Highly conductive p++-AlGaAs/n++-GaInP tunnel junctions for operation up to 15,000 suns in concentrator solar cells

In the last few decades there has been great interest in III-V multijunction solar cells (MJSC) for concentrator applications due to their promise to significantly reduce the cost of electricity. Being formed by series connection of several solar cells with different bandgaps, a key role in a MJSC structure is played by the tunnel junctions (TJ) aimed to implement such series connection. Essentially, tunnel junctions (tunnel diodes or Esaki diodes) are thin, heavily doped p-n junctions where quantum tunneling plays a key role as a conduction mechanism. Such devices were discovered by Nobel laureate Leo Esaki at the end of 1950. The key feature of tunnel junctions for their application in MJSC is that, as long as quantum tunneling is the dominant conduction mechanism, they exhibit a linear I-V dependence until the peak tunneling current (Jp) is reached. This initial ohmic region in the I-V curve is ideal for implementing low-loss interconnections between the subcells with different energy bandgaps that constitute a MJSC.

Contribution to Load-Frequency Regulation of a Hydropower Plant with Long Tail-Race Tunnel

In this paper, a hydroelectric power plant with long tail-race tunnel has been modelled for assessing its contribution to secondary regulation reserve. Cavitation problems, caused by the discharge conduit length, are expected downstream the turbine where low pressure appears during regulation manoeuvres. Therefore, governor's gains should be selected taking into account these phenomena. On the other hand, regulation services bidden by the plant operator should fulfil TSO (Transmission System Operator) quality requirements. A methodology for tuning governor PI gains is proposed and applied to a Hydro power plant in pre-design phase in northwest area of Spain. The PI gains adjustment proposed provides a proper plant response, according to some established indexes, while avoiding cavitation phenomena.

Plastic Furniture: las sillas-mundo

Investigación sobre las herramientas arquitectónicas utilizadas por Charles y Ray Eames a través del estudio de la familia de mobiliario que ha recibido el nombre de Plastic Furniture

Tridimensional simulation of the speed, pressure and turbulence fields of the air flow on the geometry of a freight truck inside a wind tunnel

This study shows the air flow behavior through the geometry of a freight truck inside a AF6109 wind tunnel with the purpose to predict the speed, pressure and turbulence fields made by the air flow, to decrease the aerodynamic resistance, to calculate the dragging coefficient, to evaluate the aerodynamics of the geometry of the prototype using the CFD technique and to compare the results of the simulation with the results obtained experimentally with the “PETER 739 HAULER” scaled freight truck model located on the floor of the test chamber. The Geometry went through a numerical simulation process using the CFX 5,7. The obtained results showed the behavior of the air flow through the test chamber, and also it showed the variations of speed and pressure at the exit of the chamber and the calculations of the coefficient and the dragging force on the geometry of the freight truck. The evaluation of the aerodynamics showed that the aerodynamic deflector is a device that helped the reduction the dragging produced in a significant way by the air. Furthermore, the dragging coefficient and force on the prototype freight truck could be estimated establishing an incomplete similarity.

Frequency control support of a wind-solar isolated system by a hydropower plant with long tail-race tunnel

Pumped storage hydro plants (PSHP) can provide adequate energy storage and frequency regulation capacities in isolated power systems having significant renewable energy resources. Due to its high wind and solar potential, several plans have been developed for La Palma Island in the Canary archipelago, aimed at increasing the penetration of these energy sources. In this paper, the performance of the frequency control of La Palma power system is assessed, when the demand is supplied by the available wind and solar generation with the support of a PSHP which has been predesigned for this purpose. The frequency regulation is provided exclusively by the PSHP. Due to topographic and environmental constraints, this plant has a long tail-race tunnel without a surge tank. In this configuration, the effects of pressure waves cannot be neglected and, therefore, usual recommendations for PID governor tuning provide poor performance. A PI governor tuning criterion is proposed for the hydro plant and compared with other criteria according to several performance indices. Several scenarios considering solar and wind energy penetration have been simulated to check the plant response using the proposed criterion. This tuning of the PI governor maintains La Palma system frequency within grid code requirements.

Gust wind tunnel study on ballast pick-up by high-speed trains

This paper describes the experimental setup, procedure, and results obtained, concerning the dynamics of a body lying on a floor, attached to a hinge, and exposed to an unsteady flow, which is a model of the initiation of rotational motion of ballast stones due to the wind generated by the passing of a high-speed train. The idea is to obtain experimental data to support the theoretical model developed in Sanz-Andres and Navarro-Medina (J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 98, 772–783, (2010), aimed at analyzing the initial phase of the ballast train-induced-wind erosion (BATIWE) phenomenon. The experimental setup is based on an open circuit, closed test section, low-speed wind tunnel, with a new sinusoidal gust generator mechanism concept, designed and built at the IDR/UPM. The tunnel’s main characteristic is the ability to generate a flow with a uniform velocity profile and sinusoidal time fluctuation of the speed. Experimental results and theoretical model predictions are in good agreement.

Compostabilidad de envases de bolsas de PBAT+PLA y envases rígidos de PLA mediante tecnologías de pila y túnel

Los polímeros compostables suponen en torno al 30% de los bioplásticos destinados a envasado, siendo a su vez esta aplicación el principal destino de la producción de este tipo de materiales que, en el año 2013, superó 1,6 millones de toneladas. La presente tesis aborda la biodegradación de los residuos de envases domésticos compostables en medio aerobio para dos tipos de formato y materiales, envase rígido de PLA (Clase I) y dos tipos de bolsas de PBAT+PLA (Clases II y III). Sobre esta materia se han realizado diversos estudios en escala de laboratorio pero para otro tipo de envases y biopolímeros y bajo condiciones controladas del compost con alguna proyección particularizada en plantas. La presente tesis da un paso más e investiga el comportamiento real de los envases plásticos compostables en la práctica del compostaje en tecnologías de pila y túnel, tanto a escala piloto como industrial, dentro del procedimiento y con las condiciones ambientales de instalaciones concretas. Para ello, con el método seguido, se han analizado los requisitos básicos que debe cumplir un envase compostable, según la norma UNE – EN 13432, evaluando el porcentaje de biodegradación de los envases objeto de estudio, en función de la pérdida de peso seco tras el proceso de compostaje, y la calidad del compost obtenido, mediante análisis físico-químico y de fitotoxicidad para comprobar que los materiales de estudio no aportan toxicidad. En cuanto a los niveles de biodegrabilidad, los resultados permiten concluir que los envases de Clase I se compostan adecuadamente en ambas tecnologías y que no requieren de unas condiciones de proceso muy exigentes para alcanzar niveles de biodegradación del 100%. En relación a los envases de Clase II, se puede asumir que se trata de un material que se composta adecuadamente en pila y túnel industrial pero que requiere de condiciones exigentes para alcanzar niveles de biodegradación del 100% al afectarle de forma clara la ubicación de las muestras en la masa a compostar, especialmente en el caso de la tecnología de túnel. Mientras el 90% de las muestras alcanza el 100% de biodegradación en pila industrial, tan sólo el 50% lo consigue en la tecnología de túnel a la misma escala. En cuanto a los envases de Clase III, se puede afirmar que es un material que se composta adecuadamente en túnel industrial pero que requiere de condiciones de cierta exigencia para alcanzar niveles de biodegradación del 100% al poderle afectar la ubicación de las muestras en la masa a compostar. El 75% de las muestras ensayadas en túnel a escala industrial alcanzan el 100% de biodegradación y, aunque no se ha ensayado este tipo de envase en la tecnología de pila al no disponer de muestras, cabe pensar que los resultados de biodegrabilidad que hubiera podido alcanzar habrían sido, como mínimo, los obtenidos para los envases de Clase II, al tratarse de materiales muy similares en composición. Por último, se concluye que la tecnología de pila es más adecuada para conseguir niveles de biodegradación superiores en los envases tipo bolsa de PBAT+PLA. Los resultados obtenidos permiten también sacar en conclusión que, en el diseño de instalaciones de compostaje para el tratamiento de la fracción orgánica recogida selectivamente, sería conveniente realizar una recirculación del rechazo del afino del material compostado para aumentar la probabilidad de someter este tipo de materiales a las condiciones ambientales adecuadas. Si además se realiza un triturado del residuo a la entrada del proceso, también se aumentaría la superficie específica a entrar en contacto con la masa de materia orgánica y por tanto se favorecerían las condiciones de biodegradación. En cuanto a la calidad del compost obtenido en los ensayos, los resultados de los análisis físico – químicos y de fitotoxicidad revelan que los niveles de concentración de microorganismo patógenos y de metales pesados superan, en la práctica totalidad de las muestras, los niveles máximos permitidos en la legislación vigente aplicable a productos fertilizantes elaborados con residuos. Mediante el análisis de la composición de los envases ensayados se constata que la causa de esta contaminación reside en la materia orgánica utilizada para compostar en los ensayos, procedente del residuo de origen doméstico de la denominada “fracción resto”. Esta conclusión confirma la necesidad de realizar una recogida selectiva de la fracción orgánica en origen, existiendo estudios que evidencian la mejora de la calidad del residuo recogido en la denominada “fracción orgánica recogida selectivamente” (FORM). Compostable polymers are approximately 30% of bioplastics used for packaging, being this application, at same time, the main destination for the production of such materials exceeded 1.6 million tonnes in 2013. This thesis deals with the biodegradation of household packaging waste compostable in aerobic medium for two format types and materials, rigid container made of PLA (Class I) and two types of bags made of PBAT + PLA (Classes II and III). There are several studies developed about this issue at laboratory scale but for other kinds of packaging and biopolymers and under composting controlled conditions with some specifically plants projection. This thesis goes one step further and researches the real behaviour of compostable plastic packaging in the composting practice in pile and tunnel technologies, both at pilot and industrial scale, within the procedure and environmental conditions of concrete devices. Therefore, with a followed method, basic requirements fulfilment for compostable packaging have been analysed according to UNE-EN 13432 standard. It has been assessed the biodegradability percentage of the packaging studied, based on loss dry weight after the composting process, and the quality of the compost obtained, based on physical-chemical analysis to check no toxicity provided by the studied materials. Regarding biodegradability levels, results allow to conclude that Class I packaging are composted properly in both technologies and do not require high exigent process conditions for achieving 100% biodegradability levels. Related to Class II packaging, it can be assumed that it is a material that composts properly in pile and tunnel at industrial scale but requires exigent conditions for achieving 100% biodegradability levels for being clearly affected by sample location in the composting mass, especially in tunnel technology case. While 90% of the samples reach 100% of biodegradation in pile at industrial scale, only 50% achieve it in tunnel technology at the same scale. Regarding Class III packaging, it can be said that it is a material properly composted in tunnel at industrial scale but requires certain exigent conditions for reaching 100% biodegradation levels for being possibly affected by sample location in the composting mass. The 75% of the samples tested in tunnel at industrial scale reaches 100% biodegradation. Although this kind of packaging has not been tested on pile technology due to unavailability of samples, it is judged that biodegradability results that could be reached would have been, at least, the same obtained for Class II packaging, as they are very similar materials in composition. Finally, it is concluded that pile technology is more suitable for achieving highest biodegradation levels in bag packaging type of PBAT+PLA. Additionally, the obtained results conclude that, in the designing of composting devices for treatment of organic fraction selectively collected, it would be recommended a recirculation of the refining refuse of composted material in order to increase the probability of such materials to expose to proper environmental conditions. If the waste is grinded before entering the process, the specific surface in contact with organic material would also be increased and therefore biodegradation conditions would be more favourable. Regarding quality of the compost obtained in the tests, physical-chemical and phytotoxicity analysis results reveal that pathogen microorganism and heavy metals concentrations exceed, in most of the samples, the maximum allowed levels by current legislation for fertilizers obtained from wastes. Composition analysis of tested packaging verifies that the reason for this contamination is the organic material used for composting tests, comes from the household waste called “rest fraction”. This conclusion confirms the need of a selective collection of organic fraction in the origin, as existing studies show the quality improvement of the waste collected in the so-called “organic fraction selectively collected” (FORM).

Determining the elastic-plastic properties of metallic materials through instrumented indentation

En los últimos años, y asociado al desarrollo de la tecnología MEMS, la técnica de indentación instrumentada se ha convertido en un método de ensayo no destructivo ampliamente utilizado para hallar las características elástico-plásticas de recubrimientos y capas delgadas, desde la escala macroscópica a la microscópica. Sin embargo, debido al complejo mecanismo de contacto debajo de la indentación, es urgente proponer un método más simple y conveniente para obtener unos resultados comparables con otras mediciones tradicionales. En este estudio, el objetivo es mejorar el procedimiento analítico para extraer las propiedades elástico-plásticas del material mediante la técnica de indentación instrumentada. La primera parte se centra en la metodología llevada a cabo para medir las propiedades elásticas de los materiales elásticos, presentándose una nueva metodología de indentación, basada en la evolución de la rigidez de contacto y en la curva fuerza-desplazamiento del ensayo de indentación. El método propuesto permite discriminar los valores de indentación experimental que pudieran estar afectados por el redondeo de la punta del indentador. Además, esta técnica parece ser robusta y permite obtener valores fiables del modulo elástico. La segunda parte se centra en el proceso analítico para determinar la curva tensión-deformación a partir del ensayo de indentación, empleando un indentador esférico. Para poder asemejar la curva tension-deformación de indentación con la que se obtendría de un ensayo de tracción, Tabor determinó empíricamente un factor de constricción de la tensión () y un factor de constricción de la deformación (). Sin embargo, la elección del valor de y  necesitan una derivación analítica. Se describió analíticamente una nueva visión de la relación entre los factores de constricción de tensión y la deformación basado en la deducción de la ecuación de Tabor. Un modelo de elementos finitos y un diseño experimental se realizan para evaluar estos factores de constricción. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, las curvas tension-deformación extraidas de los ensayos de indentación esférica, afectadas por los correspondientes factores de constricción de tension y deformación, se ajustaron a la curva nominal tensión-deformación obtenida de ensayos de tracción convencionales. En la última parte, se estudian las propiedades del revestimiento de cermet Inconel 625-Cr3C2 que es depositado en el medio de una aleación de acero mediante un láser. Las propiedades mecánicas de la matriz de cermet son estudiadas mediante la técnica de indentación instrumentada, haciendo uso de las metodologías propuestas en el presente trabajo. In recent years, along with the development of MEMS technology, instrumented indentation, as one type of a non-destructive measurement technique, is widely used to characterize the elastic and plastic properties of metallic materials from the macro to the micro scale. However, due to the complex contact mechanisms under the indentation tip, it is necessary to propose a more convenient and simple method of instrumented indention to obtain comparable results from other conventional measurements. In this study, the aim is to improve the analytical procedure for extracting the elastic plastic properties of metallic materials by instrumented indentation. The first part focuses on the methodology for measuring the elastic properties of metallic materials. An alternative instrumented indentation methodology is presented. Based on the evolution of the contact stiffness and indentation load versus the depth of penetration, the possibility of obtaining the actual elastic modulus of an elastic-plastic bulk material through instrumented sharp indentation tests has been explored. The proposed methodology allows correcting the effect of the rounding of the indenter tip on the experimental indentation data. Additionally, this technique does not seem too sensitive to the pile-up phenomenon and allows obtaining convincing values of the elastic modulus. In the second part, an analytical procedure is proposed to determine the representative stress-strain curve from the spherical indentation. Tabor has determined the stress constraint factor (stress CF), and strain constraint factor (strain CF), empirically but the choice of a value for and is debatable and lacks analytical derivation. A new insight into the relationship between stress and strain constraint factors is analytically described based on the formulation of Tabor’s equation. Finite element model and experimental tests have been carried out to evaluate these constraint factors. From the results, representative stress-strain curves using the proposed strain constraint factor fit better with the nominal stress-strain curve than those using Tabor’s constraint factors. In the last part, the mechanical properties of an Inconel 625-Cr3C2 cermet coating which is deposited onto a medium alloy steel by laser cladding has been studied. The elastic and plastic mechanical properties of the cermet matrix are studied using depth-sensing indentation (DSI) on the micro scale.

A plastic analysis of nonprismatic folded plate structures

A computer method for the plastic analysis of folded plate structures is presented. The method considers the specific characteristics of the folded plate structural model using a simplified one-dimensional theory. and it can be applied to the analysis of any type of folded pIates, either prismatic or nonprismatic, with arbitrary cross-section. A simple example is analyzed in order to show the possibilities of the procedure and some results of interest are presented

The folded plate model in structural analysis. Elastic, plastic and dynamic formulations for nonprismatic structures

A specific numerical procedure for the analysis of arbitrary nonprismatic folded plate structures is presented. An elastic model is studied and compared with a harmonic solution for a prismatic structure. An extension to the plastic analysis is developed, and the influence of the structural geometry and loading pattern is analyzed. Nonprismatic practical cases, with arbitrary geometry and loading are shown, as well in the elastic range as in the plastic one. Finally, a dynamic formulation is outlined

Analysis of the behavior of multijunction solar cells under high irradiance Gaussian light profiles showing chromatic aberration with emphasis on tunnel junction performance

In this work, we explain the behavior of multijunction solar cells under non-uniform (spatially and in spectral content) light profiles in general and in particular when Gaussian light profiles cause a photo-generated current density, which exceeds locally the peak current density of the tunnel junction. We have analyzed the implications on the tunnel junction's limitation, that is, in the loss of efficiency due to the appearance of a dip in the I–V curve. For that, we have carried out simulations with our three-dimensional distributed model for multijunction solar cells, which contemplates a full description of the tunnel junction and also takes into account the lateral resistances in the tunnel junction. The main findings are that the current density photo-generated spreads out through the lateral resistances of the device, mainly through the tunnel junction layers and the back contact. Therefore, under non-uniform light profiles these resistances are determinant not only to avoid the tunnel junction's limitation but also for mitigating losses in the fill factor. Therefore, taking into account these lateral resistances could be the key for jointly optimizing the concentrator photovoltaic system (concentrator optics, front grid layout and semiconductor structure)

Ultrasound treatment for treating the carpal tunnel syndrome: randomised “sham” controlled trial

Objective: To assess the efficacy of ultrasound treatment for mild to moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.

Paper-like electronic displays: Large-area rubber-stamped plastic sheets of electronics and microencapsulated electrophoretic inks

Electronic systems that use rugged lightweight plastics potentially offer attractive characteristics (low-cost processing, mechanical flexibility, large area coverage, etc.) that are not easily achieved with established silicon technologies. This paper summarizes work that demonstrates many of these characteristics in a realistic system: organic active matrix backplane circuits (256 transistors) for large (≈5 × 5-inch) mechanically flexible sheets of electronic paper, an emerging type of display. The success of this effort relies on new or improved processing techniques and materials for plastic electronics, including methods for (i) rubber stamping (microcontact printing) high-resolution (≈1 μm) circuits with low levels of defects and good registration over large areas, (ii) achieving low leakage with thin dielectrics deposited onto surfaces with relief, (iii) constructing high-performance organic transistors with bottom contact geometries, (iv) encapsulating these transistors, (v) depositing, in a repeatable way, organic semiconductors with uniform electrical characteristics over large areas, and (vi) low-temperature (≈100°C) annealing to increase the on/off ratios of the transistors and to improve the uniformity of their characteristics. The sophistication and flexibility of the patterning procedures, high level of integration on plastic substrates, large area coverage, and good performance of the transistors are all important features of this work. We successfully integrate these circuits with microencapsulated electrophoretic “inks” to form sheets of electronic paper.