Intussusceptive angiogenesis: its role in embryonic vascular network formation

Intussusceptive angiogenesis is a novel mode of blood vessel formation and remodeling, which occurs by internal division of the preexisting capillary plexus without sprouting. In this study, the process is demonstrated in developing chicken eye vasculature and in the chorioallantoic membrane by methylmethacrylate (Mercox) casting, transmission electron microscopy, and in vivo observation. In a first step of intussusceptive angiogenesis, the capillary plexus expands by insertion of numerous transcapillary tissue pillars, ie, by intussusceptive microvascular growth. In a subsequent step, a vascular tree arises from the primitive capillary plexus as a result of intussusceptive pillar formation and pillar fusions, a process we termed "intussusceptive arborization." On the basis of the morphological observations, a 4-step model for intussusceptive arborization is proposed, as follows: phase I, numerous circular pillars are formed in rows, thus demarcating future vessels; phase II, formation of narrow tissue septa by pillar reshaping and pillar fusions; phase III, delineation, segregation, growth, and extraction of the new vascular entity by merging of septa; and phase IV, formation of new branching generations by successively repeating the process, complemented by growth and maturation of all components. In contrast to sprouting, intussusceptive angiogenesis does not require intense local endothelial cell proliferation; it is implemented primarily by rearrangement and attenuation of the endothelial cell plates. In summary, transcapillary pillar formation, ie, intussusception, is a central and probably widespread process, which plays a role not only in capillary network growth and expansion (intussusceptive microvascular growth), but also in vascular plexus remodeling and tree formation (intussusceptive arborization).

Animal Guts as Ideal Chemical Reactors: Maximizing Absorption Rates

I solved equations that describe coupled hydrolysis in and absorption from a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), a plug flow reactor (PFR), and a batch reactor (BR) for the rate of ingestion and/or the throughput time that maximizes the rate of absorption (=gross rate of gain from digestion). Predictions are that foods requiring a single hydrolytic step (e.g., disaccharides) yield ingestion rates that vary inversely with the concentration of food substrate ingested, whereas foods that require multiple hydrolytic and absorptive reactions proceeding in parallel (e.g., proteins) yield maximal ingestion rates at intermediate substrate concentrations. Counterintuitively, then, animals acting to maximize their absorption rates should show compensatory ingestion (more rapid feeding on food of lower concentration), except for the lower range of diet quality fur complex diets and except for animals that show purely linear (passive) uptake. At their respective maxima in absorption rates, the PFR and BR yield only modestly higher rates of gain than the CSTR but do so at substantially lower rates of ingestion. All three ideal reactors show milder than linear reduction in rate of absorption when throughput or holding time in the gut is increased (e.g., by scarcity or predation hazard); higher efficiency of hydrolysis and extraction offset lower intake. Hence adding feeding costs and hazards of predation is likely to slow ingestion rates and raise absorption efficiencies substantially over the cost-free optima found here.

History of Atmospheric Lead Deposition Since 12,370 14C yr BP from a Peat Bog, Jura Mountains, Switzerland

A continuous record of atmospheric lead since 12,370 carbon-14 years before the present (14C yr BP) is preserved in a Swiss peat bog. Enhanced fluxes caused by climate changes reached their maxima 10,590 14C yr BP (Younger Dryas) and 823014C yr BP. Soil erosion caused by forest clearing and agricultural tillage increased lead deposition after 532014C yr BP. Increasing lead/scandium and decreasing lead-206/lead-207 beginning 3000 14C yr BP indicate the beginning of lead pollution from mining and smelting, and anthropogenic sources have dominated lead emissions ever since. The greatest lead flux (15.7 milligrams per square meter per year in A.D. 1979) was 1570 times the natural, background value (0.01 milligram per square meter per year from 8030 to 5320 14C yr BP).

Design of a systematic approach to workplace exposure medical surveillance protocols

Current toxic tort cases have increased national awareness of health concerns and present an important avenue in which public health scientists can perform a vital function: in litigation, and in public health initiatives and promotions which may result. This review presents a systematic approach, using the paradigm of interactive public health disciplines, for the design of a matrix framework for medical surveillance of workers exposed to toxic substances. The matrix framework design addresses the required scientific bases to support the legal remedy of medical monitoring for workers injured as a result of their exposure to toxic agents. A background of recent legal developments which have a direct impact on the use of scientific expertise in litigation is examined in the context of toxic exposure litigation and the attainment of public health goals. The matrix model is applied to five different workplace exposures: dental mercury, firefighting, vinyl chloride manufacture, radon in mining and silica. An exposure matrix designed by the Department of Energy for government nuclear workers is included as a reference comparison to the design matrix. ^

La minería transnacional y territorios posnacionales : un nuevo sentido histórico para Santa María, Catamarca

Este artículo versa sobre la relación entre la minería transnacional y la cuestión de la territorialidad vinculada a esta actividad. A medida que se abren fronteras, las relaciones sociales se vuelven más desterritorializadas, crece la búsqueda de las raíces culturales y nuevas experiencias locales se generan en respuesta a la emergencia de territorios posnacionales (Appadurai, 1999). Estas experiencias definen un nuevo sentido histórico para el oeste catamarqueño y Santa María – provincia de Catamarca, Argentina-, donde los sujetos sociales locales - situados históricamente en contextos de periferia del capitalismo global y nacional- mediatizan, interpelan y desnaturalizan algunas de las transformaciones espacio-temporales producidas a partir de la mega- minería en las últimas décadas, bajo un paradigma extractivista. Por su parte, los sujetos locales examinan su propia historia y analiza las conflictividades en torno a los recursos naturales, y en respuesta, constituyen territorios en red no articulados a los flujos globales del capital sino a espacios de resistencia.

Vegetación bioindicadora de metales pesados en un sistema semiárido

Evaluar la contaminación por metales pesados en los ecosistemas permite conocer la capacidad bioindicativa de especies vegetativas. El objetivo fue determinar la concentración de metales pesados en Prosopis laevigata, Acacia spp. y Schinus molle bajo el efecto de usos suelo y temporalidad. El área se sitúa en la colindancia de los Municipios de Soledad de Graciano Sánchez y San Luis Potosí fragmentada por usos de suelo: agropecuario, comercio y servicios, residencial urbano y minero. Fueron tomadas muestras de hojas de las tres especies en las estaciones de verano, otoño, invierno y primavera y se evaluó la concentración de metales pesados a través de la técnica de ICP-MS. Los análisis estadísticos indicaron niveles de Aluminio (Al) > Cinc (Zn) > Plomo (Pb) > Cobre (Cu) > Titanio (Ti) > Vanadio (V) > Arsénico (As) > Cromo (Cr) > Cadmio (Cd) > Cobalto (Co). Los elementos Al, As, Cd, Cr, Pb y Ti presentaron niveles por encima del umbral normal en vegetación. El uso de suelo tuvo efecto significativo con Al, Ti, Cd, As y Pb; los árboles ubicados en los usos de suelo minero, comercio y servicios tuvieron la mayor concentración. La especie tuvo efecto significativo con Al y Pb siendo Acacia spp. el que presentó la mayor capacidad de acumulación. La temporada del año impactó significativamente en la acumulación de As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr y Ti en las tres especies. La dinámica antropogénica de los diferentes usos de suelo genera partículas y residuos con metales pesados impactando en la disponibilidad y acumulación en las especies evaluadas. Se contribuye a evaluar el impacto ambiental en el sistema fragmentado recomendando dar continuidad a este tipo de estudios.

Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water samples from Mendoza River Basin by HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are considered persistent organic pollutants because of their ubiquity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Its harmful effects on human health and the environment, has led to its inclusion of the Stockholm Convention. Little information is found about PBDEs in abiotic systems of the South America in open literature. This paper reports the presence and concentration level of four PBDEs congeners in Mendoza River, Argentina. The selected PBDEs were: 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE- 100) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153). The analytical methodology used was head space-solid phase micro extraction combined with gas chromatographymass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS). Several variables, including pH, salting out, extraction technique type and extraction time were studied and optimized over the relative response the target analytes. The precision of HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS evaluated over five replicate, leading RSDs values <13%, detection limits (S/N=3) ranging from 0.03 pg ml-1 to 0.12 pg ml-1 and the calibration graph was linear with r2=0.9959. BDE-47 and BDE-100 were the predominant congeners found in the analyzed samples. Their concentrations ranged from not detected to 1.9 pg ml-1 and to 0.5 pg ml-1, respectively.

Energía geotérmica de baja entalpía

El actual aumento de concentraciones de gases de efecto invernadero, el agotamiento y encarecimiento de combustibles fósiles, y el cuidado del ambiente, son los motivos principales por los cuales el uso de las energías a partir de fuentes renovables está incrementando. La energía geotérmica es un tipo de energía potencialmente renovable. La misma presenta varias tipologías, siendo la de baja entalpía la que posee mayor disponibilidad en todo el mundo. Este tipo de energía se puede utilizar para climatizar ambientes, durante todo el año, debido a la estabilidad térmica que la misma brinda. Se ha realizado un análisis del recurso presente en los primeros metros de profundidad de suelo, bajo determinadas condiciones externas y de extracción, y dentro de estas circunstancias se obtuvieron datos de temperatura de suelo, y de aire (tanto arriba como debajo de la tierra), los cuales, luego de ser estudiados, fueron comprobados matemáticamente y pudieron brindar un ábaco que sirve como herramienta para ser utilizado en distintos aprovechamientos utilizando el prototipo elaborado, pudiendo reflejar en la realidad práctica las investigaciones realizadas.