Train scheduling and rolling stock assignment in high speed trains

The Train Timetabling Problem (TTP) has been widely studied for freight and passenger rail systems. A lesser effort has been devoted to the study of high-speed rail systems. A modeling issue that has to be addressed is to model departure time choice of passengers on railway services. Passengers who use these systems attempt to travel at predetermined hours due to their daily life necessities (e.g., commuter trips). We incorporate all these features into TTP focusing on high-speed railway systems. We propose a Rail Scheduling and Rolling Stock (RSch-RS) model for timetable planning of high-speed railway systems. This model is composed of two essential elements: i) an infrastructure model for representing the railway network: it includes capacity constraints of the rail network and the Rolling-Stock constraints; and ii) a demand model that defines how the passengers choose the departure time. The resulting model is a mixed-integer programming model which objective function attempts to maximize the profit for the rail operator

Genetic diversity assessment of the almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb) traditional germplasm of Algarve, Portugal, using molecular markers

In this study, 123 almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) trees identified among traditional orchards in the Algarve region and 53 trees of the local field collection managed by the regional office of the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture (DRAALG) were assessed using isozyme, inter- single sequence repeat and simple sequence repeat or microsatellite techniques for the evaluation of genetic diversity and genetic relatedness and identification of new accessions for the field collection. The isozyme analysis allowed the distribution of the 176 plants into 13 different classes of enzyme similarity, while the use of DNA markers increased the distribution of the analysed trees among 140 discriminating DNA patterns. Multiple cases of homonymy and synonymy were identified in the local germplasm. Some traditional varieties, such as Lourencinha, appeared to be relatively homogeneous, while other local denominations, e.g. Galamba, included diverse genotypes. Of the 13 commercial varieties analysed in this study, 11 assembled in one major cluster clearly differentiated from the majority of the local genotypes. These results reinforced the perception that the Algarve traditional germplasm constitutes an important repository of genetic diversity, eventually carrying alleles of high agricultural interest such as the recently identified Phomopsis resistance in the traditional variety Barrinho Grado.

Expresión génica diferencial y antioxidantes en la planta de tomate (Solanum lycopersicon L. Mill) enriquecida con selenio

La biofortificación tiene como finalidad incrementar la concentración de elementos biodisponibles en las plantas de cultivo para elevar la calidad nutricional. El selenio es un elemento traza de gran impacto para el metabolismo antioxidante de las plantas y su acumulación es pobre en especies como el tomate, de igual manera este elemento es esencial para los humanos, por lo que adicionarlo en las plantas forma parte de los programas de biofortificación. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar experimentalmente la capacidad del selenito de sodio para incrementar la concentración de Se y modificar la actividad antioxidante en plantas de tomate. Para ello se usaron plantas de la variedad híbrido Toro y se aplicaron tres tratamientos 0, 2 y 5 mg L-1 de selenito de sodio (Na2SeO3) utilizando como vehículo el agua de riego, los tratamientos fueron aplicados bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Se llevaron a cabo tres muestreos 40, 80 y 120 días después del trasplante y la subsecuente cuantificación de la acumulación de selenio y macronutrientes en hojas, tallos y frutos así como su impacto en la producción de frutos bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Se determinó la altura de la planta, los diámetros de tallos, firmeza, sólidos solubles de frutos y la materia seca total de los diferentes tejidos. Se obtuvo una cuantificación del potencial oxido reducción y de la actividad de antioxidante específicos como la catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa, superóxido dismutasa, el ácido ascórbico y licopeno, para cada variable se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza y posteriormente una prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey. La expresión de los genes cat, gpx, sod, apx y lic en los frutos fue también analizada y en este caso se aplicó un análisis de varianza no paramétrico de Fisher, para encontrar las diferencias entre tratamientos. Los resultados mostraron un incremento en la acumulación de Se, encontrándose hasta un 53.1% de aumento en la concentración en los frutos bajo el tratamiento 5 mg L-1 en comparación con el testigo, sin embargo, este incremento no tuvo un impacto notorio en la producción y el rendimiento del tomate, a pesar de la existencia de una correlación de Spearman positiva (r =0.9637) entre la producción de fruto y la concentración de Se. Los valores del potencial oxido-reducción se redujeron en promedio desde -41.4 mV para el tratamiento testigo y hasta -68.0 mV con el mayor tratamiento. Mientras tanto, la concentración de Se si influyó positivamente en los parámetros de calidad incluyendo el ácido ascórbico (hasta un 50 % de aumento con el tratamiento 5 mgL-1 ) y el licopeno (hasta un 66.9% de aumento con el mayor tratamiento). La actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes aumentó notablemente en el fruto con el tratamiento 5 mg L-1 de selenito encontrándose 60.9% de aumento para CAT, 33.4% para GPX y 26.0% para SOD. En cuanto la expresión génica hubo mayor nivel de transcriptos de los genes gpx, sod y apx bajo el tratamiento 2 mg L-1

Formulación bioinsecticida a partir del aceite esencial de ambrosia arborescens mill (altamisa) de aplicación canina

La presente investigación se planteó reemplazar el uso de insecticidas sintéticos, formulando un champú bioinsecticida de aplicación canina mediante la acción biocida del aceite esencial deAmbrosia arborescens Mill (Altamisa). La planta se recolectó en las laderas del rio Tomebamba, cercanas al Campus Balzay de la Universidad de Cuenca Parroquia San Joaquín. La recolección se realizó durante los meses de Enero a Marzo del 2016. El desarrollo y formulación del producto se realizó en el Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad de Cuenca. La obtención del aceite esencial de A. arborescens se realizó mediante hidrodestilación por el método Clevenger, con un rendimiento del 0,14%. La actividad biocida se estableció en un ensayo “in vitro” ante el nematodo Panagrellus redivirus, determinándose la dosis letal (DL50) de 250 uL/mL. Debido a la moderada DL50y bajo rendimiento, se planteó como estrategia, determinar el DL50 del extracto orgánico de A. arborescens, el cual se obtuvo mediante una extracción con metanol, consiguiendo un rendimiento del 2 % y DL50de 31,25 uL/mL. De acuerdo estos resultados se procedió a realizar pruebas en pulgas de perros(Ctenocephalides canis) con el extracto de A. arborescens, estableciendo una efectividad del 100 % a la concentración de 46,875 mg/mL en el periodo de tiempo más corto, siendo esta la dosis aplicada para la formulación del champú. El extracto metanólico de A. arborescens presentó elevada actividad biocida, comparado con el aceite esencial. Esta sustancia activa es promisoria en la formulación de bioinsecticidas para mascotas.

Detecção de Salmonella em tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum mill) pelos métodos fda-bam e mini vidas-biomérieux.

Resumo: Diversos surtos de Salmonella ocasionados pelo consumo de tomate contaminados com este micro-organismo têm sido relatados ultimamente, o que torna primordial a investigação sobre a presença desse patógeno nesse alimento. Métodos que permitam a avaliação rápida da presença de Salmonella em alimentos são de suma importância. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar o método tradicional da Food and Drug Administration - Bacteriologycal Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) com um método rápido da mini Vitek Immuno Diagnostic System Assay (Mini?Vidas-SLM)-bioMérieux, para detecção de Salmonella Brazil inoculada artificialmente na superfície de tomates. Foram analisadas 215 amostras de tomates inoculadas artificialmente com Salmonella Brazil com níveis de inóculos variando de 0,4 a 940 UFC/tomate. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os métodos estudados apresentaram uma ótima concordância entre si, para todas as faixas de inóculo analisadas.

Filtro kl/dvs para atenuação do ruído "ground roll"

In geophysics there are several steps in the study of the Earth, one of them is the processing of seismic records. These records are obtained through observations made on the earth surface and are useful for information about the structure and composition of the inaccessible parts in great depths. Most of the tools and techniques developed for such studies has been applied in academic projects. The big problem is that the seismic processing power unwanted, recorded by receivers that do not bring any kind of information related to the reflectors can mask the information and/or generate erroneous information from the subsurface. This energy is known as unwanted seismic noise. To reduce the noise and improve a signal indicating a reflection, without losing desirable signals is sometimes a problem of difficult solution. The project aims to get rid of the ground roll noise, which shows a pattern characterized by low frequency, low rate of decay, low velocity and high amplituds. The Karhunen-Loève Transform is a great tool for identification of patterns based on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Together with the Karhunen-Loève Transform we will be using the Singular Value Decomposition, since it is a great mathematical technique for manipulating data

Genetic diversity assessment of the almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb) traditional germplasm of Algarve, Portugal, using molecular markers

In this study, 123 almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) trees identified among traditional orchards in the Algarve region and 53 trees of the local field collection managed by the regional office of the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture (DRAALG) were assessed using isozyme, inter- single sequence repeat and simple sequence repeat or microsatellite techniques for the evaluation of genetic diversity and genetic relatedness and identification of new accessions for the field collection. The isozyme analysis allowed the distribution of the 176 plants into 13 different classes of enzyme similarity, while the use of DNA markers increased the distribution of the analysed trees among 140 discriminating DNA patterns. Multiple cases of homonymy and synonymy were identified in the local germplasm. Some traditional varieties, such as Lourencinha, appeared to be relatively homogeneous, while other local denominations, e.g. Galamba, included diverse genotypes. Of the 13 commercial varieties analysed in this study, 11 assembled in one major cluster clearly differentiated from the majority of the local genotypes. These results reinforced the perception that the Algarve traditional germplasm constitutes an important repository of genetic diversity, eventually carrying alleles of high agricultural interest such as the recently identified Phomopsis resistance in the traditional variety Barrinho Grado.

From Mill Gates to Magic City: U.S. Steel and Welfare Capitalism in Gary, Indiana, 1906-1930

Gary, Indiana is a city with indelible ties to industrial paternalism. Founded in 1906 by United States Steel Corporation to house workers of the trust’s showpiece mill, the emergence of this model company town was both the culmination of lessons learned from its predecessors’ mistakes and innovative corporate planning. U.S. Steel’s Progressive Era adaptation of welfare capitalism characterized the young city through a combination of direct community involvement and laissez-faire social control. This thesis examines the reactionary implementation of paternalist policies in Gary between 1906 and 1930 through the purviews of three elements under corporate influence: housing, education, and social welfare. Each category demonstrates how both the corporation and citizenry affected and adapted Gary’s physical and cultural landscape, public perceptions, and community identity. Parallel to the popular narrative throughout is that of Gary’s African-American community, and the controversial circumstances of this population’s segregated development.

Rapporto tensore su scalare con gravità indotta: analisi dell’approssimazione di slow-roll nei frames di Jordan e Einstein

L’obbiettivo di questa tesi è quello di analizzare le conseguenze della scelta del frame (Jordan o Einstein) nel calcolo delle proprietà degli spettri primordiali generati dall’inflazione ed in particolare dell’osservabile r (rapporto tensore su scalare) al variare del potenziale del campo che genera l’espansione accelerata. Partendo dalla descrizione della teoria dell’inflazione in relatività generale, focalizzando l’attenzione sui motivi che hanno portato all’introduzione di questa teoria, vengono presentate le tecniche di utilizzo comune per lo studio della dinamica omogenea (classica) inflazionaria e di quella disomogenea (quantistica). Una particolare attenzione viene rivolta ai metodi di approssimazione che è necessario adottare per estrarre predizioni analitiche dai modelli inflazionari per poi confrontarle con le osservazioni. Le tecniche introdotte vengono poi applicate ai modelli di inflazione con gravità indotta, ovvero ad una famiglia di modelli con accoppiamento non minimale tra il campo scalare inflatonico e il settore gravitazionale. Si porrà attenzione alle differenze rispetto ai modelli con accoppiamento minimale, e verrà studiata la dinamica in presenza di alcuni potenziali derivanti dalla teoria delle particelle e diffusi in letteratura. Il concetto di “transizione tra il frame di Jordan e il frame di Einstein” viene illustrato e le sue conseguenze nel calcolo approssimato del rapporto tensore su scalare sono discusse. Infine gli schemi di approssimazione proposti vengono analizzati numericamente. Risulterà che per due dei tre potenziali presentati i metodi di approssimazione sono più accurati nel frame di Einstein, mentre per il terzo potenziale i due frames portano a risultati analitici similmente accurati.

Djurens roll i förskolan : En fallstudie om två förskolor med djurinriktning

Studiens syfte är att, genom observationer, undersöka djurens roll i förskolans verksamhet. Syftet är således att skildra de pedagogiska lärprocesser som förekommer i förskolor som involverar djur i sin dagliga verksamhet, bidra med kunskaper om hur djur kan påverka förskolans verksamhet och hur djurhållning kan tillämpas i den traditionella förskolan. Vårt teoretiska ramverk utgår ifrån sociokulturellt perspektiv med inriktning mot Vygotskijs och Leontyevs ”Aktivitetstrianglar” som Engeström sedan utformade grafiskt. Ramverket möjliggör användningen av begrepp som till exempel artefakter, mediering, objekt och subjekt vilket skapar en röd tråd genom hela studien. Metoden som valts är en kvalitativ fallstudie och genom denna metod kan fördjupning göras av hur två specifika förskolor med djur i verksamheten fungerar. Studiens frågeställningar bygger på ett kunskaps intresse och har fungerat som en vägledning genom studien. Frågeställningarna är: hur är djur involverade i lärandeaktiviteterna på lantbruksförskolan och hur är djur involverade i lärandeaktiviteterna på djurparksförskolan. Observationerna skedde på två olika förskolor och för att komplettera data genomfördes också samtal med förskollärarna i verksamheten. Observationerna och samtalen analyserades utifrån en tematisk analysmetod som kompletterades med en narrativ analysmetod för att ge ett djupare resultat. Resultatet visade på att det fanns både skillnader och likheter mellan förskolorna som observerades. Baserat på resultatet fördes en diskussion kring hur skillnaderna och likheterna på förskolorna med djurinriktning kunde appliceras på en traditionell förskola. Slutsatsen visar att det är möjligt att använda djur i en traditionell förskola men att tillämpningen beror på den enskilda förskolans förutsättningar.

Economic feasibility analysis of the implementation of a high value-added molecule extraction system in an olive oil mill

The production of olive oil generates several by-products that can be seen as an additional business opportunity. Among them are the olive pits, already used for heat and/or electricity generation in some mills. They contain compounds that are commercially very interesting and, if recovered, contribute to the sustainability of the olive mills. The work presented in this paper is a preliminary evaluation of the economic feasibility of implementing a system based on a batch prototype with 1 m3 for the extraction of high value-added bioactive molecules from olive pits that are separated during the production of virgin olive oil. For the analysis, a small representative olive mill in Portugal was considered and the traditional Discounted Cash Flow Method was applied. Based on the assumptions made, the simple payback for implementation a system for the extraction of value-added molecules from the olive pits is around 7 years.

ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS ESTIMATION OF OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA (L.) MILL. FOR FORAGE CROP IN A MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT BY USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS

In marginal lands Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) could be used as an alternative fruit and forage crop. The plant vigour and the biomass production were evaluated in Portuguese germplasm (15 individuals from 16 ecotypes) by non-destructive methods, 2 years following planting in a marginal soil and dryland conditions. Two Italian cultivars (Gialla and Bianca) were included in the study for comparison purposes. The biomass production and the plant vigour were estimated by measuring the cladodes number and area, and the fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) per plant. We selected linear models by using the biometric data from 60 cladodes to predict the cladode area, the FW and the DW per plant. Among ecotypes, significant differences were found in the studied biomass-related parameters and several homogeneous groups were established. Four Portuguese ecotypes had higher biomass production than the others, 3.20 Mg ha−1 on average, a value not significantly different to the improved ‘Gialla’ cultivar, which averaged 3.87 Mg ha−1. Those ecotypes could be used to start a breeding program and to deploy material for animal feeding and fruit production.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DE POPULAÇÕES PORTUGUESAS DE FIGUEIRA-DA-ÍNDIA Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill

A figueira-da-índia (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) é uma espécie com interesse para alimentação humana e animal, particularmente em áreas geográficas onde a disponibilidade de água é um fator limitante na atividade agrícola. Sendo considerada uma planta forrageira alternativa, pode produzir mais de 10 toneladas de matéria seca por hectare e, em condições limitantes de disponibilidade hídrica, supera as plantas C4 e C3 (Andrade-Montemayor et al., 2011). Acrescem ainda outras utilizações como sejam o controlo de erosão de solos, a constituição de barreiras anti-incêndio e a produção de biogás (Jigar et al., 2011, Sánchez et al., 2012). No contexto atual em que, por parte de alguns agricultores, renasceu o interesse por esta espécie, consideramos ser importante a caracterização e avaliação biométrica de populações portuguesas de O. ficus-indica e a sua comparação com variedades melhoradas, quer com o objetivo da produção de fruto para alimentação humana, quer como planta forrageira. Em maio de 2012 foram plantados, na Escola Superior Agrária de Castelo Branco (39º 49' 17.00''N; 7º 27' 41.00''W), num solo de baixa aptidão agrícola, cladódios de dezasseis populações portuguesas de O. ficus-indica, provenientes de diferentes locais e duas variedades italianas (Gialla e Bianca).

Parasitismo em pupas de Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) e Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard, 1926) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) em tomate Licopersicon esculentum (Mill.) na região de Guaíra, SP.

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