稀土发光材料M_2O_3:RE~(3+)（M＝Y，Gd:RE＝Eu，Tb）体系的AAO模板组装

AAO模板具有高度有序的纳米孔阵列，其孔径可以在5一200nm范围内调节，利用AAO模板进行纳米组装已成为纳米结构材料组装的重要技术之一。目前，采用该技术已经制备出了金属、半导体、碳、导电高分子以及其它材料构成的纳米管、纳米线、纳米纤维、电缆等纳米结构单元和有序纳米阵列材料，同时，研究了它们的光、电、磁和催化等特性及其在光学材料、铿电池的电极材料、垂直磁性记录材料和光催化剂等方面的潜在应用。然而，有关稀土发光材料的AAO模板合成及其性质还鲜见报道。本论文采用二次阳极氧化技术制备出了具有高度有序纳米阵列孔的AAO模板。采用溶胶一凝胶法和水热法对稀土发光材料M2O3:RE3+（M＝Y,Gd; RE＝Eu，Tb）体系进行了AAO组装，得到了纳米线、纳米管及其纳米线阵列。对AAO模板和组装样品的形貌、结构和光谱性质进行了表征，得到了一些令人感兴趣的研究结果，其主要的结果和结论总结如下：（1）采用二次阳极氧化法制备出了孔径约为5Onm、35nm和2Onm等系列高度有序纳米阵列孔的基体铝支持的AAO模板和独立支撑的AAO模板。（2）XRD测试结果表明：退火后的基体铝片，其331晶面优先结晶生长，这有利于高度有序纳米阵列孔AAO模板的制备。使用这些退火后的铝片，通过二次阳极氧化法制备的高度有序纳米阵列孔AAO膜为非晶态，并且在退火后转变为γ-Al2O3。（3）未退火的基体铝支持的AAO模板，在350一600nm范围内发出较强的蓝光，其峰值波长位于435nm。该蓝光发射带经过程序控温慢慢退火后完全消失，这说明它产生于缺陷发光中心。（4）采用溶胶一凝胶法，利用AAO模板首次合成出了（YO.96RE0.05）O3（RE＝Eu，Tb）纳米线及其阵列，并通过SEM、EDX、TEM、SAED、XRD和PL分析测试加以确认。x-射线衍射（XRD）和选区电子衍射（SAED）的结果证明，这些纳米线主要是由立方相的RE2O3（RE＝Y或Gd）多晶材料组成的。光谱测试结果表明，同体相材料相比，Eu3＋的，D0一7F2跃迁发射峰和Tb3＋的5D4一7FJ（J=6，5，4，3）跃迁发射峰出现了宽化，这种现象可能是纳米颗粒的表面界面效应所引起的非均匀宽化造成的。（5）首次观察到利用溶胶一凝胶法组装的一部分M2O3:RE3＋（M＝Y，Gd；RE＝Eu，Tb）样品，沿着AAO模板阵列孔壁的边沿所形成的网状结构，并初步地探讨了其形成的机理。（6）对于M2O3:RE3＋（M=Y，Gd；RE＝Eu，Tb）体系，仅仅依靠毛细作用是难以充分地将溶胶前驱液组装进从O模板的阵列孔中。（7）首次利用水热合成法，在中性条件介质下，将（Y，Gd）2O3:Eu3+样品充分地组装进了AAO模板的纳米孔道中，这说明水热产生的高压可以作为AAO模板组 装样品的驱动力。（8）以M2O3: RE3+（M＝Y，Gd；RE＝Eu，Tb）溶胶或氢氧化物沉淀作为前驱物，分别在酸性和碱性条件下，进行了从0模板水热合成组装。实验结果表明，AAO模板被部分地损坏。但在碱性条件下的高压釜中，却得到了单晶纳米管、纳米片和纳米棒。

稀土掺杂长余辉发光玻璃的研究

稀土掺杂的长余辉发光玻璃是一种新型的发光材料，其应用范围可以从传统的弱光照明领域延伸到信息存储领域。我们在探找新型的长余辉发光玻璃体系的过程中，总结了一些设计长余辉玻璃材料的方法，研究了稀土离子在玻璃基质中的发光行为和斓系离子与材料中缺陷的作用。我们在论文中首次报道了稀土掺杂的碱土硼硅酸盐玻璃的长余辉发光和光激励长余辉发光现象。试激活的碱土硼硅酸盐玻璃（Ro-BZO3-5102：TbZo3，R＝Mg，ca，s几B。）在254 nm紫外光辐照30 min以后，余辉时间长达6-10个小时。将激发后的玻璃避光保存24小时至余辉消失后，再使用低能量的366 nm的紫外光檄发样品，玻璃会重新发射长余辉，即产生光激励长余辉发光；而未预先经254 nm紫外光辐照的玻璃没有光激励长余辉现象发生。在这一体系中，光激励长余辉的衰减与首次激发的长余辉的衰减具有不同的衰减规律，辅以吸收光谱和热释光谱的表征，我们对其发光的机理进行了探讨。我们还研究了三价稀土离子在碱土硼硅酸盐玻璃中的发光性质，以及共掺稀土和其他金属离子对试激活的碱土硼硅酸盐玻璃荧光和长余辉发光的影响。此外1本论文还首次报道了Du3+，Tm+和Zr4+等离子在玻璃中的长余辉发光现象。

氟化物无机纳米粒子的制备及其稀土掺杂体系的光谱性质

对于纳米复合材料来说，首要解决的问题就是光散射。光散射现象主要是粒子尺寸以及粒子与基质材料折射率的差异引起的。对于小粒子（＜25nm），纳米粒子与基质材料之间的折射率差异不会造成明显的光散射现象，但对于较大粒子来说，为避免明显的光散射现象的发生，二者之间的折射必须吻合。由瑞利散射公式计算得知，当粒子直径大到100nm时，粒子与基质之间的折射率差值必须在0.02之内。因此，解决复合材料光散射问题有两种途径：尽量减小纳米粒子尺寸；选择折射率匹配良好的氟化物和聚合物分别作光学活性组分的基质和材料的基底材料。由于微乳液法合成纳米粒子条件温和、设备简单，所合成纳米粒子尺寸可控。本文首先研究了微乳液结构和性质，采用微乳液法合成氟化物纳米粒子，并研究了其稀土掺杂体系的光学性质。对于微乳液结构和性质的研究，本文绘制了十六烷基三甲基嗅化钱（CTAB）／正丁醇（n-C_4H_9OH）／正辛烷（n-C_8H_(18)）／水（或NH4F溶液、或Ba(NO_3)_2溶液、或KNO_3-Mg(NO_3)_2混合溶液）四组分微乳体系的三元相图，观察了电导率随水（或豁溶液）含量变化的规律，很好地印证了微乳液体系的相行为。实验发现，在这四个四元体系的相图中，Ba(NO_3)_2溶液体系的油包水区域面积最大，纯水体系水包油微乳区面积最小，我们分析认为水包油微乳区面积的变化是由于体系中加入离子后对表面活性剂阳离子的静电作用所引起的。采用十六烷基三甲基澳化按（CTAB）／正丁醇／正辛烷／水体系合成了KMgF_3以及KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)纳米粒子。XRD分析表明所合成纳米粒子为立方KMgF_3单相；环境扫描电子显微镜（ESEM）分析得到所合成KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)纳米粒子粒径约为20nm。KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)纳米粒子光谱研究发现其发射峰位于360nm附近，其激发峰位于250nm附近，较KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)单晶的激发峰峰蓝移了约80nm。对KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)纳米粒子激发峰蓝移的机理进行了初步探讨。采用CTAB/2-丁醇／水微乳体系合成出球形BaF_2纳米粒子，XRD和ICP数据显示样品为纯BaF_2相；FTIR谱图证明体系中没有有机物质的存在。将由纳米粒子分散到水中所形成的胶体滴到铜网上，干燥后发现所合成粒子有自组装的特性摘要且粒子自组装形状因粒子尺寸以及样品制备过程而异。粒子的自组装完全是自发的，没有任何的化学试剂对粒子进行包覆，也没对粒子施加除超声分散之外的任何外力。当将一滴胶体溶液直接滴到铜网上，干燥后我们得到粒子的圆形自组装，较大粒子分布在外围形成一个圆，较小粒子分布在圆的内部形成环；我们将一滴BaF_2纳米粒子胶体溶液滴加到铜网上，待干燥后滴加第二滴，重复此操作两次，这样铜网上共滴加的胶体溶液为3滴，此时我们得到粒子的双平行线型组装；直接滴加3滴BaF_2纳米粒子胶体溶液到铜网上，干燥后得粒子的桶状自组装。采用CTAB／正丁醇／正辛烷／水体系于35℃下合成带有枝晶的BaF_2纳米立方。这些枝晶生长在纳米立方的两个相邻面之间呈片状弧形。粉末XRD分析表明，体系为BaF_2单相且结晶良好；用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对粒子进行分析发现，所得纳米立方边长为400-450nm；FTIR分析表明，经处理后样品中没有有机物质残存；对枝晶的能谱分析（EDS）分析表明，枝晶中只有Ba和F两种元素而未发现C元素存在。这说明，立方上所生长的枝晶为纯BaF_2产物而非有机物质所形成的。试验发现，所合成粒子的尺寸和形状依赖于反应温度和反应时间。采用士一述体系，于25℃下反应，可得到横截面边长40nm，长200nm的立方柱状纳米粒子，并且未见枝晶。从不同反应时间所合成粒子的形状上我们可以估计纳米立方以及枝晶的住：长过程。采用CTAB／正丁醇／正辛烷／水体系首次合成了BaF_2:Er纳米粒子，并研究了掺杂浓度对粒子红外发光的影响，XRD分析表明所合成BaF_2:Er纳米粒子为BaF_2立方相，物相纯净，结晶良好；TEM分析表明在掺杂浓度为6mol％时，粒子尺寸为15-20nm，士曾大粒子的掺杂浓度（8，10和12mol％）下，其尺寸和形状无明显改变，但粒子团聚现象严重。粒子在氢离子激光器488nm激发下的荧光（PL）光谱显示，随粒子掺杂浓度的增大，其发光强度增强，半峰宽加宽。研究了BoF_2:Er纳米粒子尺寸对其发光强度的影响，通过调节体系中水含量以达到控制粒子尺寸的目的。在体系中水含量。分别为5，8，15的条件「分别合成出平均粒径约为8，10和20.5nm的粒子。从粒子的激光粒度分布图中我们可得到粒子的平均尺寸。从粒子的XRD图中我们可以发现，随粒子粒径的减小，粉末的衍射峰出现偏移的情况。对于不同种纳米粒子，粒子粒径越小，衍射峰偏移越严重；对于相同的粒子，衍射角度越大，衍射峰偏移的越严重。从三种粒子的红峰的半峰宽和有效半峰宽越宽，对于8nm粒径的粒子，我们得到其最大半峰宽为145nm或有效半峰宽173nm。而且随粒子粒径的减小，其发射峰出现红移的现象。采用CTAB／正丁醇／正辛烷／水体系首次合成了CeF_3以及掺杂浓度为17，25，30，42和50mol％的CeF_3:Lu纳米粒子。XRD分析表明，所合成纳米粒子为CeF_3六角相，物相纯净，结晶良好，即使在高的掺杂浓度下（50mol％）体系中一也无其他杂质相的存在。环境扫描电子显微镜（ESEM-FEG）分析表明，所合成CeF_3纳米粒子粒径为巧一20nm，Lu的掺入对粒子的形状和尺寸影响不明显，但在较高的掺杂浓度下粒子团聚现象严重。粒子的荧光光谱表明，CeF_3以及Lu：CeF_3纳米粒子在254nm的激发波长下的发射光谱从290nm到400nm的宽带发射，发射峰位于325nm，较单晶体的发射峰红移约30nm；Lu的掺入有利于提高CeF_3纳米粒子的发光强度，随Lu掺入量的增大，粒子的发光强度出现先增后减的情况，在掺杂浓度为30mol％时，我们得到CeF_3纳米粒子的最大发射，但在50mol％的掺杂浓度下的粒子的发射强度仍要比未掺杂体系的发光强度要强。325nln监测粒子的激发光谱是从200nm到350nm的宽带吸收，激发峰峰位于260nm左右。比CeF_3单晶体的280nm激发峰蓝移了20nm左右。而且粒子的激发光谱中未见长波方向上的肩峰，说明粒子中CeF_3纳米粒子结晶良好，且体系中氧含量低。采用自创建一步原位聚合的方法合成了聚合物包覆的纳米粒子，并采用本体聚合的方法合成复合材料。综上所述，本文采用微乳液法合成了不同的氟化物纳米粒子，并研究了其稀土掺杂体系的光学特性，为聚合物基复合材料的制备以及应用奠定了可靠的实验基础。

纳米稀土发光材料的合成与表征

纳米稀土发光材料由于表面界面效应和小尺寸效应而具有特殊的发光特性已引起人们的注意。本论文我们从合成纳米粒子入手，以稀土离子为探针，探讨纳米化后稀土材料发光性能，得到了一些新的、有意义的结果。1．用燃烧法合成了G由03：E矿＋纳米晶，xRD和TEM结果显示经不同温度处理后的粒子的平均粒径为8一23nm。光谱的研究结果表明，来自于Eu3＋离子发射峰随粒子尺寸减少而呈现拓宽，而基质吸收相对于电荷迁移带的强度相对增强。这与E记＋的不同局域环境有关。Eu3＋离子的碎灭浓度为8％。荧光寿命随着纳米粒子尺寸的减小和E矿＋离子浓度的增加而缩短。通过分析发光强度与Eu3＋浓度的关系，认为产生发光碎灭为交换相互作用，并对燃烧法和501一gel方法合成的样品的结构与光谱进行对比。2，采用沉淀法在60℃合成了Yvo4：叮＋纳米晶，xRD和TEM结果表明经不同温度处理后纳米粒子的平均粒径为5一18nm，通过比较样品的光谱，发现V一O的吸收带的变化，发射光谱宽化的现象，均来自于较大的表面积／体积比，E记＋离子的碎灭浓度为12％。荧光寿命随粒径减小和E矿＋离子浓度的增加而降低。并与501一gel法合成的Yvo4：Eu3＋样品和纳米Gdvo4：E矿的光谱进行了对比分析。3．采用沉淀法在不同条件下合成了纳米GdP氏：E矿＋样品，研究结果表明纳米粒子的粒径、发射光谱和激发光谱与pH和EDTA的加入有关。较低的pH有利于形成分散性好，粒径小的纳米粒子。EDTA的加入易于形成棒状的纳米粒子。E矿＋离子的碎灭浓度为8％。纳米YP氏：Eu3＋样品xRD结果表明：低温有利于（200）晶面生长。酸性条件或低温下合成的样品中Eu3＋具有较低格位对称性。4．燃烧法，均相沉淀法和共沉淀法合成纳米G由03：E尸＋，孔3＋的上转换发光体，XRD和SEM结果表明：所有纳米粒子均为球形，而燃烧法合成的样品粒径较小。上转换发光光谱表明：由于不同数量ED护认的加入，使样品的红光和绿光的发射强度发生的明显变化，其原因同样与掺杂离子的局域环境是不同有关。

Relationship between luminescence and matrices in the system Al2O3-B2O3-Ce2O3

The system Al2O3-B2O3-Ce2O3, with Al/B ratio varying from 4.5 to 2 and Ce/(Al + B) = 0.02, has been prepared at the temperature from 1 200 to 1 400 degrees C. Relationship between luminescence and matrices in the system Al2O3-B2O3-Ce2O3 was investigated. It was found that some changes of the matrices occurred with Al/B ratio varying from 4.5 to 2. These results lead to a great change in luminescence properties, indicating variation of Ce-surroundings of crystal field. With the decrease of the ratio from 3 to 2, the excitation and emission peaks shift to shorter wavelengths. it was also found that a new type of rare earth luminescent materials was obtained with appropriate Al/B ratio.

Espectroscopia óptica de vidros fluoroindatos dopados com íons Er3+ e Yb3+

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The influence of cation segregation on the methanol decomposition on nanostructured SnO2

Here we describe a new route to synthesize ultrafine rare earth doped and undoped tin oxide particles for catalytic applications. The catalytic behavior observed in SnO2 samples suggests the control of the catalytic activity and the selectivity of the products by the segregation of a layer of a rare earth compound with the increase of the heat-treatment temperature. The ultrafine particles were characterized by means of BET, XPS, TEM, XRD and Rietveld refinement. It was demonstrated that the effects of the dopant on the methanol decomposition reaction and on the H-2 selectivity were correlated with the segregation of a rare earth layer on the tin oxide samples. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier B.V. B.V.

Matrizes semicondutoras GaAs e Sn'X IND. 2' dopado com terras-raras Ce ou Eu: investigação do transporte elétrico

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo das propriedades ópticas e estruturais de espinélios do tipo 'ZNAL IND. 2 O IND. 4' contendo 'EU POT. 3+' ou 'TB POT. 3+'

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Investigação de contatos elétricos e propriedades de filmes finos de SnO2 dopados com os íons terras raras Eu3+ e Ce3+

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Produção e caracterização de guias de onda dopados com terras-raras contendo nanopartículas semicondutoras.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a produção e caracterização de filmes finos do tipo GeO2-Bi2O3 (BGO) produzidos por sputtering-RF com e sem nanopartículas (NPs) semicondutoras, dopados e codopados com íons de Er3+ ou Er3+/Yb3+ para a produção de amplificadores ópticos. A produção de guias de onda do tipo pedestal baseados nos filmes BGO foi realizada a partir de litografia óptica seguida por processo de corrosão por plasma e deposição física a vapor. A incorporação dos íons de terras-raras (TRs) foi verificada a partir dos espectros de emissão. Análises de espectroscopia e microscopia foram indispensáveis para otimizar os parâmetros dos processos para a construção dos guias de onda. Foi observado aumento significativo da luminescência do Er3+ (região do visível e do infravermelho), em filmes finos codopados com Er3+/Yb3+ na presença de nanopartículas de Si. As perdas por propagação mínimas observadas foram de ~1,75 dB/cm para os guias pedestal em 1068 nm. Para os guias dopados com Er3+ foi observado aumento significativo do ganho na presença de NPs de silício (1,8 dB/cm). O ganho óptico nos guias de onda amplificadores codopados com Er3+/Yb3+ e dopados com Er3+ com e sem NPs de silício também foi medido. Ganho de ~8dB/cm em 1542 nm, sob excitação em 980 nm, foi observado para os guias pedestal codopados com Er3+/Yb3+ (Er = 4,64.1019 átomos/cm3, Yb = 3,60.1020 átomos/cm3) com largura de 80 µm; para os guias codopados com concentração superior de Er3+/Yb3+ (Er = 1,34.1021 átomos/cm3, Yb = 3,90.1021 átomos/cm3) e com NPs de Si, foi observado aumento do ganho óptico de 50% para guia com largura de 100 µm. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que guias de onda baseados em germanatos, com ou sem NPs semicondutoras, são promissores para aplicações em dispositivos fotônicos.

Ginzburg-Landau turbulence in quasi-CW Raman fiber lasers

Fiber lasers operating via Raman gain or based on rare-earth-doped active fibers are widely used as sources of CW radiation. However, these lasers are only quasi-CW: their intensity fluctuates strongly on short time scales. Here the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are well known as an efficient model of mode-locked fiber lasers, is applied for the description of quasi-CW fiber lasers. The vector Ginzburg-Landau model of a Raman fiber laser describes the experimentally observed turbulent-like intensity dynamics, as well as polarization rogue waves. Our results open debates about the common underlying physics of operation of very different laser types - quasi-CW lasers and passively mode-locked lasers. Fiber lasers operating via Raman gain or based on rare-earth-doped active fibers are widely used as sources of CW radiation. However, these lasers are only quasi-CW: their intensity fluctuates strongly on short time scales. Here the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are well known as an efficient model of mode-locked fiber lasers, is applied for the description of quasi-CW fiber lasers. The vector Ginzburg-Landau model of a Raman fiber laser describes the experimentally observed turbulent-like intensity dynamics, as well as polarization rogue waves. Our results open debates about the common underlying physics of operation of very different laser types - quasi-CW lasers and passively mode-locked lasers.

Quantifying Aflatoxin B1 in peanut oil using fabricating fluorescence probes based on upconversion nanoparticles

Rare earth doped upconversion nanoparticles convert near-infrared excitation light into visible emission light. Compared to organic fluorophores and semiconducting nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) offer high photochemical stability, sharp emission bandwidths, and large anti-Stokes shifts. Along with the significant light penetration depth and the absence of autofluorescence in biological samples under infrared excitation, these UCNPs have attracted more and more attention on toxin detection and biological labelling. Herein, the fluorescence probe based on UCNPs was developed for quantifying Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in peanut oil. Based on a specific immunity format, the detection limit for AFB₁ under optimal conditions was obtained as low as 0.2 ng·ml^{- 1}, and in the effective detection range 0.2 to 100 ng·ml^{- 1}, good relationship between fluorescence intensity and AFB₁ concentration was achieved under the linear ratios up to 0.90. Moreover, to check the feasibility of these probes on AFB₁ measurements in peanut oil, recovery tests have been carried out. A good accuracy rating (93.8%) was obtained in this study. Results showed that the nanoparticles can be successfully applied for sensing AFB₁ in peanut oil.

Near-infrared luminescence from sol-gel materials doped with holmium(III) and thulium(III) complexes

A series of ternary Ln(tta)(3)L complexes (Ln = Ho, Tm; Htta = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone; L = 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2'-bipyridine, or triphenyl phosphate oxide) and their corresponding sol-gel hybrid materials formed via the in situ synthesis process (designated as Ln-T-L gel) were reported. The complexes and the gels were studied in detail, which suggest the complexes have been successfully synthesized in the corresponding gels.

Yttrium oxysulfide nanosized spherical particles doped with Yb and Er or Yb and Tm: efficient materials for up-converting phosphor technology field

This work reports on the preparation, structural and luminescent studies of nanosized up-converter phosphors Y2O2S:Yb(4%), Er(0.1%) and Y2O2S:Yb(4%), Tm(0.1%),both from polymeric and basic carbonate precursors. The precursors were submitted to a sulphuration process that was previously developed for oxysulfide preparation from basic carbonate. From XRD data, all phosphors presented the oxysulfide phase and the mean crystallite size estimated from the Scherrer formula in the range of 15-20 nm. Polymeric precursor leads to the smallest crystallite size independent on the doping ion. SEM and TEM results confirmed that basic carbonate leads to spherical particles with narrow size distribution and mean diameter of 150 nm, and polymeric precursor smaller spherical particles with diameter between 20 and 40 nm. Up-conversion studies under 980 nm laser excitation showed that Er-doped phosphors present strong green emission related to H-2(11/2), S-4(3/2) --> I-4(15/2) Er transitions as well as the red ones, F-4(9/2) --> I-4(15/2). Tm-doped samples show strong blue emission assigned to (1)G(4) --> H-3(6) and also the red ones, related to (1)G(4) --> F-3(4). Therefore, the sulphuration method was successfully applied to prepare nanosized and nanostructured blue and green up-converter oxysulfide phosphors starting from basic carbonate and polymeric precursors. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.