Uniformity of karyotypes in Ligularia (Asteraceae : Senecioneae), a highly diversified genus of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau highlands and adjacent areas

Ligularia, a highly diversified genus in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent areas, was chosen as a suitable subject in which to study speciation patterns in this 'hot spot' area at the chromosomal level. Chromosome numbers and karyotypes were studied in 23 populations of 14 species, most of which are endemic to this area. The basic number x = 29 was confirmed for all species. Ligularia virgaurea was found to have diploid and triploid cytotypes, 2n = 58 and 87. Other species are only diploid, with 2n = 58. The karyotypes of all populations within any species, and all species spanning most sections and covering most of the morphological range in Ligularia, are very similar to each other, belonging to type 2A according to Stebbin's classification. This karyotype was also found in its close allies, e.g. Cremanthodium, Ligulariopsis, Parasenecio, and Sinacalia. Aneuploid reduction of chromosome number from 2n = 60 to 58 and karyotypic variation was found in Ligularia and its allies. Such a chromosomal pattern with few polyploids infers that variation of karyotype structure at the diploid level seems to be the predominant feature of chromosomal evolution in this group and sympatric speciation via hybridization and polyploidization has played a minor role in its species diversity. (C) 2004 The Linnean Society of London

关于我院发展技术科学的探讨

技术科学是与国计民生联系很密切的科学,在整个科学技术体系中占有很重要的位置。但是,对技术科学,特别是在我院如何发展等方面的问题上,长期以来意见不一,影响了这门学科的更好发展。周光召院长最近数次指出,今年我们重点要抓好技术科学方向的讨论,研究清楚我院技术科学如何发展的问题。为促进百家争鸣,并供领导部门决策时参考,本期特刊登沈阳自动化研究所所长蒋新松和力学研究所所长薛明伦就这方面问题发表自己见解的文章,期望能引起大家的讨论,欢迎大家踊跃投稿。

菲在土壤／沉积物上的吸附-解吸过程及滞后现象的研究

实验研究了菲在土壤／沉积物上的吸附一解吸过程。CHL土壤和HFH沉积物中有机质的固相^13C CP MAS NMR谱图很相似，表明样品中有机质的组成差异不大；菲在土壤／沉积物上的吸附过程表现出明显的非线性；线性模型不适合拟合菲的吸附等温线，Freundlich模型和双区位反应模型(DRDM)较好地拟合了菲的吸附等温线，其中DRDM模型还清楚地反映菲在低浓度和高浓度下不同的吸附方式；另外，研究表明菲在土壤／沉积物上的解吸过程中存在明显的滞后现象，这可能和土壤／沉积物有机质的异质性和土壤胶团微小孔隙的存在有关。实验研究了菲在土壤／沉积物上的吸附一解吸过程。CHL土壤和HFH沉积物中有机质的固相^13C CP MAS NMR谱图很相似，表明样品中有机质的组成差异不大；菲在土壤／沉积物上的吸附过程表现出明显的非线性；线性模型不适合拟合菲的吸附等温线，Freundlich模型和双区位反应模型(DRDM)较好地拟合了菲的吸附等温线，其中DRDM模型还清楚地反映菲在低浓度和高浓度下不同的吸附方式；另外，研究表明菲在土壤／沉积物上的解吸过程中存在明显的滞后现象，这可能和土壤／沉积物有机质的异质性和土壤胶团微小孔隙的存在有关。

早震旦世大塘坡期锰矿成因新认识

中国南方早震旦世大塘坡期锰矿的形成一直存在热水成因、生物成因、或化学成因的争议。本文通过对贵州松桃早震旦世大塘坡期锰矿的碳、硫同位素和藻类化石的研究，认为早震旦世大塘坡期锰矿的成因是在700-695Ma全球性Sturtian冰期后，由于大气中含有很高的CO2与海洋中的Ca2+, Mn2+反应，造成大量CaCO3和MnCO3快速沉淀，形成“碳酸盐岩帽”（碳酸锰）所致。同时，对大塘坡组藻类化石研究表明，在含锰矿的层位，藻类化石很少，而锰矿层上下，微体藻类化石都很丰富，这说明锰矿成矿与藻类关系并不那么密切。

海南二甲金矿的动力变形成矿作用及构造地球化学模拟实验研究

海南二甲金矿是一个与戈枕韧性剪切带活动明显相关的金矿床。利用构造地球化学方法和构造地球化学模拟试验,研究了戈枕韧性剪切活动与金成矿的关系,结果显示:动力变形作用不仅导致混合岩发生明显的糜棱岩化,而且使矿物成分、化学成分发生明显变化,同时伴随着一定的构造岩流体活动。动力变形中岩石的变形机制可发现有多种,其中以恢复作用比较有利于糜棱岩中金的富集;由动态重结晶石英颗粒统计的差异古应力显示变形强度与Au 富集有显著的正相关性,相关系数达+ 0. 5928 。动力变形不同阶段形成的石英矿物其微量元素含量明显不同,石英中流体包裹体的成分也有明显的差异,反映出不同动力变形阶段流体活动的差异性与金富集密切相关。构造地球化学模拟试验表明,变形作用不仅导致岩石组构的变化,形成微型剪切带、碎粒流带等流动构造,而且伴随有明显的流体活动。这些过程与压溶作用密切相关;另外,动力作用中伴随着金的沉淀、富集,这其中Si 、Fe组分起了重要的作用。

鲁西晚中生代基性脉岩的成因和源区性质：岩石学和地球化学

本文从岩石学和地球化学方面对鲁西地区淄博盆地几个岩区的基性脉岩的成因和源区性质进行了探讨。脉岩的K-Ar年龄(72．2～116．3 Ma)表明其为晚中生代(白垩纪)岩浆作用的产物。主量元素显示该脉岩总体属钙碱性系列。微量元素特征表明脉岩为交代富集地幔部分熔融作用的产物，成岩过程可能同时经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石、Ti-Fe氧化物以及少量斜长石的分离结晶作用。Pb同位素组成：^208Pb／^204Pb=36．308～38．329；^207Pb／^204Pb=15．170～15．632；^206Pb／^204Pb=16．658～18．470，可以和下地壳组成相比，暗示成岩过程中存在大量下地壳物质的参与。岩浆在构造上受控于燕山造山带坍塌和沂沭断裂带(郯庐断裂山东段)的活动(左行平移和伸展)，但在上升侵位过程中没有遭受地壳物质的混染，且具有大陆边缘弧玄武岩的特性。这暗示岩浆早期鲁西地区存在古大洋板块(苏-鲁洋)的俯冲作用(即古俯冲作用)。

赣西北基性岩脉的地质地球化学特征及其意义

对赣西北三个地区基性岩脉的地质地球化学特征进行了研究，并初步讨论了基性脉岩的成岩方式和源区性质。基性岩脉包括闪斜煌斑岩，辉绿岩和橄榄录玢岩。微量元素相对富集大离子亲石元素，而亏损高场强元素，具有Nb,Ta和Ti异常。武山煌班岩稀土元素总量高，明显富集轻;益口辉绿岩稀土元素总量低，略微富集轻稀土元素，上高橄榄辉绿玢岩介于两者之间，三者都无明显的铕异常，结合基性脉岩的地球化学分析可知，三者的岩石化学变化受到部分熔融和分离结晶所控制，武山煌斑岩和上高橄榄辉绿玢岩明显发生分离结晶作用，而隘口辉绿岩主要受部分熔融作用影响。其源区可能为与俯冲流体有关的富集地幔，有待于进一步研究。

中国混汞法采金地区汞的环境地球化学研究-以陕西潼关为例

本研究选择有代表性的陕西省潼关县（小秦岭地区）采金地区作为研究对象，从环境地球化学的角度出发，研究了该地区由于受采金活动的影响后，大气、水体、土壤以及农作物中总汞和甲基汞的分布，探讨汞在采金地区环境中迁移、转化和富集的环境地球化学行为和规律，并估算了渲关县及全国在过去二十多年里，由混汞法炼金活动向环境释放汞的总量，最后对混汞法采金地区的环境管理提出可行性建一议。通过本论文的详细研究，主要得出以下结论：1．潼关县辖区大气汞的分布呈明显的空间梯度关系，炼金厂密集区大气汞含量明显高于其它地区，距离炼金厂越远，大气汞含量越低。大型炼金厂混汞提金车间内的平均大气汞浓度为18，047ng／m~3，最高达33，080ng／m~3；距离炼金厂密集区较近和较远的居民区的平均大气汞浓度分别为385ng／m~3和77ng／m~3；而一些偏远地区大气汞的平均浓度降至29ng／m~3，受炼金活动影响较 小的黄河沿岸背景区的平均大气汞浓度只有2ng／m~3。通过估算，潼关县炼金矿工汞蒸气的平均摄入量高达72，804～75，268ng／d，而当地非矿工居民（成人）每天的摄入量也有924～4，620ng。2．潼关县内泉水和井水中总汞的平均浓度有329.2ng／L，其中各形态汞的浓度都相对较高，说明金矿地区的汞背景值可能较高，且地下水也可能受到一定程度的汞污染；冷暖两季水样中溶解态汞浓度和暖季的甲基汞浓度要比泉水和井水中的溶解态汞和甲基汞浓度分别高出几倍，其它形态汞则要高出几百倍；水样中的活性汞和溶解态汞浓度表现出极显著的相关关系；冷季水样的活性汞和溶解态汞平均浓度要略高于暖季的水样，而颗粒态汞恰恰相反；两季采集的一些水样中活性汞在溶解态汞中占有较高的比例，但总汞均以颗粒态为主，大多超过50％。3．冷暖两季沉积物中平均总汞浓度分别高达151.1和44.6μg／g，甲基汞平均浓度分别为7.1和3.6ng／g，而暖季沉积物中总汞与甲基汞含量表现出极显著的相关关系；水体颗粒物和沉积物主要来源于炼金厂排出的废渣和尾矿，拥有较高的重金属（Hg、Fe、Mn和Cu）含量，且两者之间体现出一定的继承关系，但颗粒物由于粒径小，表面积大，含有机颗粒多，吸附能力强，所以其中的重金属含量要明显高于沉积物中的重金属含量；颗粒物中汞含量与Fe、Mn、Cu的含量之间均表现出极显著的相关性，而沉积物中汞含量仅与Cu含量之间有一定的相关性，与其它重金属含量的相关性不明显。4．潼关县辖区金矿石中汞的平均含量是69.2ng/g，而炼金尾矿中汞的平均含量竟高达628，4林吮，高出原矿石样中汞平均含量10，000倍，其它重金属（Fe、Mn、Cu）由于受炼金活动影响较小，其含量变化并不十分明显；黄土由于自身的特殊质地和性质，受炼金活动的干扰较小，其中的各重金属含量能够较好的反映其背景含量水平；撞关地区采集的土壤样品中总汞和甲基汞含量均要比黄土中的含量高约50倍，而其它重金属含量与黄土背景值无明显差异；土壤中甲基汞在总汞含量中所占比例较小（分布在0.001％～0.57％之间），说明潼关地区土壤中汞的甲基化水平较低。5．苔鲜样品中的高汞含量反映了采金地区较高的大气汞沉降水平；河流水藻中高含量的总汞和甲基汞体现出汞在生物体内超强的富集作用；潼关县大多数农作物样品中的汞主要来源于大气，且几乎所有样品的汞含量都严重超出国家食用标准，最高超标倍数达到60；农作物中甲基汞含量占总汞的比例在0.12％～12.34％之间波动，其中蔬菜类作物的甲基汞比例要高于粮食作物，而总体来说，作物体内的总汞和甲基汞含量之间表现出一定的负相关关系；通过估算，潼关县居民由于粮食作物（小麦）的食用每天摄入的总汞量高达54，72Ong，要高于当地居民（非矿工）通过呼吸吸入的汞蒸气量，且已超出国际上对人体汞摄入量标准的有关规定。6．潼关县水体、沉积物、土壤以及农作物中的甲基汞含量相对总汞而言，都表现了相对较低的水平，原因可能是受石英脉型金矿地区地质背景的影响，大量存在的Fe、Mn类化合物对离子态汞有着较强的束缚能力，减缓或抑制了甲基化的发生。7．通过混汞法生产黄金的产量和汞释放因子的调研和确定，估算在1980～2003年期间，全国混汞炼金行业向环境释放汞累计达1476.6t，其中约有78％进入大气；而仅潼关县就有116.5t，约占全国的7.9％：目前（1996年以后），由于混汞法工艺的改进，汞的释放量大大降低，全国混汞炼金行业平均每年释放汞约30t，憧关县平均每年有3.9t，约占全国年平均释放量的13％。

军队医学科技人员身心健康与影响因素的研究

To study the relationship between mental-physical health and coping behavior,job stress and job motivation in medical laboratory scientists and technicians. A cross-section survey was conducted,using the anxiety rating scale(SAS), depression rating scale(SDS), coping behavior rating scale,self-rating subhealth scale,self-rating stress scale,and self-rating job motivation scale among 289 medical laboratory scientists and technicians with analysis of ANOVA and Regression. The study was carried out in three steps:step1 is to analyze the general situation of the mental-physical health.Step 2 is to analyze the features of the main influencial facotors.Step 3 is to study the influence of the relative factors on mental-physical health.The following are the results: 1.The anxiety and depression scores of the medical researchers and technicians were 30±6 and 37±8 respectively,both significantly lower than those of the national norm（34±6 and 42±11 respectively,both P<0.01）,which are of significant difference. The depression score of the associate chief technician was 42±7, significantly higher than those of the medical researchers and technicians with any other professional titles (all P<0.05）, and the anxiety score of the associate chief technicians was 32±7, significantly higher than that of the research fellows（28±4, P<0.05），with no significant difference to the score of the medical researchers and technicians with other professional titles. The depression score,anxiety score and the subhealth score of the age group of 36～49 were 39±9,31±7 and 32±9 respectively, both higher than that of the age group of 20～35 （36±8,29±6 and 29±7 respectively,both P<0.05）,while there is much diference among other age groups. And the subhealth status has nothing to do with marital status,education background and professional titles. 2.The coping behaviors,job stress and motivation of the military medical laboratory scientists and technicians. 1）Coping behaviors:The seeking help score of the associate chief technicians was 2.8±0.5,not significantly different from that of the associate research fellows（2.8±0.5）,but significantly lower than those of the medical researchers and technicians with other professional titles(all P<0.01),and whose self-blame score was higher than that of the research fellows,which is of significant difference.The self-blame score and the imagination score of the associate research fellows were 2.0±0.5 and 2.4±0.5 respectively, significantly higher than that of the research fellows(1.6±0.4, 2.1±0.4,both P<0.01). The seeking help score of the females was 3.1±0.5, significantly higher than that of the males(2.9±0.5, both P<0.01),and the solving problem score was 3.4±0.6,significantly lower than the male(3.6±0.7, both P<0.01).There is no any significant difference in coping behaviors among researchers and technicians of different marital status,education background and age groups. 2)Job stress: The score of job stress of the age group of 35~49 and 50~60 were 23±8 and 25±6 respectively,significantly higher than that of the 20~35(21±7,both P<0.05). There is no any significant difference in job stress among researchers and technicians of different marital status,gender,professional titles and education background. 3)The score of meeting personal desire for reputation and interests of the males was 19.6±5.4，significantly higher than that of the females(18.4±5.0, both P<0.05), while there is no significant difference in job motivation among researchers and technicians of different titles,education,age and marital status. 3.The relationship of the mental-physical health of the military medical laboratory scientists and technicians with their coping behaviors,job stress and motivations 1) Coping behaviors:Regression analysis showed that, the best predictors of subhealth were anxiety,depression and escaping (β=-0.40,β=0.23, β=0.14, both P<0.01).the best predictors of anxiety and depression were active coping behaviors and negative coping behaviors (β=-0.40,β=0.40, both P<0.01).The moderate(rational) coping behaviors is the best predictor only of anxiety and of significant difference. 2)job stress : Regression analysis demonstrated that anxiety,depression,job stress 2 and job stress 4 are the best predictor for subhealth;job stress 12 is the best retro-predictor for depression; job stress 3 and 8 are the best predictor for depression;and job stress 2 and 9 are the best predictor for anxiety ,which are of significant difference. 3)Motivation:Regression analysis demonstrated that depression is the best predictor for subhealth while motivation itself doesn't predict subhealth;with respect to the specific contents of motivation,"probing unknown rules and making contributions to the human society "is the best retro-predictor for depression and has nothing to do with anxiety prediction. 4) The combined influences of coping behaviors,job stress and motivations: Regression analysis showed that, the best predictors for subhealth were anxiety,depression and job stress(β=0.41,β=0.24, β=0.19, both P<0.01).the best predictors for anxiety and depression were active coping behaviors and negative coping behaviors (β=-0.40,β=0.40, both P<0.01).The moderate(rational) coping behaviors is the best predictor only for anxiety and of significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Regression analysis showed that the best predictors for anxiety and depression were active coping behaviors and negative coping behaviors, the best predictors for subhealth were anxiety,depression and job stress.Coping behaviors, job stress and motivations have significant influences on the mental-physical health of the military medical researchers and and technicians. Among them,coping behavior is the most important factor while job stress and motivation follow. Seeking help more often,less self-blame ,imagination and job stress could help release the anxiety, depression and improve the subhealth of the medical researchers and technicians. The findings of this study indicate we should address the physical and mental health of the military laboratory researchers and technicians.

Modification of GaAs Schottky diodes by thin organic interlayers

Modification of GaAs Schottky diodes by thin organic interlayers, A.R. Vearey-Roberts and D.A. Evans, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 072105 (2005)

Handedness and social anxiety: using Bryden's research as a catalyst to explore the influence of familial sinistrality and degree of handedness

Phil Bryden's work has impacted on many areas of laterality, including degree and measurement of hand preference, as well as influences of familial sinistrality (FS). For example, Bryden[(1977). Measuring handedness with questionnaires. Neuropsychologia, 15, 617–624] is a well-cited and influential paper that remains relevant to this day. Inspired by this we extended our analysis of the relationship between handedness and anxiety in a number of ways. We used familial handedness and strength of handedness to examine their potential influences on anxiety, and extended our research by exploring their relationship to social anxiety, using the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Inconsistent left-handers (ILH) were found to be more socially anxious. In all categories of SPIN except avoidance, ILH were significantly more anxious than consistent right- and left-handers. There were FS differences between ILH with a first degree left-handed relative (FS+) compared to ILH with no first degree left-handed relative (FS−) on all categories of anxiety scores. Within FS+ participants, ILH had significantly higher anxiety scores, compared with consistent handers across all categories. This suggests that ILH's social anxiety may be influenced by a close left-handed relative. Inspired by examining Bryden's work for this special issue, we will continue to add both strength of preference and familial handedness to our work.