高的相似性,其中与Brevican的一致性有37%。Clustal W多序列比对发现该多肽具有标准长型C型凝集素所必须的6个保守半胱氨酸和相对保守的糖识别位点。用SMART(Small Modular Architecture Research Tool)软件分析发现其具有一个保守的糖识别结构域(Carbohydrate-recognition Domain, CRD),氨基酸序列上第49、125、141、149位置上的半胱氨酸参与形成糖识别结构域,而位于N末端的第21和32位上的两个半胱胺酸形成额外的一个二硫键,位于115、116和117上的Glu、Pro、Asp则构成了糖识别位点。 将编码CfLec-2成熟肽段的cDNA序列克隆进pET32a(+)载体中,并在大肠杆菌Rosetta-gami(DE3)中重组表达CfLec-2。重组蛋白利用其具有的His tag纯化并复性后发现CfLec-2可以凝集溶血葡萄球菌,且凝集过程不需要钙离子的参与。并且,CfLec-2对大肠杆菌TOP10F’有微弱的抑菌活性,对溶壁微球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和鳗弧菌则没有抑菌活性。这一结果说明,CfLec-2可能不仅参与对入侵微生物的识别过程,而且可能作为效应分子起到了直接杀灭入侵微生物的作用。 本研究发现CfLec-2具有和以前在栉孔扇贝报道的CFLec-1完全不同的功 能,说明栉孔扇贝利用不同的凝集素来识别不同的病原,同时也暗示栉孔扇贝中可能有更多不同功能的凝集素有待发现。研究结果丰富和发展了海水无脊椎动物免疫学的内容,对进一步了解扇贝固有免疫的机制,实现养殖扇贝疾病防治具有重要参考价值。

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SNARE蛋白家族是所有真核细胞胞吐及分泌作用中的关键因子,由其介导的运输囊泡膜与靶膜的锚靠、融合为胞内蛋白的运出提供了一条重要途径。体外试验表明,Syntaxin6-Syntaxin7-Vti1b,SNAP-23-Syntaxin4等SNARE核心蛋白之间精确的相互作用是哺乳动物巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)运输和分泌的必备条件,在机体非特异性免疫应答反应过程中起重要作用。 本研究受上述启示,旨在揭示SNARE蛋白在海洋鱼类免疫细胞内重要细胞因子白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)的分泌过程中的作用。参照Percoll密度梯度离心技术,从鲈鱼头肾组织分离纯化巨噬细胞进行稳定培养;利用RT-PCR方法克隆出鲈鱼t-SNARE蛋白SNAP-23和Syntaxin3的部分cDNA序列,再结合先前克隆的VAMP2和已知的鲈鱼IL-1β,TNF-α和IL-8的基因序列,设计特异性引物。利用Real-time PCR技术在mRNA水平上精确测定鲈鱼巨噬细胞中上述6种基因在革兰氏阴性菌脂多糖(LPS)分子刺激下的表达变化,发现SNAP-23基因与三种细胞因子基因的表达正相关;通过免疫印迹检测SNAP-23蛋白表达变化,利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测IL-1β的分泌水平,在蛋白水平上验证了SNAP-23表达与IL-1β分泌的正相关性;利用5`RACE和3`RACE技术克隆出鲈鱼SNAP-23全长基因,结合定点突变策略和靶向PCR克隆手段,构建鲈鱼SNAP-23野生型融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23wt,Cys缺失突变融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23ΔCys和模拟E型肉毒神经毒素(BoNT/E)切割突变融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23ΔBoNT/E,以及鲈鱼IL-1β野生型融合表达质粒IL-1β-pEGFP和IL-1β-pEYFP。所有融合蛋白均在鲈鱼巨噬细胞内成功表达,结合ELISA实验结果发现,SNAP-23野生型的表达对IL-1β的分泌有促进作用,而Cys缺失突变体的表达则抑制IL-1β向胞外分泌。首次证实了鱼类巨噬细胞内SNAP-23蛋白在IL-1β分泌过程中的重要作用。此外通过与GFP共表达,定位了IL-1β分子在巨噬细胞内的分布,发现新合成的IL-1β分子很可能像TNFα一样经“内质网-胞质-伪足-胞外” 的分泌路径运出胞外。

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中华绒螯蟹是我国重要的水产经济动物,近年来养殖规模不断扩大,产量持续增加。但是,伴随着养殖规模的扩大,养殖环境也日益恶化并导致了大量疾病的发生,严重制约了中华绒螯蟹养殖业的健康发展。因此,疾病预防和控制对中华绒螯蟹养殖业的可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用。与其他无脊椎动物一样,中华绒螯蟹的免疫系统没有免疫球蛋白和淋巴细胞,而是依靠由细胞免疫和体液免疫构成的固有免疫系统来对病原进行识别和清除。中华绒螯蟹的固有免疫机制的研究有助于推动中华绒螯蟹病害防治工作的开展。 本研究采用大规模EST测序方法,结合末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术从中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中克隆到了过氧化物还原酶(peroxiredoxin,EsPrx6)和硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin,EsTrx1)基因的cDNA 全长序列;采用实时荧光定量PCR 技术检测了这两个基因在健康个体中表达的组织分布情况以及鳗弧菌刺激后血淋巴细胞中的时序表达规律;同时,将这两个基因的编码区克隆到pET 系列载体,并在大肠杆菌中实现了重组表达,并进行了体外活性检测。 过氧化物还原酶是一个抗氧化蛋白超家族,在保护机体免受活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的伤害中发挥着重要作用。中华绒螯蟹Prx6(EsPrx6) 基因的cDNA 全长为1076 bp,5` UTR(untranslated region,UTR) 为69 bp,3` UTR 为347 bp,开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)为660 bp,编码219 个氨基酸的蛋白。mRNA 3`-端具有多聚腺苷酸加尾信号(polyadenylation signal)AATAAA 和polyA 尾巴。EsPrx6 的预测分子量为 24 kDa,理论等电点为6.21,具有一个保守的Prx 结构域、一个AhpC 结构域和过氧化物酶催化活性中心PVCTTE,表明EsPrx6 属于1-Cys 型Prx。在所检测的组织中均有EsPrx6 的表达,其中以肝胰腺表达量最高,为血淋巴细胞中表达量的17.4 倍。鳗弧菌刺激后,血淋巴细胞中EsPrx6 的表达下降,到12 h 时,实验组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);随时间推移,表达水平逐渐回升,但在整个实验期间,都没有恢复到起始水平。将EsPrx6 进行体外重组并在大肠杆菌E. coli BL21(DE3)中实现表达,重组EsPrx6 具有预期的抗氧化活性和过氧化物酶活性,其中抗氧化活力为14.69 U/mg 蛋白,高于相同条件下GSH 的抗氧化力(P<0.05),过氧化物酶活力为23.46 U/mg 蛋白。结果表明,EsPrx6 作为一种重要的抗氧化剂,在中华绒螯蟹抵御ROS 可能引起的氧化损伤方面具有重要作用。 硫氧还蛋白是广泛存在于生物体内的一种具有硫醇依赖性的具有还原活性的蛋白。中华绒螯蟹Trx1(EsTrx1)基因的cDNA 全长为641 bp,5` UTR 为17 bp,3` UTR 为306 bp,开放阅读框为318 bp,编码105 个氨基酸。EsTrx1 的预测分子量为12.2 kDa,理论等电点为4.8。EsTrx1 不含信号肽,其氨基酸序列与其他动物的Trx1s 具有高度相似性,如与地中海黄蝎的Trx1 相似度达到73%;而与其他物种Trx2 的同源性很低,相似度仅为14.3-22.8%,表明EsTrx1 属于Trx1 亚族。实时荧光定量PCR 检测发现,EsTrx1 在鳃、性腺、肝胰腺、肌肉、心脏和血淋巴细胞中都有表达。血淋巴细胞中EsTrx1 mRNA 的表达量在菌刺激后上升,刺激后6 h,实验组表达量显著高于对照组和空白组(P<0.05),然后逐渐恢复到刺激前水平。为进一步探讨其生物学功能,将EsTrx1 进行体外重组并在大肠杆菌E. coli BL21(DE3)得到表达,重组EsTrx1 具有预期的氧化还原调节活性,抗氧化活力为3.06 U/mg,且抗氧化活力高于GSH(P<0.05)。rEsTrx1 的二硫键还原活力为5.03,低于凡纳滨对虾的二硫键还原活力(10.44),接近于大肠杆菌(4.93),小牛胸腺(6.50)和小牛肝脏(5.09),而高于鲍鱼Trx2(1.83)活力。结果表明,EsTrx1 在生理条件下能够作为一种重要的抗氧化剂,参与对细菌感染的免疫应答反应。

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对虾病害在世界范围内的广泛传播,给水产养殖和沿海农村经济造成了重大损失。深入开展对虾免疫机制研究并在此基础上寻找对虾疾病防治的有效方法已成为当务之急。研究表明,当对虾等甲壳动物受到外界病原刺激时,其体内的吞噬细胞在吞噬活动中会激活磷酸己糖支路的代谢,引起呼吸爆发,产生多种活性氧分子。另外,受到病原侵染的对虾还会产生其他多种免疫反应,这些免疫反应将消耗大量的能量(ATP),产能的呼吸链会加速运转,由此也会引发大量活性氧的产生。这些活性氧分子可以杀灭入侵的病原微生物,但同时由于活性氧分子反应的非特异性,它们也会对宿主的细胞、组织和器官造成严重伤害,进而导致对虾生理机能的损伤和免疫系统的破坏。所以,消除对虾体内因过度免疫反应产生的过量氧自由基将能够增强其抵御病原侵染的能力,提高免疫力。本论文从中国明对虾体内克隆了线粒体型超氧化物歧化酶(mMnSOD)、胞质型超氧化物歧化酶(cMnSOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase)和过氧化物还原酶(Peroxiredoxin)等四种与免疫系统相关的抗氧化酶基因,分析了它们的分子结构特征,组织分布及应答不同病原刺激的表达变化模式,并对其中的mMnSOD基因和Peroxiredoxin基因进行了体外重组表达、分离纯化和酶活性分析。 采用RACE技术从中国明对虾血细胞中克隆了两个超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)基因,通过序列比对分析发现,其中一个为mMnSOD基因,另一个为cMnSOD基因。mMnSOD基因的cDNA全长为1185个碱基,其中开放阅读框为660个碱基,编码220个氨基酸,其中推测的信号肽为20个氨基酸。多序列比对结果显示中国明对虾mMnSOD基因的推导氨基酸序列与罗氏沼虾、蓝蟹的推导氨基酸序列同源性分别为88%和82%。Northern blot结果表明,该基因在对虾的肝胰脏、血细胞、淋巴器官、肠、卵巢、肌肉和鳃等组织中均有表达。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,对虾感染病毒3 h时,该基因在血细胞和肝胰脏中的转录水平显著升高。此外,通过构建原核表达载体,本研究对该基因进行了体外重组表达,并对纯化的重组蛋白进行了质谱鉴定和酶活分析。cMnSOD基因的cDNA全长为1284个碱基,其中开放阅读框为861个碱基,编码287个氨基酸。多序列比对结果显示中国明对虾cMnSOD基因的推导氨基酸序列与斑节对虾和凡纳滨对虾的同源性高达98%和94%。组织半定量结果显示,cMnSOD基因在对虾被检测的各个组织中均有表达。 另外,半定量RT-PCR结果表明,对虾感染病毒23h时,该基因在肝胰脏中的转录上升到正常水平的3.5倍;而感染后59 h时,该基因在血细胞中的转录上升到正常水平的2.5倍。 利用根据其他生物过氧化氢酶保守氨基酸序列设计的简并引物,结合RACE技术,从中国明对虾肝胰脏中克隆到了过氧化氢酶基因的部分片段,片段长1725个碱基。多序列比对结果发现目前所得中国明对虾Catalase基因部分片段的推导氨基酸序列与罗氏沼虾和皱纹盘鲍Catalase氨基酸序列的同源性分别达到95%和73%。通过实时荧光定量PCR技术对中国明对虾Catalase基因在各个组织中的分布情况及病毒感染后该基因在血细胞和肝胰脏中的转录变化进行了研究。结果发现,该基因在肝胰脏、鳃、肠和血细胞中表达水平较高,在卵巢、淋巴器官和肌肉中的表达水平相对较弱;感染病毒23 h和37 h时,对虾血细胞和肝胰脏中该基因mRNA的表达量分别出现显著性上升。 依据中国明对虾头胸部cDNA文库提供的部分片段信息,结合SMART-RACE技术,从中国明对虾肝胰脏中克隆到了过氧化物还原酶基因(Peroxiredoxin), 该基因的cDNA全长为942个碱基,其中开放阅读框为594个碱基,编码198个氨基酸。中国明对虾Peroxiredoxin基因的推断氨基酸序列与伊蚊、文昌鱼和果蝇等Peroxiredoxin基因的推断氨基酸序列同源性分别为77%、76%和73%。其蛋白理论分子量为22041.17 Da,pI为5.17。Northern blot结果表明,Peroxiredoxin基因在对虾的肝胰脏、血细胞、淋巴器官、肠、卵巢、肌肉和鳃等组织中均有表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,弧菌感染后,该基因在对虾血细胞和肝胰脏中的转录水平都有明显变化并且表达模式不同。另外,对该基因进行了体外重组表达,并对纯化的重组蛋白进行了质谱鉴定和酶活性分析。酶活性分析表明,复性后的重组蛋白能在DTT存在的条件下还原H2O2。

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对虾流行病爆发以来,我国乃至世界的对虾产业一直受到各种虾病的困扰,对虾养殖业严重受阻。解决这一问题的关键是加强对虾免疫机制的研究,并在此基础上寻找对虾疾病防治的有效方法。Rel/NF-κB是一类核转录因子,在无脊椎动物的先天性免疫中,起着极为重要的作用。 本论文根据其他无脊椎动物中NF-κB家族基因Relish和Dorsal的保守氨基酸序列分别设计简并引物,从中国明对虾血细胞cDNA中先后克隆到了Relish和Dorsal基因的部分片段,并结合SMART-RACE技术分别获得了中国明对虾Relish基因(FcRelish)和Dorsal基因(FcDorsal)的cDNA 全长。 FcRelish的cDNA 全长为2157个碱基,其中开放阅读框为1512个碱基,编码504个氨基酸;FcRelish蛋白的推导分子量为57373.5 Da,理论等电点为7.00。FcDorsal基因的cDNA 全长为1627个碱基,其中开放阅读框为1071个碱基,编码357个氨基酸;FcDorsal蛋白的推导分子量为39780.7 Da,理论等电点为8.85。 分析了FcRelish基因和FcDorsal基因的在血细胞、淋巴器官、肠和肌肉等12个组织中的表达水平。组织表达结果表明FcRelish和FcDorsal在淋巴器官和血细胞中表达水平明显高于其他组织,而淋巴器官和血细胞是对虾免疫系统中最重要的两个组织,由此可以推测中国明对虾中的Relish和Dorsal可能与免疫关系密切。 本论文还利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对灭活鳗弧菌刺激,以及WSSV病毒刺激后,对虾血细胞和淋巴器官中FcRelish基因和FcDorsal基因的转录水平进行了研究。FcRelish基因在WSSV病毒刺激后,在血细胞和淋巴器官中都出现了波浪形变化,说明FcRelish对WSSV病毒刺激产生了应答。在灭活鳗弧菌刺激后,FcRelish在血细胞中变化不明显,而在淋巴器官中出现了两次明显的下调上调交替,出现这种现象的具体原因有待探究。在WSSV病毒刺激后,血细胞和淋巴器官中FcDorsal的转录表达呈波浪形变化。而在鳗弧菌刺激后,FcDorsal在血细胞和淋巴器官中的转录均在短时间内出现明显的上调表达,说明FcDorsal对鳗弧菌非常敏感。 作为核转录因子的NF-κB蛋白的转录激活作用需要在细胞质中通过蛋白水解作用来激活,为了进一步阐明NF-κB对病菌感染的应答机制,需要进一步研究这两种转录因子在蛋白水平的变化,以便从分子水平阐明NF-κB在对虾天然免疫中的作用。

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栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)是我国北方地区主要的养殖贝类之一,曾为沿海各省带来巨大的经济效益。但自1997年以来,陆续爆发的病害问题给扇贝养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失,严重影响了该产业的健康发展。目前认为培育抗病性强的扇贝优良品种是解决病害问题的根本途径。由于传统的育种方法费时费力,无法满足对良种的迫切需求,因此有必要通过分子手段加快抗病品种的培育步伐。标记辅助育种(marker assisted selection,MAS)是成功应用于动物育种中的分子手段之一,但由于缺乏与抗病性状相关的标记,MAS目前还无法在软体动物中得到应用。因此,寻找与抗病性状相关的分子标记是在软体动物中发展MAS的关键。 本研究利用鳗弧菌(Listonella anguillarum)对栉孔扇贝进行攻毒感染实验,初步得到敏感群体和抗病群体后采用PCR、PCR-RFLP、Bi-PASA PCR等方法研究了CfLysG、CfC1qDC和CfLITAF基因多态性及其与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌抗性的关系。 研究发现,栉孔扇贝CfLysG的基因序列中共有104个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点和29个插入/缺失(I/D)多态性位点。有17个多态性位点位于启动子区域,选择其中的-753 I/D、-391A/G和-284I/D多态性进行检测,发现这三个位点的基因型在敏感群体和抗病群体中的分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05)。其中-753 ID基因型和-284 ID基因在抗病群体中的频率高于在敏感群体中的频率,但两者之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。-391 AG基因型在抗病群体中的频率显著高于敏感群体(P=0.007),表明-391 AG基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。为验证这一相关性,对-391位点不同基因型的扇贝进行攻毒感染实验。统计发现,具有-391 AA基因型的扇贝累计死亡率显著高于具有-391 AG基因型的扇贝(P=0.001),进一步证实了CfLysG基因-391 AG基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。CfLysG基因的外显子共有3处SNP,其中仅第三外显子上的+3473 A/C为非同义突变。统计分析表明,+3473位点不同基因型在敏感群体中的分布频率符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05),而在抗病群体中则偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.01)。+3473 AA基因型在抗病群体中的频率显著高于在敏感群体中的频率(P=0.022),表明+3473 AA基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。CfLysG基因第1内含子存在+96 I/D和+487 I/D两处大片段的I/D多态性。统计发现,这两个位点的基因型在敏感群体和抗病群体中的分布频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg 平衡(P>0.05)。其中+96 DD基因型和+487 ID基因型在抗病群体中的频率均略高于在敏感群体中的频率,但两者之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。表明这两个位点的多态性与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性无显著相关性。对CfLysG基因各多态性位点的统计分析表明,各位点之间存在不同程度的连锁不平衡,提示有单体型的存在。对19种频率>1%的单体型在敏感群体及抗病群体中的频率进行分析,发现-753 I/-391 G/-284 I/+96 I/+487 D/+3473 A单体型在抗病群体中的频率显著高于敏感群体(P=0.044),表明该单体型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。 在栉孔扇贝CfC1qDC基因cDNA序列上共发现14处SNP。对+423 T/C多态性与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌抗性的关系进行了分析。统计发现,+423位点各基因型在敏感群体和抗病群体中的分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05)。+423 TT基因型在抗病群体中的频率显著高于在敏感群体中的频率(P=0.005),表明+423 TT基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。 在栉孔扇贝CfLITAF基因cDNA序列中共发现3处SNP及1处I/D多态性。对+145 I/D多态性进行研究,发现所有敏感个体及抗病个体中均同时存在+145 位点所有等位基因,表明+145位点多态性与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性不相关。 以上研究表明,栉孔扇贝CfLysG基因-391 AG基因型、+3473 AA基因型、-753 I/-391 G/-284 I/+96 I/+487 D/+3473 A单体型以及CfC1qDC基因+423 TT基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关,提示它们可作为与栉孔扇贝抗病相关的候选分子标记应用于贝类抗病育种中,为贝类的标记辅助育种提供参考。此外,抗病相关分子标记的发现还有利于加深对扇贝发病机理的理解,并有助于发掘预防及治疗贝类疾病的新方法。