921 resultados para Transnational Corporations (TNCs)


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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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This study looks at negotiation of belonging and understandings of home among a generation of young Kurdish adults who were born in Iraq, Iran, and Turkey and who reached adulthood in Finland. The young Kurds taking part in the study belong to the generation of migrants who moved to Finland in their childhood and early teenage years from the region of Kurdistan and elsewhere in the Middle East, then grew to adulthood in Finland. In theoretical terms, the study draws broadly from three approaches: transnationalism, intersectionality, and narrativity. Transnationalism refers to individuals cross-border ties and interaction extending beyond nationstates borders. Young people of migrant background, it has been suggested, are raised in a transnational space that entails cross-border contacts, ties, and visits to the societies of departure. How identities and feelings of belonging become formed in relation to the transnational space is approached with an intersectional frame, for examination of individuals positionings in terms of their intersecting attributes of gender, age/generation, and ethnicity, among others. Focus on the narrative approach allows untangling how individuals make sense of their place in the social world and how they narrate their belonging in terms of various mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion, including institutional arrangements and discursive categorisation schemes. The empirical data for this qualitative study come from 25 semi-structured thematic interviews that were conducted with 23 young Kurdish adults living in Turku and Helsinki between 2009 and 2011. The interviewees were aged between 19 and 28 years at the time of interviewing. Interview themes involved topics such as school and working life, family relations and language-learning, political activism and citizenship, transnational ties and attachments, belonging and identification, and plans for the future and aspirations. Furthermore, data were collected from observations during political demonstrations and meetings, along with cultural get-togethers. The data were analysed via thematic analysis. The findings from the study suggest that young Kurds express a strong sense of Kurdishness that is based partially on knowing the Kurdish language and is informed by a sense of cultural continuity in the diaspora setting. Collective Kurdish identity narratives, particularly related to the consciousness of being a marginalised other in the context of the Middle East, are resonant in young interviewees narrations of Kurdishness. Thus, a sense of Kurdishness is drawn from lived experiences indexed to a particular politico-historical context of the Kurdish diaspora movements but also from the current situation of Kurdish minorities in the Middle East. On the other hand, young Kurds construct a sense of belonging in terms of the discursive constructions of Finnishness and otherness in the Finnish context. The racialised boundaries of Finnishness are echoed in young Kurds narrations and position them as the other namely, the immigrant, refugee, or foreigner on the basis of embodied signifiers (specifically, their darker complexions). This study also indicates that young Kurds navigate between gendered expectations and norms at home and outside the home environment. They negotiate their positionings through linguistic repertoires for instance, through mastery of the Finnish language and by adjusting their behaviour in light of the context. This suggests that young Kurds adopt various forms of agency to display and enact their belonging in a transnational diaspora space. Young Kurds narrations display both territorially-bounded and non-territorially-bounded elements with regard to the relationship between identity and locality. Home is located in Finland, and the future and aspirations are planned in relation to it. In contrast, the region of Kurdistan is viewed as homeland and as the place of origins and roots, where temporary stays and visits are a possibility. The emotional attachments are forged in relation to the country (Finland) and not so much relative to Finnishness, which the interviewees considered an exclusionary identity category. Furthermore, identification with ones immediate place of residence (city) or, in some cases, with a religious identity as Muslim provides a more flexible venue for identification than does identifying oneself with the (Finnish) nation.

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Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarkastella etjohtamista finanssitoimialan johtamismallina ja sen vaikutuksia toimialan operatiivisten riskien hallintaan. Tutkimuksessa toteutetaan kvalitatiivinen tutkimus finanssialalla toimivalle Case yritys X:lle ja tutkimusmenetelmn kytetn teemahaastatteluja. Tutkimuksella pyritn selvittmn miten etjohtaminen vaikuttaa yrityksen operatiivisten riskien hallintaan ja mit muutoksia etjohtamismalliin tulisi tehd operatiivisten riskien hallinnan tehostamiseksi. Teoriaosuudessa kydn lpi etjohtamisen ja finanssialan riskienhallintaa aikaisempien tutkimusten ja kirjallisuuden pohjalta. Tutkimuksessa selvitetn yrityksen yleisimmt operatiiviset riskit, niiden hallintakeinot ja pyritn teoriaan nojaten kehittmn etjohtamismalliin menetelmi tehokkaampaan operatiivisten riskien hallintaan. Tuloksissa vedetn yhteen yrityksen tmnhetkinen tilanne operatiivisessa riskienhallinnassa ja teemahaastattelujen sek teorian pohjalta pyritn lytmn kehitysehdotuksia etjohtamismalliin, mit voitaisiin tehd toisin. Teoria painottaa mm. HR:n sisllyttmist osaksi operatiivista riskienhallintaa, vastuuhenkiliden ja mittareiden asettamista ja kehittmist sek leader-johtajuutta ja Basel-snnksiin perustuvaa operatiivisten riskienhallinnan viitekehyst. Empiirisess osiossa haastatteluista kertyt vastaukset ohjaavat teorian kanssa samansuuntaisiin kehitysehdotuksiin. Avainasemassa yrityksen operatiivisessa riskienhallinnassa ovat reagoiminen, osaava etjohtaminen sek johdonmukainen perehdytyssuunnitelma. Yritys X on tehnyt huomattavia toimenpiteit etjohtamismalliin ja jatkuva kehittminen kohti parempaa operatiivista riskienhallintaa on liiketoimintastrategian keskiss.

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The purpose of this research is to examine the appraisal of service station real estate. This is a case research and the case service station is located in Kanta-Hme region in Finland. In the empirical part data consisted of national land survey of Finlands data, Case corporations financial statements and Haahtela-Kehitys Oy: real estate appraisal 2013 instructions. The aim of this research was to find out whether there is a most suitable method for the appraisal of service station real estate. In this research it was not possible to conclude that one of the appraisal methods was more suitable than the other for service station real estate appraisal. It can be pointed out that selection of the appraisal method depends on several factors such as purpose of the appraisal, available information and the evaluators point of view.

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Medium value purchases make up a vast portion of organisations purchases. Medium value purchases differ from large purchases that the purchases value is smaller and quantity higher. They are not managed efficiently if they are managed as large purchases. However, they should not be managed as small purchases as they have savings possibilities that are not obtained with a process that is designed for small purchases. This study offers a solution for medium value spend management. The solution is tactical sourcing. The tactical sourcing is designed for Tieto Corporations need and it was influenced by Six Sigma methods and tools.

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The main objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of Lean Innovation management philosophy on the creativity potential of the large multinational enterprise. A theory of Lean Innovation indicates that the modern company in any industry can successfully combine both waste-decreasing approach and innovative potential promotion through creativity cultivation or, at least, preservation. The theoretical part of the work covers the main factors, pros and cons of Lean thinking and Innovation management separately, along with generalized new product development overview. While the modern international market becomes more accessible for entrepreneural initiatives, small enterprises and start-ups, large international corporations are more subject to adopt the Lean Innovation approach in both operational and product development sectors due to extended resources and capabilities. Moreover, a multinational enterprise is a highly probable pioneer in Lean innovation implementation. The empirical part of the thesis refers to a case of large European enterprise, operating in many markets around the globe, that currently undergoes innovation management adjustments and implementations in product development while already have related themselves with operational process optimization process through Lean thinking. A goal of the work is to understand what kind of difficulties and consequences a large international firm faces when dealing with Lean Innovation to improve own performance, if they can be sealed for generalized approach.

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Kandidaatintyss toteutetaan OBD2 (On-Board Diagnostics 2) -lukija ajoneuvon pstjenhallintajrjestelmn diagnostiikkatiedoille yleiskyttisell mikro-ohjaimella. Lukija tukee tiedonsiirtoprotokollana SAE J1850 VPW protokollaa. Mikro-ohjaimena on Atmel Corporationin AVR ATMega328. Tyn tavoitteena on havainnoida vastaantulevia kytnnn ongelmia ja haasteita mikro-ohjaimen kytll tiedonsiirtoprotokollan toteutukseen, ja verrata toteutettua jrjestelm kaupallisiin OBD2-lukijoihin. Tyn johtoptksen havaitaan mikro-ohjaimen suorituskyvyn rajoitteet ja sen tuomat toiminnan epvarmuustekijt. Tyss mys todetaan, ett mikro-ohjain soveltuu tiedonsiirtoprotokollan toteutukseen kun rajoitteet otetaan huomioon. Kaupallisiin lukijoihin verrattuna yleiskyttiseen mikro-ohjaimeen perustuva toteutettu jrjestelm on kalliimpi ja toiminnoiltaan suppeampi. Mikro-ohjaimeen perustuva jrjestelm on kuitenkin muokattavissa ja laajennettavissa tarvittaessa, jolloin toteutukseen voidaan saada kaupallisista jrjestelmist mahdollisesti puuttuvia ominaisuuksia, kuten valmistajakohtaisia protokollia ja toimintoja, joita ei ole mritelty OBD2:ssa. Yhten esimerkkin tllaisesta toiminnosta voi mainita ajoneuvoissa yleistyvn shkisen ksijarrun st ohjaavat komennot jarruhuoltoa varten.

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The context of this study is corporate e-learning, with an explicit focus on how digital learning design can facilitate self-regulated learning (SRL). The field of e-learning is growing rapidly. An increasing number of corporations use digital technology and elearning for training their work force and customers. E-learning may offer economic benefits, as well as opportunities for interaction and communication that traditional teaching cannot provide. However, the evolving variety of digital learning contexts makes new demands on learners, requiring them to develop strategies to adapt and cope with novel learning tools. This study derives from the need to learn more about learning experiences in digital contexts in order to be able to design these properly for learning. The research question targets how the design of an e-learning course influences participants self-regulated learning actions and intentions. SRL involves learners ability to exercise agency in their learning. Micro-level SRL processes were targeted by exploring behaviour, cognition, and affect/motivation in relation to the design of the digital context. Two iterations of an e-learning course were tested on two groups of participants (N=17). However, the exploration of SRL extends beyond the educational design research perspective of comparing the effects of the changes to the course designs. The study was conducted in a laboratory with each participant individually. Multiple types of data were collected. However, the results presented in this thesis are based on screen observations (including eye tracking) and video-stimulated recall interviews. These data were integrated in order to achieve a broad perspective on SRL. The most essential change evident in the second course iteration was the addition of feedback during practice and the final test. Without feedback on actions there was an observable difference between those who were instruction-directed and those who were self-directed in manipulating the context and, thus, persisted whenever faced with problems. In the second course iteration, including the feedback, this kind of difference was not found. Feedback provided the tipping point for participants to regulate their learning by identifying their knowledge gaps and to explore the learning context in a targeted manner. Furthermore, the course content was consistently seen from a pragmatic perspective, which influenced the participants choice of actions, showing that real life relevance is an important need of corporate learners. This also relates to assessment and the consideration of its purpose in relation to participants work situation. The rigidity of the multiple choice questions, focusing on the memorisation of details, influenced the participants to adapt to an approach for surface learning. It also caused frustration in cases where the participants epistemic beliefs were incompatible with this kind of assessment style. Triggers of positive and negative emotions could be categorized into four levels: personal factors, instructional design of content, interface design of context, and technical solution. In summary, the key design choices for creating a positive learning experience involve feedback, flexibility, functionality, fun, and freedom. The design of the context impacts regulation of behaviour, cognition, as well as affect and motivation. The learners awareness of these areas of regulation in relation to learning in a specific context is their ability for design-based epistemic metareflection. I describe this metareflection as knowing how to manipulate the context behaviourally for maximum learning, being metacognitively aware of ones learning process, and being aware of how emotions can be regulated to maintain volitional control of the learning situation. Attention needs to be paid to how the design of a digital learning context supports learners metareflective development as digital learners. Every digital context has its own affordances and constraints, which influence the possibilities for micro-level SRL processes. Empowering learners in developing their ability for design-based epistemic metareflection is, therefore, essential for building their digital literacy in relation to these affordances and constraints. It was evident that the implementation of e-learning in the workplace is not unproblematic and needs new ways of thinking about learning and how we create learning spaces. Digital contexts bring a new culture of learning that demands attitude change in how we value knowledge, measure it, define who owns it, and who creates it. Based on the results, I argue that digital solutions for corporate learning ought to be built as an integrated system that facilitates socio-cultural connectivism within the corporation. The focus needs to shift from designing static e-learning material to managing networks of social meaning negotiation as part of a holistic corporate learning ecology.

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Affektit, kapitalismi ja tyn rationalisointi yhdistyvt toisiinsa erottamattomasti. Nykykeskusteluissa tyst ja tyelmst rationalisointi jaetaan usein tekniseen fordistiseen rationalisointiin ja sit tunteellisempaan postfordistiseen rationalisointiin. Tm tutkimus osoittaa, affektiivisen rationalisoinnin ksitteen kautta, ett tyn vanhat ja uudet tieteet asettuvat jatkumoon. Tyn tieteiss tietoa tylisest tuotetaan asettamalla ominaisuuksia aina uudelleen mriteltvn tylisen luokittuneeseen ja sukupuolittuneeseen affektiiviseen figuuriin. Tiedon tuottamisen nkkulmasta muun muassa tayloristiset tyn tehostamisen fantasiat, ihmissuhdekoulukunnan ideologiat sek uuden tyn autonomiset jrjestykset sisltvt yhtenisi piirteit. Tutkimuksen pkysymys on: miten affekteja rationalisoidaan tyss, tyn tieteiss ja niiden kerrostumissa. Tutkimuksessa kysytn mys, miten affekti kiinnitt luokittuneet ja sukupuolittuneet subjektit tyn rationalisoinnin aatteeseen ja millaisia mahdollisuuksia tyliseksi tulemiseen niiss tarjotaan. Kysymyst lhestytn monipuolisen aineiston ja lukuisten teemojen kautta. Aineistoina toimivat muun muassa rationalisoinnin klassikko-teokset, operaismo-vaikutteisen prekariaattiliikkeen pamfletit, ajatushautomoiden uuden tyn visiot, self-help-teokset uranaisille sek Helsingin Sanomien tyelmkeskustelut. Tutkimuksen monipuolista aineistoa lhiluetaan ja tulkitaan siihen luodun erityisen metodologian kautta, joka koostuu kolmesta osa-alueesta: historiallistaminen, paikantuminen ja figuurit. Kaksi ensimmist korostavat kontekstien ja position merkityst tiedon tuotannossa, kolmas osoittaa tiedon tuottamisen valtasuhteita. Tyn tieteiden visiot ideaalitylisest materialisoituvat figuurien kautta negaatioina kuvaten sit, millainen ideaalitylinen ei ole. Vitskirja aineistoineen paikantuu Suomeen, mutta se osoittaa tyn tieteiden ja affektiivisen rationalisoinnin globaaliutta sek sidonnaisuutta Yhdysvaltoihin, sen yrityskulttuuriin ja esimerkiksi tytehotutkimuksiin Hawthornen elektroniikkatehtaalla vuosina 19241933. Vitskirja tuo uusia nkkulmia nykykeskusteluun tyst, tylisist, kapitalismista ja affekteista. Se osoittaa, ett itsen tuntemisen ja kertomisen tieteit, kuten psykologiaa, tarjotaan usein ratkaisuksi kapitalistisen tuotannon aiheuttamiin suuriin ja pieniin kurjuuksiin, vaikka terapeuttinen tunnekulttuuri itsessn on muodostunut osana rationalisoinnin ja kapitalismin ambivalentteja kehi. Tutkimus mys muistuttaa, ett tyn jrjestyksien keskiss silyy tylisen ja affektitehtaan konflikti silloinkin, kun fordistinen imperatiivi l! vaihtuu postfordistiseen kehotukseen tunne.

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The European Union has gone through significant changes in the past 20 years. The importance of public opinion in politics has increased and the new technologies are empowering the wider public to express its opinions. The purpose of this study is to explore how corporations use the tactic of grassroots lobbying in the European Union environment. The research objectives were addressed through qualitative research methods. Six expert interviews were conducted to find new perspectives and to deepen the understanding of the research objectives. Following the data collection, the research material was transcribed and analysed. In the analysis, the data was organized based on concepts and themes found from the literature review. The empirical findings on grassroots lobbying in the EU were presented. It was found that when a company is selecting grassroots lobbying tactic, the familiarity of the tactic, organizational culture, financial resources and amount of stakeholders seem to have an impact to the selection. The issues that are successfully lobbied through the grassroots-lobbying tactic were seen to be those, which have high and direct impact on lives of people, arouse strong feelings and are not very complex. Furthermore, when deciding on the timing of a campaign, in the EU it was found that a company should take into account the long policy process and limited capabilities to mobilise people. Targeting the object of the campaign and selecting the channels used in a grassroots- lobbying campaign were seen to be in function of identifying the key decision-makers on the issue. The decisions of who to mobilise and the mobilisation channels were considered to be dependant on who the campaign is trying to influence. Also, it was found that when the implementing a grassroots lobbying campaign in the EU environment, the special features such as multiple cultures and languages should be taken into account. This study has provided novel practical insights for corporate grassroots lobbying in the EU environment and furthermore successfully contributed to the academic research in the field.

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Corporate social responsibility or CSR is today a widely recognized concept which is receiving in- creasing popularity extremely rapidly, especially in the business world. The pressure on companies to carry out their business practices in ethical manners, which promote the wellbeing of the environment and society, is coming from all directions and all stakeholders. Alstom, a French multinational conglomerate operating in the rail transport and energy industry, is no exception to this norm. This company, which will be used as the case example in this thesis, is being brought to bay in terms of engaging in CSR practices and practicing business with high ethics. It is surely not a negatively conceived phenomenon that CSR is being put on a pedestal quite the opposite. Instead of corporations practicing CSR only to meet their stakeholder requirements through practicing window dressing, many corporations actually strive to benefit from the practice of corporate social business. In addition to bringing benefit to externals a corporation such as Alstom itself can benefit from being involved in CSR. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the current strategic values and the future perspectives of CSR at Alstom and moreover the added value which the practice of CSR could bring Alstom as a business. A set of perspectives from a futures studies viewpoint is looked at, with critical examination of the companys current corporate practices as well as the CSR related studies and theories written for corporations. Through this, some solutions and practices will be suggested to Alstom in order for it to fully utilize the potential of corporate social business and the value it can bring in the most probable futures that the company is expected to face. By utilizing the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), a method mainly used in organizations to solve problematic issues in management and policy contexts, a process is developed to see what improvements could be of help in improving Alstom and its way towards involving CSR in its business practices even more than it currently does. Alstom is already deeply involved in the practicing of CSR and its vision has a strong emphasis on this popular concept of today. In order to stay in the game and to use CSR as a competitive advantage to the company, Alstom ought to embed corporate social practices even deeper in its organizational culture by using them as a tool to reduce risk and costs, increasing employee commitment and customer loyalty and to attract socially responsible investors, just to name a few. CSR as a concept is seen to have great potential in the future, an opportunity Alstom will not miss.

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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The number of security violations is increasing and a security breach could have irreversible impacts to business. There are several ways to improve organization security, but some of them may be difficult to comprehend. This thesis demystifies threat modeling as part of secure system development. Threat modeling enables developers to reveal previously undetected security issues from computer systems. It offers a structured approach for organizations to find and address threats against vulnerabilities. When implemented correctly threat modeling will reduce the amount of defects and malicious attempts against the target environment. In this thesis Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) is introduced as an effective methodology for reducing defects in the target system. SDL is traditionally meant to be used in software development, principles can be however partially adapted to IT-infrastructure development. Microsoft threat modeling methodology is an important part of SDL and it is utilized in this thesis to find threats from the Acme Corporations factory environment. Acme Corporation is used as a pseudonym for a company providing high-technology consumer electronics. Target for threat modeling is the IT-infrastructure of factorys manufacturing execution system. Microsoft threat modeling methodology utilizes STRIDE mnemonic and data flow diagrams to find threats. Threat modeling in this thesis returned results that were important for the organization. Acme Corporation now has more comprehensive understanding concerning IT-infrastructure of the manufacturing execution system. On top of vulnerability related results threat modeling provided coherent views of the target system. Subject matter experts from different areas can now agree upon functions and dependencies of the target system. Threat modeling was recognized as a useful activity for improving security.

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The purpose of this Masters thesis was to study customer knowledge transfer processes in multinational corporations (MNCs). The main objective was to examine how customer knowledge is transferred in MNCs and what kind of factors enhance or inhibit the knowledge transfer process, and to create a framework on the basis of the existing literature and the empirical findings. In this thesis the factors were organized according to whether they are properties of the unit involved in knowledge management, properties of relationships between the units or properties of the knowledge itself. There are various properties that influence knowledge transfer but in this thesis the focus was on examining the relevant findings from the customer knowledge viewpoint. Empirical results show that internal fragmentation in the MNC seems to be inherent in this type of organization, and may cause many problems in customer knowledge transfer and utilization. These knowledge transfer inhibitors rise from the organizations properties: its absorptive capacity, motivation, organizational culture, and the two dimensions of knowledge. However, in spite of the inherent forces causing internal fragmentation and inhibiting knowledge transfer, moderate customer knowledge and expertise codification, cooperative working practices among the experts, and socialization mechanisms posed by the headquarters seem to help maintain customer knowledge transfer, and value creation in the long-term relationship. This value creation can be seen to be based on accessing and integrating a wide variety of knowledge resources in order to create a coherent product and service offering.