On dilatational plastic constitutive equation of ductile materials and plastic loading paths at bifurcation

The dilatational plastic constitutive equation presented in this paper is proved to be in a form of generality. Based on this equation, the constitutive behaviour of materials at the moment of bifurcation is demonstrated to follow a loading path with the response as "soft" as possible.

Statistical-theory of multiphoton excitation of polyatomic-molecules based on the wigner function

This paper is aimed at establishing a statistical theory of rotational and vibrational excitation of polyatomic molecules by an intense IR laser. Starting from the Wigner function of quantum statistical mechanics, we treat the rotational motion in the classical approximation; the vibrational modes are classified into active ones which are coupled directly with the laser and the background modes which are not coupled with the laser. The reduced Wigner function, i.e., the Wigner function integrated over all background coordinates should satisfy an integro-differential equation. We introduce the idea of ``viscous damping'' to handle the interaction between the active modes and the background. The damping coefficient can be calculated with the aid of the well-known Schwartz–Slawsky–Herzfeld theory. The resulting equation is solved by the method of moment equations. There is only one adjustable parameter in our scheme; it is introduced due to the lack of precise knowledge about the molecular potential. The theory developed in this paper explains satisfactorily the recent absorption experiments of SF6 irradiated by a short pulse CO2 laser, which are in sharp contradiction with the prevailing quasi-continuum theory. We also refined the density of energy levels which is responsible for the muliphoton excitation of polyatomic molecules.

A closure theory of intermittency of turbulence

The variational approach to the closure problem of turbulence theory, proposed in an earlier article [Phys. Fluids 26, 2098 (1983); 27, 2229 (1984)], is extended to evaluate the flatness factor, which indicates the degree of intermittency of turbulence. Since the flatness factor is related to the fourth moment of a turbulent velocity field, the corresponding higher-order terms in the perturbation solution of the Liouville equation have to be considered. Most closure methods discard these higher-order terms and fail to explain the intermittency phenomenon. The computed flatness factor of the idealized model of infinite isotropic turbulence ranges from 9 to 15 and has the same order of magnitude as the experimental data of real turbulent flows. The intermittency phenomenon does not necessarily negate the Kolmogorov k−5/3 inertial range spectrum. The Kolmogorov k−5/3 law and the high degree of intermittency can coexist as two consistent consequences of the closure theory of turbulence. The Kolmogorov 1941 theory [J. Fluid Mech. 62, 305 (1974)] cannot be disqualified merely because the energy dissipation rate fluctuates.

Model of sources: a proposal for the hierarchy, merging strategy and representation of the information sources in virtual models of historical buildings

Contributed to: Fusion of Cultures: XXXVIII Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology – CAA2010 (Granada, Spain, Apr 6-9, 2010)

Teorías y líneas de investigación en el sistema de franquicia: una revisión desde los años 60 hasta 2009

[ES] Diversos trabajos han analizado el sistema de franquicia y señalado las líneas principales de investigación con respecto a los trabajos científicos publicados hasta el momento (Elango y Fried, 1997; Díez de Castro y Rondán, 2004). El presente artículo pretende continuar este proceso y además, identificar las teorías aplicadas al estudiar el sistema de franquicia -teoría de la agencia, teoría de la escasez de recursos, teoría de la extensión del riesgo, teoría contractual, teoría de los costes de transacción y teoría de las señales-, explicando las contribuciones que realiza cada una de ellas a la literatura.

Determinantes de la intención del consumidor de ir a un destino turístico. Aplicación al caso de "Mundo Maya-México"

[ES] Cada destino turístico tiene una marca que puede elegir el consumidor a la hora de viajar. Este trabajo examina, a través de un modelo causal que contrastamos empíricamente para el caso de Mundo Maya-México, el papel que desempeña la reputación, las emociones y la confianza en la intención de compra de los consumidores de un destino turístico.

A ação política dos intelectuais no Brasil (1930-1945)

Getúlio Vargas governou o Brasil por duas vezes: de 1930 a 1945, e de 1951 a 1954, ano de sua morte. Norteada por uma concepção centralizadora, a Era Vargas caracterizou-se pelo desenvolvimento econômico, o nacionalismo, o controle sobre os trabalhadores e sobre os sindicatos, o planejamento estatal, a legislação social, os investimentos públicos e, sobretudo, pelo papel atribuído ao Estado como agente econômico. Do ponto de vista político, foi marcada pela precariedade das liberdades públicas, pela fraqueza da participação, por entraves à organização e à institucionalização política. Apropriando-se, à sua maneira, de intervenções políticas que se operavam no plano internacional, a Era Vargas imprimiu ao Brasil conotações autoritárias, populistas e populares, e produziu um modelo econômico e institucional cuja durabilidade foi surpreendente. Neste trabalho procuramos tratar a trajetória da relação entre a ação política e o pensamento intelectual, utilizando-se do elemento histórico para alertar sobre a fraqueza da hipótese que supõe uma bipolarização entre o intelectual isolado e aquele integrado ao contexto político. Destacamos que a “simbiose necessária” entre políticos e intelectuais é resultado da demanda de certo momento histórico no qual os últimos assumem seu papel político e se transformam nos “intérpretes dos anseios da sociedade”.

Un impuesto singular: el diezmo-señor y la sal en Añana, siglos XVI-XIX

[ES]Cuando a partir de 1564 las salinas de Añana comenzaron a producir para la Corona, sus propietarios se vieron obligados a pagar al rey un tributo anual por el uso de las mueras, admitidas como un ius regalia de la monarquía: el diezmoseñor. Desde entonces, todo el entramado de la fabricación y venta de la sal se organizó en torno a él. En este artículo se analizan algunas de las características de este canon tan singular que se mantuvo en vigor hasta el siglo XX.

Inovações tecnológicas na administração pública : estudo de caso do Serviço de Administração do Centro de Documentação e Informação da Câmara dos Deputados

Identifica e analisa as alterações na forma de execução das atribuições do Serviço de Administração do CEDI com o advento da tecnologia de informação. Não obstante, teve a intenção de solucionar a seguinte questão: como estão sendo executadas as atribuições designadas ao Serad do CEDI a partir dessas mudanças? Por meio do método de abordagem empírico-analítica e de Estudo de Caso, concluiu-se que o Serviço de Administração do Centro de Documentação e Informação da Câmara dos Deputados apresenta avanços no que tange ao aspecto de inovação tecnológica, principalmente sob o ponto de vista do aperfeiçoamento dos processos de trabalho. A pesquisa constatou alterações na forma de execução de diversas atribuições determinadas pela Resolução nº 20 de 1971, a qual versa sobre as competências dos Chefes dos Serviços de Administração da Câmara dos Deputados. Isso demonstra que as inovações, tanto tecnológicas quanto administrativas, contribuem para a mudança do cenário e que o Serad está alinhado a este processo de mudança.

An Estimated New-Keynesian Model with Unemployment as Excess Supply of Labor

Wage stickiness is incorporated to a New-Keynesian model with variable capital to drive endogenous unemployment uctuations de ned as the log di¤erence between aggregate labor supply and aggregate labor demand. We estimated such model using Bayesian econometric techniques and quarterly U.S. data. The second-moment statistics of the unemployment rate in the model give a good t to those observed in U.S. data. Our results also show that wage-push shocks, demand shifts and monetary policy shocks are the three major determinants of unemployment fl uctuations. Compared to an estimated New-Keynesian model without unemployment (Smets and Wouters, 2007): wage stickiness is higher, labor supply elasticity is lower, the slope of the New-Keynesian Phillips curve is flatter, and the importance of technology innovations on output variability increases.

Transformaciones económicas en el sector costero guipuzcoano central durante el siglo XVII

[ES]El presente artículo pretende analizar cómo se desarrolló en el sector costero central de Guipúzcoa (Orio, Zarauz y Guetaria) la llamada «crisis del XVII» y qué mecanismos arbitraron sus habitantes para sobreponerse a las dificultades. En realidad, se trata de analizar y descubrir qué mecanismos utilizaron para llevar a cabo la reconversión y transformación de sus actividades. En el mencionado ámbito tres fueron las principales actividades económicas relacionadas con el mar: el comercio, la construcción naval y la pesca. Las tres actividades tuvieron que llevar a cabo una serie de reestructuraciones y amoldarse continuamente a lo cambiante de la realidad económica de la época a fin de perdurar y sobrevivir.

La historiografía forestal sobre época moderna en el panorama internacional, español y vasco: una revisión bibliográfica

Manex Goihenetcheri omenaldia = Homenaje a Manex Goihenetche = Hommage a Manex Goihenetche

Literaturaren zertarakoa, itzulpenak eta hizkuntzaren auzia Orixerengan

Ejemplar dedicado a: Beñat Oihartzabali gorazarre - Festchrift for Bernard Oyharçabal/ Ricardo Etxepare, Ricardo Gómez, Joseba Andoni Lakarra ( eds.)

Territorial Integrity and Self-Determination : The Approach of the International Court of Justice in the Advisory Opinion on Kosovo

[EN] On 17 February 2008 Kosovo approved its declaration of independence from Serbia. The declaration was raised as a unilateral secession, a category which to date is widely debated by the international community, but supported in that case by a respectable number of the United Nation member states. A great many legal issues have been raised by the International Court of Justice's Advisory Opinion on Kosovo. This opinion was eagerly awaited by legal scholars due to both its possible effects and the scope of its principles outside the context of decolonization in what it could constitute of new approach to the international scenario for the twenty-first century. The ICJ stated that the declaration of independence was in accordance with international law if it was not prohibited. The answer turned on whether or not international law prohibited the declaration of independence, without ever examining whether an entity seeking secession is entitled with a positive right to secede and if so, under which circumstances. The basic issue can be summarised as whether or not we are facing a new course in the interpretation of certain classical categories of international law: the principle of territorial integrity, statehood, sovereignty, recognition, the right to external self-determination, etc. In this study we shall analyse some of the aspects arising from the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo focusing on the territorial issue. Firstly we shall analyse the scope of the principle of territorial integrity of States and how it operates ; secondly, we shall focus on the scope of that principle in relation to the interior of the State, and ask ourselves how international law operates in relation to declarations of independence. Lastly, we shall deal with the principle of respect for territorial integrity in the specific case of Serbia with respect to Kosovo, and then end with a series of general conclusions. This study aims, definitely, to contribute to the theoretical debate on the challenges to the traditional certainties of international law in this area.

La metodología científica en economía de la empresa en la actualidad

[ES] Mientras la realidad se transforma a gran ritmo, las ideas de ciencia y de conocimiento científico entran en crisis. Esta crisis también se manifiesta en los estudios empresariales: muchos afirman que la Economía de la Empresa no es ciencia, sino un conjunto de conocimientos diversos, débilmente conectados entre sí. Otros se pierden en investigaciones alejadas de la realidad, y un último grupo no consigue remontar un enfoque meramente practicista. Por ello, estimamos que es un buen momento para recordar los fundamentos que sustentan una ciencia: su objeto formal y material y su método. Para ello se realizará una exposición sintética del pensamiento del profesor Soldevilla.