Belief Propagation and Revision in Networks with Loops

Local belief propagation rules of the sort proposed by Pearl(1988) are guaranteed to converge to the optimal beliefs for singly connected networks. Recently, a number of researchers have empirically demonstrated good performance of these same algorithms on networks with loops, but a theoretical understanding of this performance has yet to be achieved. Here we lay the foundation for an understanding of belief propagation in networks with loops. For networks with a single loop, we derive ananalytical relationship between the steady state beliefs in the loopy network and the true posterior probability. Using this relationship we show a category of networks for which the MAP estimate obtained by belief update and by belief revision can be proven to be optimal (although the beliefs will be incorrect). We show how nodes can use local information in the messages they receive in order to correct the steady state beliefs. Furthermore we prove that for all networks with a single loop, the MAP estimate obtained by belief revisionat convergence is guaranteed to give the globally optimal sequence of states. The result is independent of the length of the cycle and the size of the statespace. For networks with multiple loops, we introduce the concept of a "balanced network" and show simulati.

Face processing in humans is compatible with a simple shape-based model of vision

Understanding how the human visual system recognizes objects is one of the key challenges in neuroscience. Inspired by a large body of physiological evidence (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Tso et al., 2001; Zeki, 1993), a general class of recognition models has emerged which is based on a hierarchical organization of visual processing, with succeeding stages being sensitive to image features of increasing complexity (Hummel and Biederman, 1992; Riesenhuber and Poggio, 1999; Selfridge, 1959). However, these models appear to be incompatible with some well-known psychophysical results. Prominent among these are experiments investigating recognition impairments caused by vertical inversion of images, especially those of faces. It has been reported that faces that differ "featurally" are much easier to distinguish when inverted than those that differ "configurally" (Freire et al., 2000; Le Grand et al., 2001; Mondloch et al., 2002) ??finding that is difficult to reconcile with the aforementioned models. Here we show that after controlling for subjects' expectations, there is no difference between "featurally" and "configurally" transformed faces in terms of inversion effect. This result reinforces the plausibility of simple hierarchical models of object representation and recognition in cortex.

Moderating effects of management control systems and innovation on performance. Simple methods for correcting the effects of measurement error for interaction effects in small samples

In the accounting literature, interaction or moderating effects are usually assessed by means of OLS regression and summated rating scales are constructed to reduce measurement error bias. Structural equation models and two-stage least squares regression could be used to completely eliminate this bias, but large samples are needed. Partial Least Squares are appropriate for small samples but do not correct measurement error bias. In this article, disattenuated regression is discussed as a small sample alternative and is illustrated on data of Bisbe and Otley (in press) that examine the interaction effect of innovation and style of use of budgets on performance. Sizeable differences emerge between OLS and disattenuated regression

La pàgina web del centre : més enllà d'una simple pàgina web. 'La página web del centro : más allá de una simple página web'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Contiene imágenes de la página web capturadas de la pantalla del ordenador

Simple Analysis of Network Datasets

Linux commands that are generally useful for analyzing data; it is very easy to reduce phenomena such as links, nodes, URLs or downloads, to multiply repeating identifiers and then sorting and counting appearances.

Programming Principles: Loops and Arrays

In this session we look at the different types of loop in the Java language, and see how they can be used to iterate over Arrays.

AIC Tutorial: Building Simple Robots

Practical introduction to building simple electronic circuits and small robots; aimed at computer scientists.q

keep it simple

Keep it simple data collection dissemination

Stars Keep it simple

Stars Keep it simple animation. HTML5 compliat. No IOS or android player

Inferencia estadística - Módulo de regresión lineal simple

La utilización del modelo de regresión lineal en los procesos relacionados con el análisis de datos demanda el conocimiento objetivo e instrumentación de la relación funcional de variables, el coeficiente de determinación y de correlación y la prueba de hipótesis como pilares fundamentales para verificar e interpretar su significancia estadística en el intervalo de confianza determinado. La presentación específica de los temas relacionados con el modelo de regresión lineal, el análisis de regresión, el uso de la ecuación de regresión como instrumento para estimar y predecir y la consideración del análisis de residuales ha sido realizada tomando como referente el estudio de problemas reales definidos en los entornos de la economía, la administración y la salud, utilizando como plataforma de apoyo la hoja de cálculo Excel®. Se consideran en este módulo didáctico, los elementos teóricos correspondientes al análisis de regresión lineal, como técnica estadística empleada para estudiar la relación entre variables determinísticas o aleatorias que resultan de algún tipo de investigación, en la cual se analiza el comportamiento de dos variables, una dependiente y otra independiente. Se muestra mediante la gráfica de dispersión el posible comportamiento de las variables: lineal directa, inversa, no lineal directa o no lineal inversa, con el fin de desarrollar en el lector las competencias interpretativas y propositivas requeridas para dimensionar integralmente la importancia de la estadística inferencial en la vida del profesional en ciencias económicas, administrativas y de la salud.

Inferencia estadística módulo de regresión lineal simple

La utilización del modelo de regresión lineal en los procesos relacionados con el análisis de datos demanda el conocimiento objetivo e instrumentación de la relación funcional de variables, el coeficiente de determinación y de correlación y la prueba de hipótesis como pilares fundamentales para verificar e interpretar su significancia estadística en el intervalo de confianza determinado. La presentación específica de los temas relacionados con el modelo de regresión lineal, el análisis de regresión, el uso de la ecuación de regresión como instrumento para estimar y predecir y la consideración del análisis de residuales ha sido realizada tomando como referente el estudio de problemas reales definidos en los entornos de la economía, la administración y la salud, utilizando como plataforma de apoyo la hoja de cálculo Excel®.

A simple test of momentum in foreign exchange markets

This study proposes a new method for testing for the presence of momentum in nominal exchange rates, using a probabilistic approach. We illustrate our methodology estimating a binary response model using information on local currency / US dollar exchange rates of eight emerging economies. After controlling for important variables a§ecting the behavior of exchange rates in the short-run, we show evidence of exchange rate inertia; in other words, we Önd that exchange rate momentum is a common feature in this group of emerging economies, and thus foreign exchange traders participating in these markets are able to make excess returns by following technical analysis strategies. We Önd that the presence of momentum is asymmetric, being stronger in moments of currency depreciation than of appreciation. This behavior may be associated with central bank intervention