997 resultados para cérebro-proteção


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The fluorescent proteins are an essential tool in many fields of biology, since they allow us to watch the development of structures and dynamic processes of cells in living tissue, with the aid of fluorescence microscopy. Optogenectics is another technique that is currently widely used in Neuroscience. In general, this technique allows to activate/deactivate neurons with the radiation of certain wavelengths on the cells that have ion channels sensitive to light, at the same time that can be used with fluorescent proteins. This dissertation has two main objectives. Initially, we study the interaction of light radiation and mice brain tissue to be applied in optogenetic experiments. In this step, we model absorption and scattering effects using mice brain tissue characteristics and Kubelka-Munk theory, for specific wavelengths, as a function of light penetration depth (distance) within the tissue. Furthermore, we model temperature variations using the finite element method to solve Pennes’ bioheat equation, with the aid of COMSOL Multiphysics Modeling Software 4.4, where we simulate protocols of light stimulation tipically used in optogenetics. Subsequently, we develop some computational algorithms to reduce the exposure of neuron cells to the light radiation necessary for the visualization of their emitted fluorescence. At this stage, we describe the image processing techniques developed to be used in fluorescence microscopy to reduce the exposure of the brain samples to continuous light, which is responsible for fluorochrome excitation. The developed techniques are able to track, in real time, a region of interest (ROI) and replace the fluorescence emitted by the cells by a virtual mask, as a result of the overlay of the tracked ROI and the fluorescence information previously stored, preserving cell location, independently of the time exposure to fluorescent light. In summary, this dissertation intends to investigate and describe the effects of light radiation in brain tissue, within the context of Optogenetics, in addition to providing a computational tool to be used in fluorescence microscopy experiments to reduce image bleaching and photodamage due to the intense exposure of fluorescent cells to light radiation.

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This work aims to study and investigate the use of a hybrid composite polymer formed with blanket aramid (Kevlar 29) fiber blanket flax fiber and particulate dry endocarp of coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn), using as matrix an epoxy resin based thermoset for use in areas of protective equipment. Besides such material is used an aluminum plate, joined to the composite by means of glue based on epoxy and araldite commercial. The manufacturing process adopted was manual lamination (Hand Lay Up) to manufacture the hybrid composite. After the composite is prepared, an aluminum plate is subjected to pressure and glued to cure the adhesive. Layers of veil will also be used to separate the particulate from the linen blanket layer without disturbing the alignment of the fibers of the blankets. To characterize the mechanical and physical behavior was manufactured a plate of 800 x 600 mm of the hybrid composite, which were removed specimens for tests of water absorption to saturation; density; impact test (Charpy) and two test specimens for ballistic testing 220 mm x 200 mm to make a comparative study between the dry state and saturated water absorption and thus see the ballistic performance of these two conditions. The test was applied to make a comparative study of fracture in these two conditions, caused by penetrating ballistic missile (38 and 380). To test the impact (Charpy) will analyze the absorbed energy, fracture appearance and lateral contraction, also in dry condition and saturation of absorbed water, thereby analyzing situations where the impact load is relevant, such as bumps and shocks produced by stone, metal or wooden bars among others. The proposed configuration, along with the tests, has the purpose, application in the fields of equipment against ballistic impact, such as helmets; bullet proof vests; shields; protective packaging and other items to be identified in this research.

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A Proteção Respiratória Ocupacional é atualmente uma exigência legal do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego para garantia da saúde e segurança de milhares de trabalhadores que labutam com exposição habitual a substâncias nocivas que possam ocasionar doenças ocupacionais por inalação de ar contaminado no local de trabalho, cuja principal via de penetração no organismo humano é o Sistema Respiratório. Carvões ativados são materiais obtidos a partir de fontes carbonáceas e utilizados como elemento tecnológico filtrante nos equipamentos destinados a proteção respiratória individual. Fomentada por esse contexto, e visando potencializar conceitos de eco-eficiência e sustentabilidade em produção de materiais, este trabalho destina-se a produção de carvão ativado com potencial filtrante a partir de um rejeito agrícola abundante na região Nordeste do Brasil através de uma rota que favorece carbonização e ativação simultâneas, seguido de neutralização térmica. A biomassa precursora foi caracterizada por Ensaios padrões para determinação do teor de umidade e cinzas, Análise Química Elementar, Análises Térmicas (TG e DSC) e Distribuição Granulométrica por difração a laser. As amostras de carvões ativos sintetizadas foram caracterizadas por Difração de Raios X (DRX), Medidas de área específica por BET, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Análise assistida com ultravioleta visível e Redução à Temperatura Programada (TPR) por Amônia. A rota empregada favorece uma tecnologia alternativa para o aproveitamento de resíduos e aplicável para a Proteção Respiratória Ocupacional. A atmosfera de queima influencia diretamente na produção. A temperatura de carbonização variou conforme a estabilidade térmica da amostra. A cristalinidade, morfologia, teor mineralógico, área superficial específica e a adsorção em fase líquida e gasosa variaram em função da interação do resíduo precursor com o tipo e concentração de ácido utilizado. Os ensaios de adsorção demonstraram a efetividade da ativação segundo a rota experimental proposta. O potencial catalítico dos materiais produzidos para uso em máscaras respiratórias foi evidenciado pelo ensaio de TPR. O processo de produção estudado se mostrou eficaz para obtenção dos carvões promovendo processamentos e aplicações mais nobres para materiais cujo uso tem sido restrito a meras aplicações primárias ou descarte, mas cujo potencial tecnológico é amplo, empreendedor, sustentável, viável em escala industrial e de baixo custo.

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Over the past decades, starting mainly in the 1960s, the number of elderly has grown in the country and an aging population is considered a remarkable global phenomenon. Given the speed of this process, this growth has produced different implications for the structure of the social, economic and cultural societies and, as such, constitutes new challenges for public policy, and particularly for the Brazilian social assistance policy. Considering the significant increase aging population in Natal and the challenges of social welfare policy, this research aims to identify and analyze the demands and challenges of Social Assistance Policy in the city of Natal / RN, in particular the access of the elderly to social protection basic in the Reference Centers of Social Assistance. This research uses a critical dialectical method, and the methodological procedures that guided the study: the bibliographical research, documentary and field as well as systematic observation. Some initial questions were important to guide this work: What are the demands that come to CRAS the elderly population? What are the answers to these demands by the Basic Social Protection? How this CRAS has implemented social protection responses to these demands as rights guarantee the elderly population? The services offered by CRAS meets user needs? To get the results of this research, bibliographic sources were used, documentary and observation for four (4) CRAS of different district areas of the city of Natal. The results of this research show that basic social protection is quite fragile, leaving part of the population at risk and social vulnerability still without attention due to several factors, including the reduced technical team and the impossibility of service to all neighborhoods referenced by CRAS in the respective zones, and 50% of elderly assisted arising from spontaneous demands.

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Over the past decades, starting mainly in the 1960s, the number of elderly has grown in the country and an aging population is considered a remarkable global phenomenon. Given the speed of this process, this growth has produced different implications for the structure of the social, economic and cultural societies and, as such, constitutes new challenges for public policy, and particularly for the Brazilian social assistance policy. Considering the significant increase aging population in Natal and the challenges of social welfare policy, this research aims to identify and analyze the demands and challenges of Social Assistance Policy in the city of Natal / RN, in particular the access of the elderly to social protection basic in the Reference Centers of Social Assistance. This research uses a critical dialectical method, and the methodological procedures that guided the study: the bibliographical research, documentary and field as well as systematic observation. Some initial questions were important to guide this work: What are the demands that come to CRAS the elderly population? What are the answers to these demands by the Basic Social Protection? How this CRAS has implemented social protection responses to these demands as rights guarantee the elderly population? The services offered by CRAS meets user needs? To get the results of this research, bibliographic sources were used, documentary and observation for four (4) CRAS of different district areas of the city of Natal. The results of this research show that basic social protection is quite fragile, leaving part of the population at risk and social vulnerability still without attention due to several factors, including the reduced technical team and the impossibility of service to all neighborhoods referenced by CRAS in the respective zones, and 50% of elderly assisted arising from spontaneous demands.

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The use of chemical fertilization in arable perimeters provides increased productivity, though it can eventually lead to a qualitative depreciation of groundwater sources, especially if such sources are unconfined in nature. In this context, this thesis presents results from an analysis of the level of natural protection of the Barreiras Aquifer in an area located on the eastern coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State - Brazil. Such an aquifer is clastic in nature and has an unconfined hydraulic character, which clearly makes it susceptible to contamination from surface ground loads with contaminants associated with the leaching of excess fertilizers not absorbed by ground vegetation. The methodology used was based on the use of hydro-geophysical data, particularly inverse models of vertical electrical soundings (VES) and information from well profiles, allowing the acquisition of longitudinal conductance cartographies (S), data in mili-Siemens (mS), and the vulnerability of the aquifer. Such maps were prepared with emphasis to the unsaturated overlying zone, highlighting in particular its thickness and occurrence of clay lithologies. Thus, the longitudinal conductance and aquifer vulnerability reveal areas more susceptible to contamination in the northeast and east-central sections of the study area, with values equal to or less than 10mS and greater than or equal to 0,50, respectively. On the other hand, the southwestern section proved to be less susceptible to contamination, whose longitudinal conductance and vulnerability indices are greater than or equal to 30mS and less than or equal to 0,40, respectively.

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The use of chemical fertilization in arable perimeters provides increased productivity, though it can eventually lead to a qualitative depreciation of groundwater sources, especially if such sources are unconfined in nature. In this context, this thesis presents results from an analysis of the level of natural protection of the Barreiras Aquifer in an area located on the eastern coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State - Brazil. Such an aquifer is clastic in nature and has an unconfined hydraulic character, which clearly makes it susceptible to contamination from surface ground loads with contaminants associated with the leaching of excess fertilizers not absorbed by ground vegetation. The methodology used was based on the use of hydro-geophysical data, particularly inverse models of vertical electrical soundings (VES) and information from well profiles, allowing the acquisition of longitudinal conductance cartographies (S), data in mili-Siemens (mS), and the vulnerability of the aquifer. Such maps were prepared with emphasis to the unsaturated overlying zone, highlighting in particular its thickness and occurrence of clay lithologies. Thus, the longitudinal conductance and aquifer vulnerability reveal areas more susceptible to contamination in the northeast and east-central sections of the study area, with values equal to or less than 10mS and greater than or equal to 0,50, respectively. On the other hand, the southwestern section proved to be less susceptible to contamination, whose longitudinal conductance and vulnerability indices are greater than or equal to 30mS and less than or equal to 0,40, respectively.

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This dissertation will be marked by our proposal to hold a theoretical perspective to the classical mind-body problem, and more precisely for the defense of the idea that consciousness (or conscious mind) emerges from the interaction and integration relationships between body proper, brain and environment. This purpose will lead us to assume an alternative position with respect to the more traditional perspectives to the mind-body problem, ie an alternative perspective not only in relation to the dualistics forms of mind-body, but also in regards to the reductive physicalists, which usually reduces mind to brain. Aiming to support a position that both avoid the idea that mind and body are distinct substances and the theory that the brain explains the consciousness in its totality, we will dedicate an important part of this work to explain how the structure of consciousness depends significantly of the body proper and the bodily information mechanisms as well as the environment and the physiological mechanisms through which we place ourselves in space, in front of us and the other bodies (organic and inorganic). Given that the relationship between brain, body and environment involves different mental levels — from the most primitive and unconscious mental mechanisms until conscious and sophisticated levels — we will proceed to the task of assuming a model to explain in what sense these levels contribute to that our instincts and the most sophisticated dimensions of our mental life are part of the one and the same process, which is why we will structure our argument from the ideia that mind, self, and consciousness are the different hierarchical levels which make up the totality of our psychic life and therefore organic one. Imbued with this conceptual approach, we will advance to the focus of this work, namely the reasons that will lead us to give a prominent role to the body proper and the environment in the constitution of the conscious mind, or even the reasons that will lead us to defend the thesis according to which we are embodied and situated, as well as the reasons that will lead us to reject the theoretical positions that dichotomize man and world. In order to support the thesis that we are embodied and situated, and therefore with the purpose of overcoming the theoretical paradigms that dichotomize consciousness and world, we will turn out to the authors and the perspectives we believe to be more successful in this endeavor, including the phenomenological approaches to bodily self-consciousness, the enactivists perspectives and the researches dedicated to mapping the interaction and integration relationships between brain, body and environment. To achieve our goals, the dissertation will be divided into two chapters: the first chapter will emphasize in what way the structuring of consciousness depends on the body proper and the environment, while in the second chapter we will resort to the phenomenological dimensions of bodily self-consciousness, emphasizing the bodily information channels that provide us the immediate certainty, in a first person perspective, that the self is bodily in a non-metaphorical sense.

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OBJETIVO: Neste trabalho avaliou-se a ação da glucana ? ? 1-3 insolúvel, um polissacarídeo extraído da parede celular interna do fungo Saccharomyces cerevisae, como agente imunoestimulante inespecífico em camundongos submetidos a modelo de sepse experimental. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 73 camundongos Swiss, os quais receberam glucana em diferentes doses pelas vias intraperitoneal (i.p.). Sepse difusa foi induzida através da técnica de ligadura e punção do ceco, transfixado e drenado com fio multifilamentar. RESULTADOS: Os animais tratados com glucana apresentaram um aumento significante no número de leucócitos no lavado peritoneal, diminuição no número de unidades formadoras de colônias bacterianas. Observou-se um aumento significante na sobrevida dos animais tratados com glucana insolúvel, a qual proporcionou um maior controle da infecção bacteriana por aumentar o número de células de defesa. CONCLUSÃO: A glucana insolúvel, quando usada em camundongos por via intraperitoneal, em modelo de sepse abdominal, contribuiu para melhorar a sobrevida, induziu proteção contra a formação de colônias bacterianas no líquido peritoneal e aumentou a migração leucocitária

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A presente dissertação insere-se no âmbito da gestão das zonas costeiras, que na atualidade enfrentam um grave problema de erosão. Este torna-se um problema social com especial importância devido à concentração populacional e atividade económica que se verifica nas regiões litorais. Neste contexto muitos têm sido os estudos físicos e económicos levados a cabo no sentido de encontrar soluções para lidar com este problema. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar qual a importância que o timing em que é efetuado o investimento na proteção pode ter na defesa das zonas costeiras. Por outras palavras, perceber se existem ou não vantagens em adiar o investimento na proteção por um determinado período de tempo. Foi definida como área de estudo o trecho costeiro de 20 km compreendido entre a Praia da Barra (Aveiro) e a Praia de Mira (Coimbra). Através da utilização do modelo numérico Long-Term Configuration (LTC) foi simulada a evolução da linha de costa por um período de 80 anos, seguida de uma análise custo-benefício ambiental em que foi considerada a possibilidade de investimentos em estruturas de defesa (no caso desta dissertação esporões com 100m, 200m e 300m de comprimento) a serem efetuados após 0, 10, 20 ou 30 anos. Foram também contempladas restrições orçamentais, e ainda, efetuada uma análise de sensibilidade à taxa de desconto utilizada. Os resultados mostram que quanto mais cedo se iniciar proteção das zonas costeiras, mais benefícios económicos serão retirados desse investimento. Os cenários que se apresentaram como os mais vantajosos são aqueles em que o investimento é levado a cabo no Ano 0 e onde se opta por uma proteção integral ou quase integral da linha de costa. Ainda assim, em todos os timings de investimento analisados foi possível encontrar cenários economicamente viáveis e dos quais resultariam benefícios económicos. A análise com inclusão de restrições orçamentais mostra que a utilização destas deixa de fazer sentido à medida que o investimento é adiado, funcionando então o próprio retardar do investimento como uma medida de contenção orçamental. A análise de sensibilidade à taxa de desconto revelou que a opção por uma taxa de desconto de 4% acaba por não influenciar de maneira significativa os resultados obtidos.

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Some protected special spaces on behalf of fundamental rights to the environment and the housing at the city of Natal are fragile by facing actions and attempts to suppress and changing (or omission in the implementation) of standards in furtherance of those rights at the local level, which seems to reflect a situation that goes beyond the context of the city. Based on integrated approach of the housing rights and the environment and its protection of special spaces on the field of fundamental rights, the thesis seeks to understand the weaknesses that affect the legal state duty under the realization/implementation of fundamental rights to the environment and housing in cities, focusing on the issues of flexibility of the founding legislation of special spaces to the detriment of the attributes they protected and the lack of implementation of the legal system that allows their effectiveness. So, it looks initially to understand the environment and housing rights and their special protected areas in the brazilian legal system, looking forward the evolution of its legal protection, as well as the weaknesses that emerge in the field of their effectiveness. Analyzing the trajectory of the environment and housing rights and their special protected areas in Natal, considering its standards, attributes, protection indicators, weaknesses and negative evidence within its legal protections and their enforcement by state entity, this thesis proposes to verify the existence of forms to confronting the weaknesses founded in the maintenance of legal protection and its implementation. At this point it discusses the legal basis and safeguard instruments of protection, especially within the juridical field, as part of a (re)discussion about issues of legislative and administrative discretion in the face of objective legal state duty to realization/implementation of fundamental rights in the urban space. With all these issues together the thesis does not ignore the scenario where the dividing line between public and private (economic) are becoming ever more tenuous in the field of state action and where the city stands as a special commodity to the reproduction of real estate, according to the interests of capitalist logic

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Introdução: A violência nas relações de intimidade não tem idade, nem status social e/ou económico. É um fenómeno que está impregnado nas sociedades ao longo da história. Tem uma face visível que é o dano individual e social e pode repercutir-se por várias gerações. A prevenção da violência passa pelo estudo dos fatores de risco e de proteção, e de como atuam, constituindo este campo uma das prioridades máximas da investigação sobre a violência (Organização Mundial de Saúde, OMS, 2011). Objetivos: Descrever os fatores de risco e de proteção para a violência nas relações de intimidade (VRI) a partir de olhar de adolescentes do 9º ano de escolaridade. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, que integra uma investigação quase experimental para validação de um Programa de Promoção de Relações de Intimidade Saudáveis (PRIS), realizada em 2016 com estudantes do 9º ano de um agrupamento de escolas de Portugal. Participaram 104 adolescentes com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e 17 anos. Os dados foram colhidos após a obtenção do consentimento informado, através de um formulário e observação dos participantes após visualização de um filme sobre a violência no namoro. Os dados obtidos foram sujeitos a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Os adolescentes apresentaram como fatores de risco para ser vítima de VRI as caraterísticas individuais e sociais, tais como o isolamento, a baixa autoestima, o medo, o "perdoar várias vezes", o agressor, e o desconhecimento sobre as caraterísticas da VRIs, o que dificulta a procura de ajuda. No âmbito do agressor, consideram fatores de risco predominantemente aspetos individuais, incluindo a agressividade, o ciúme, o controlo e a manipulação da vítima. Os adolescentes tiveram dificuldade em descrever fatores de proteção para o agressor, referindo a ajuda psicológica, a ajuda da família e dos amigos. Em relação à vítima, referiram o apoio recebido dos pais, em especial a confiança na mãe, dos amigos e das linhas telefónicas e instituições de ajuda. Conclusões: A conscientização sobre os fatores de risco e de proteção da vítima e do agressor é de extrema importância para a prevenção da VRI. A dificuldade expressa pelos adolescentes em identificar os fatores protetores do agressor (para evitar novas agressões) reflete a necessidade de um maior enfoque nos agressores no desenvolvimento de programas de prevenção, integrando as estratégias e recursos a mobilizar para ajuda, podendo contribuir para interromper ou prevenir a violência. Esta é uma necessidade premente para colmatar as respostas existentes para o fenómeno da VRI que se tem centrado sobretudo na vítima.