1000 resultados para Air bases


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The contribution of buildings towards total worldwide energy consumption in developed countries is between 20% and 40%. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), and more specifically Air Handling Units (AHUs) energy consumption accounts on average for 40% of a typical medical device manufacturing or pharmaceutical facility’s energy consumption. Studies have indicated that 20 – 30% energy savings are achievable by recommissioning HVAC systems, and more specifically AHU operations, to rectify faulty operation. Automated Fault Detection and Diagnosis (AFDD) is a process concerned with potentially partially or fully automating the commissioning process through the detection of faults. An expert system is a knowledge-based system, which employs Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods to replicate the knowledge of a human subject matter expert, in a particular field, such as engineering, medicine, finance and marketing, to name a few. This thesis details the research and development work undertaken in the development and testing of a new AFDD expert system for AHUs which can be installed in minimal set up time on a large cross section of AHU types in a building management system vendor neutral manner. Both simulated and extensive field testing was undertaken against a widely available and industry known expert set of rules known as the Air Handling Unit Performance Assessment Rules (APAR) (and a later more developed version known as APAR_extended) in order to prove its effectiveness. Specifically, in tests against a dataset of 52 simulated faults, this new AFDD expert system identified all 52 derived issues whereas the APAR ruleset identified just 10. In tests using actual field data from 5 operating AHUs in 4 manufacturing facilities, the newly developed AFDD expert system for AHUs was shown to identify four individual fault case categories that the APAR method did not, as well as showing improvements made in the area of fault diagnosis.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Conventional hedonic techniques for estimating the value of local amenities rely on the assumption that households move freely among locations. We show that when moving is costly, the variation in housing prices and wages across locations may no longer reflect the value of differences in local amenities. We develop an alternative discrete-choice approach that models the household location decision directly, and we apply it to the case of air quality in US metro areas in 1990 and 2000. Because air pollution is likely to be correlated with unobservable local characteristics such as economic activity, we instrument for air quality using the contribution of distant sources to local pollution-excluding emissions from local sources, which are most likely to be correlated with local conditions. Our model yields an estimated elasticity of willingness to pay with respect to air quality of 0.34-0.42. These estimates imply that the median household would pay $149-$185 (in constant 1982-1984 dollars) for a one-unit reduction in average ambient concentrations of particulate matter. These estimates are three times greater than the marginal willingness to pay estimated by a conventional hedonic model using the same data. Our results are robust to a range of covariates, instrumenting strategies, and functional form assumptions. The findings also confirm the importance of instrumenting for local air pollution. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an approach to characterize the spatial variability in ambient air concentrations using mobile platform measurements. This approach may be useful for air toxics assessments in Environmental Justice applications, epidemiological studies, and environmental health risk assessments. In this study, we developed and applied a method to characterize air toxics concentrations in urban areas using results of the recently conducted field study in Wilmington, DE. Mobile measurements were collected over a 4- x 4-km area of downtown Wilmington for three components: formaldehyde (representative of volatile organic compounds and also photochemically reactive pollutants), aerosol size distribution (representing fine particulate matter), and water-soluble hexavalent chromium (representative of toxic metals). These measurements were,used to construct spatial and temporal distributions of air toxics in the area that show a very strong temporal variability, both diurnally and seasonally. An analysis of spatial variability indicates that all pollutants varied significantly by location, which suggests potential impact of local sources. From the comparison with measurements at the central monitoring site, we conclude that formaldehyde and fine particulates show a positive correlation with temperature, which could also be the reason that photochemically generated formaldehyde and fine particulates over the study area correlate well with the fine particulate matter measured at the central site.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Twelve months of aerosol size distributions from 3 to 560nm, measured using scanning mobility particle sizers are presented with an emphasis on average number, surface, and volume distributions, and seasonal and diurnal variation. The measurements were made at the main sampling site of the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study from July 2001 to June 2002. These are supplemented with 5 months of size distribution data from 0.5 to 2.5μm measured with a TSI aerosol particle sizer and 2 months of size distributions measured at an upwind rural sampling site. Measurements at the main site were made continuously under both low and ambient relative humidity. The average Pittsburgh number concentration (3-500nm) is 22,000cm-3 with an average mode size of 40nm. Strong diurnal patterns in number concentrations are evident as a direct effect of the sources of particles (atmospheric nucleation, traffic, and other combustion sources). New particle formation from homogeneous nucleation is significant on 30-50% of study days and over a wide area (at least a hundred kilometers). Rural number concentrations are a factor of 2-3 lower (on average) than the urban values. Average measured distributions are different from model literature urban and rural size distributions. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Ambient sampling for the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS) was conducted from July 2001 to September 2002. The study was designed (1) to characterize particulate matter (PM) by examination of size, surface area, and volume distribution, chemical composition as a function of size and on a single particle basis, morphology, and temporal and spatial variability in the Pittsburgh region; (2) to quantify the impact of the various sources (transportation, power plants, biogenic sources, etc.) on the aerosol concentrations in the area; and (3) to develop and evaluate the next generation of atmospheric aerosol monitoring and modeling techniques. The PAQS objectives, study design, site descriptions and routine and intensive measurements are presented. Special study days are highlighted, including those associated with elevated concentrations of daily average PM2.5 mass. Monthly average and diurnal patterns in aerosol number concentration, and aerosol nitrate, sulfate, elemental carbon, and organic carbon concentrations, light scattering as well as gas-phase ozone, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide are discussed with emphasis on the processes affecting them. Preliminary findings reveal day-to-day variability in aerosol mass and composition, but consistencies in seasonal average diurnal profiles and concentrations. For example, the seasonal average variations in the diurnal PM2.5 mass were predominately driven by the sulfate component. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

© 2013 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.Social complexity, often estimated by group size, is seen as driving the complexity of vocal signals, but its relation to olfactory signals, which arguably arose to function in nonsocial realms, remains underappreciated. That olfactory signals also may mediate within-group interaction, vary with social complexity and promote social cohesion underscores a potentially crucial link with sociality. To examine that link, we integrated chemical and behavioural analyses to ask whether olfactory signals facilitate reproductive coordination in a strepsirrhine primate, the Coquerel's sifaka, Propithecus coquereli. Belonging to a clade comprising primarily solitary, nocturnal species, the diurnal, group-living sifaka represents an interesting test case. Convergent with diurnal, group-living lemurids, sifakas expressed chemically rich scent signals, consistent with the social complexity hypothesis for communication. These signals minimally encoded the sex of the signaller and varied with female reproductive state. Likewise, sex and female fertility were reflected in within-group scent investigation, scent marking and overmarking. We further asked whether, within breeding pairs, the stability or quality of the pair's bond influences the composition of glandular signals and patterns of investigatory or scent-marking behaviour. Indeed, reproductively successful pairs tended to show greater similarity in their scent signals than did reproductively unsuccessful pairs, potentially through chemical convergence. Moreover, scent marking was temporally coordinated within breeding pairs and was influenced by past reproductive success. That olfactory signalling reflects social bondedness or reproductive history lends support to recent suggestions that the quality of relationships may be a more valuable proxy than group size for estimating social complexity. We suggest that olfactory signalling in sifakas is more complex than previously recognized and, as in other socially integrated species, can be a crucial mechanism for promoting group cohesion and maintaining social bonds. Thus, the evolution of sociality may well be reflected in the complexity of olfactory signalling.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

BACKGROUND: The respiratory tract is a major target of exposure to air pollutants, and respiratory diseases are associated with both short- and long-term exposures. We hypothesized that improved air quality in North Carolina was associated with reduced rates of death from respiratory diseases in local populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the trends of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia mortality and changes of the levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) using monthly data measurements from air-monitoring stations in North Carolina in 1993-2010. The log-linear model was used to evaluate associations between air-pollutant levels and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 of population) calculated for 5-year age-groups and for standard 2000 North Carolina population. The studied associations were adjusted by age group-specific smoking prevalence and seasonal fluctuations of disease-specific respiratory deaths. RESULTS: Decline in emphysema deaths was associated with decreasing levels of SO2 and CO in the air, decline in asthma deaths-with lower SO2, CO, and PM10 levels, and decline in pneumonia deaths-with lower levels of SO2. Sensitivity analyses were performed to study potential effects of the change from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 to ICD-10 codes, the effects of air pollutants on mortality during summer and winter, the impact of approach when only the underlying causes of deaths were used, and when mortality and air-quality data were analyzed on the county level. In each case, the results of sensitivity analyses demonstrated stability. The importance of analysis of pneumonia as an underlying cause of death was also highlighted. CONCLUSION: Significant associations were observed between decreasing death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and decreases in levels of ambient air pollutants in North Carolina.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Air pollution is a common problem. Particulate matter generated from air pollution has been tied to adverse health outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease. Biomass fuels are a specific contributor to increased particulate matter and arise as a result of indoor heating, cook stoves and indoor food preparation. This is a two part cross sectional study looking at communities in the Madre de Dios region. Survey data was collected from 9 communities along the Madre de Dios River. Individual level household PM2.5 was also collected as a means to generate average PM data stratified by fuel use. Data collection was affected by a number of outside factors, which resulted in a loss of data. Results from the cross-sectional study indicate that hypertension is not a significant source of morbidity. Obesity is prevalent and significantly associated with kitchen venting method indicating a potential relationship.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We study the generation of supercontinua in air-silica microstructured fibers by both nanosecond and femtosecond pulse excitation. In the nanosecond experiments, a 300-nm broadband visible continuum was generated in a 1.8-m length of fiber pumped at 532 nm by 0.8-ns pulses from a frequency-doubled passively Q-switched Nd:YAG microchip laser. At this wavelength, the dominant mode excited under the conditions of continuum generation is the LP 11 mode, and, with nanosecond pumping, self-phase modulation is negligible and the continuum generation is dominated by the interplay of Raman and parametric effects. The spectral extent of the continuum is well explained by calculations of the parametric gain curves for four-wave mixing about the zero-dispersion wavelength of the LP11 mode. In the femtosecond experiments, an 800-nm broad-band visible and near-infrared continuum has been generated in a 1-m length of fiber pumped at 780 nm by 100-fs pulses from a Kerr-lens model-locked Ti:sapphire laser. At this wavelength, excitation and continuum generation occur in the LP01 mode, and the spectral width of the observed continuum is shown to be consistent with the phase-matching bandwidth for parametric processes calculated for this fiber mode. In addition, numerical simulations based on an extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation were used to model supercontinuum generation in the femtosecond regime, with the simulation results reproducing the major features of the experimentally observed spectrum. © 2002 Optical Society of America.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

La inundación es un factor importante que afecta la implantación y producción de especies forrajeras en ecosistemas de pastizales anegables. Chloris gayana K. y Panicum coloratum L. son dos gramíneas tropicales cuyo uso como forrajera en ambientes templados se ha incrementado recientemente. En esta tesis se realizaron dos experimentos para evaluar la tolerancia de estas especies a eventos de inundación en los estadíos de plántula (implantación, Exp. 1) y de planta adulta (producción, Exp. 2). En el primer experimento plántulas de dos semanas de ambas especies fueron sometidas a tratamientos i) control, ii) sumersión parcial (SP) y iii) sumersión completa (SC) por 14 días, seguidos de un período de recuperación de 12 días. Ambas especies presentaron aerénquima constitutivo en sus raíces, que aumentó considerablemente bajo tratamientos de sumersión. La altura de plántulas sólo difirió de los controles en SC: C. gayana aumentó su altura rápidamente emergiendo del agua mientras P. coloratum no creció, manteniéndose siempre bajo el agua. La respuesta de "escape. exhibida por C. gayana se asoció a una asignación preferencial de biomasa hacia la parte aérea y un marcado alargamiento de las láminas foliares. P. coloratum no mostró cambios en la asignación de biomasa y sus hojas fueron más pequeñas. La biomasa final de C. gayana fue similar bajo SP y SC; mientras que P. coloratum redujo notablemente la biomasa bajo SC incluso al final del experimento, indicando que los daños provocados fueron persistentes. Así, C. gayana parece ser más prometedora para su implantación en pastizales propensos a inundaciones de mayor intensidad. En el segundo experimento se evaluó tolerancia a inundación de plantas adultas en diferentes momentos del ciclo de crecimiento (inundación invernal durante el reposo vegetativo vs. inundación primaveral durante el rebrote). Plantas de 10 meses (mayor a 30 cm altura) fueron sujetas a tratamientos (i) control (ii) inundación invernal por 50 días durante el reposo vegetativo (I), (iii) inundación primaveral por 20 días durante el rebrote (P) y (iv) inundación continua por 70 días (I+P). Luego, se dejaron crecer las plantas por 30 días para evaluar su recuperación. La inundación durante el invierno provocó una reducción del 43-57 por ciento en la biomasa aérea y radical de C. gayana; mientras que P. coloratum no fue afectado. C. gayana mostró una leve mejor tolerancia a la inundación primaveral en comparación a P. coloratum mientras que cuando fue inundada en ambos períodos se detectaron efectos aditivos depresores sobre su biomasa, efecto que en P. coloratum no fue registrado. Al final del período de recuperación las plantas de ambas especies lograron recuperarse completamente, alcanzando una biomasa equivalente a los controles independientemente del tratamiento previo de inundación. Estos resultados sugieren que ambas especies son tolerantes a la inundación en fase adulta, con un compromiso en la reducción de biomasa que no supera el 30 por ciento. Se concluye que ambas especies resultan promisorias para su introducción en los pastizales anegables de la Pampa Deprimida, destacándose C. gayana para sitios donde la intensidad de inundación puede comprometer la sumersión completa en las primeras fases del establecimiento de las plantas.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

El cultivo de maíz pisingallo (Zea mays L. var. everta) es una alternativa conveniente en la diversificación de la producción de granos en Argentina, sin embargo las bases ecofisiológicas de la determinación del rendimiento y la calidad han sido fundamentadas sobre maíces de tipo dentado, mientras que en maíces pisingallo se desconocen. El objetivo de esta tesis es entender cómo los maíces pisingallos determinan sus componentes del rendimiento, el nivel de proteína en grano y su volumen de expansión (principal criterio de calidad comercial) por medio de un marco conceptual basado en el crecimiento y partición de biomasa del cultivo en torno a floración y durante el llenado efectivo de los granos. Durante 2007 y 2008 se llevaron a cabo tres experimentos a campo en donde la tasa de crecimiento por planta fue alterada por medio de tratamientos de densidad de siembra y de raleo de plantas y defoliaciones (en torno a floración y durante el llenado efectivo) en 4 genotipos dentados y 8 pisingallos. Ambos tipos de maíz tuvieron en común una fuerte asociación de su rendimiento con la capacidad potencial de rendimiento establecida en torno a floración (R2 igual a 0,93, p menor a 0,001), pero difirieron en la determinación del peso de grano. El peso de grano potencial en maíces pisingallos siempre fue menor ante una misma disponibilidad de asimilados por grano en torno a floración (p menor a 0,05), mientras que el peso final de grano se redujo menos que el de los dentados ante una misma disminución en la disponibilidad de asimilados durante el llenado (p menor a 0,05). La concentración y contenido de proteínas del grano, y su volumen de expansión, estuvieron asociados principalmente a la tasa de crecimiento por planta por grano durante el llenado efectivo, y en menor medida con dicha tasa en torno a floración. Los resultados de esta tesis resaltan la importancia de las condiciones de crecimiento en torno a floración para la determinación del rendimiento dentro de un conjunto diverso de germoplasma de maíz (dentado y pisingallo) y demuestran, por primera vez, que el volumen de expansión de grano de maíz pisingallo puede ser predicho a partir del crecimiento del cultivo.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Las inundaciones y el pastoreo son disturbios importantes que modulan la estructura y el funcionamiento de pastizales húmedos. La inundación genera un ambiente anaeróbico en el suelo, disminuyendo la disponibilidad de oxígeno para las raíces, mientras que el pastoreo afecta a la vegetación mediante la defoliación selectiva del forraje. En primer lugar se investigaron los rasgos anatómicos y las respuestas fisiológicas relacionadas con el crecimiento bajo anaerobiosis de raíces de graminoides (Paspalidium geminatum, Cyperus eragrostis) y dicotiledóneas (Lotus tenuis, Rumex crispus) con distintos tipos de aerénquima. Se encontró que las graminoides mantienen la tasa de elongación de sus raíces bajo anaerobiosis, con alta proporción de aerénquima para conducir oxígeno y una barrera física (menor suberina) - constitutiva en P. geminatum e inducida en C. eragrostis - que limita la pérdida radial de oxígeno hacia la rizósfera. Por el contrario, las dicotiledóneas disminuyen la elongación radical en medio anaeróbico, a pesar de incrementar el aerénquima en sus raíces, asociado a una alta pérdida radial de oxígeno y una menor deposición de suberina en la corteza radical externa. En segundo lugar, se estudiaron las estrategias de crecimiento de L. tenuis y P. dilatatum bajo condiciones de sumersión parcial y completa de sus plantas (i.e. intensidad de inundación), con énfasis en el uso de carbohidratos de reserva. Se demostró que L. tenuis puede desarrollar dos estrategias de crecimiento: 'escape' del agua bajo sumersión parcial sin usar sus reservas y sobrevivir 30 días en estado de 'quiescencia' bajo sumersión completa utilizando sus reservas. Por el contrario, P. dilatatum sólo desarrolla 'escape' bajo sumersión parcial y no tolera (muere) la sumersión completa. En tercer lugar, se evaluaron las respuestas de L. tenuis y P. dilatatum frente a la combinación inundación/frecuencia de defoliación. Aquí se encontró que L. tenuis tolera los eventos sucesivos de defoliación bajo inundación, con un mínimo crecimiento, a partir de priorizar la emergencia de las hojas fuera del agua post-corte, utilizando exhaustivamente las reservas en coronas. Por el contrario, P. dilatatum no sobrevive a dos defoliaciones si se encuentra bajo anegamiento. De esta manera, si bien ambas especies toleran la inundación y la defoliación por separado, si estos estreses se combinan se compromete la supervivencia de la gramínea y el rebrote de la leguminosa. En consecuencia, resulta importante considerar el tiempo entre defoliaciones sucesivas, si el suelo está inundado, al momento de planificar las estrategias de manejo de estas especies en el pastizal

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Los virus fitopatógenos producen alteraciones en el metabolismo y la fisiología de sus huéspedes provocadas principalmente por alteraciones en la expresión génica durante las infecciones. Numerosos cambios están asociados a respuestas de estrés y defensa y sus efectos secundarios son probablemente causantes de los síntomas. El uso de plantas transgénicas que expresan proteínas virales constituye un sistema útil para estudiar la complejidad de la interacción planta-virus. Con el fin de determinar patrones de expresión génica alterados, se emplearon líneas que expresan proteínas del TMV sin función supresora del silenciamiento: la proteína de cápside mutada (CPT42W), la proteína de movimiento (MP) y una línea co-expresante (MPxCPT42W) que mostró alteraciones morfológicas (semejantes a síntomas) y de acumulación de miARNs. Se realizó un microarreglo para detectar cambios transcripcionales asociados a la coexpresión de CPT42W y MP, utilizando como control una línea isogénica con ambos transgenes silenciados y fenotipo normal (mpxcpT42W*). Se estudiaron procesos biológicos cuyos genes mostraron alteraciones por la co-expresión de CPT42W y MP, focalizando en vías relacionadas a estrés oxidativo, inmunidad innata y vías degradación de ARN. Se demostró que CPT42W y MP modularon la defensa innata de un modo complejo: MP parecería actuar como inductor de defensa, alterando los niveles de ERO y SA mientras que CP jugaría un rol antagónico, inhibiendo la expresión de PR-1 y RDR1. Por otro lado, estudios funcionales en vías de degradación de ARN, demostraron que genes componentes del ARN exosoma, inducidos por la expresión de MP y CPT42W, estarían implicados en la alteración de miARNs y constituirían mecanismos alternativos subyacentes a la generación de síntomas en infecciones virales. Este trabajo constituye un importante aporte al entendimiento de los mecanismos de defensa antiviral y de producción de síntomas, proporcionando herramientas para diseñar nuevas estrategias biotecnológicas de control de virosis en cultivos de interés agronómico.