Cuidados informais : os idosos em situação de dependência em Portugal

RESUMO - Enquadramento: As mudanças demográficas e na estrutura social das famílias precipitaram reformas das políticas dos cuidados de longa duração da população idosa no continente Europeu. Após um período em que as mulheres assumiam o papel de principais cuidadoras dos membros mais idosos, o aumento da sua inclusão no mercado de trabalho, assim como o envelhecimento geral da população introduziu mudanças no enquadramento dos cuidados a idosos. Estas mudanças têm particular impacte nos países da Europa do Sul, visto que tradicionalmente o cuidado a idosos é prestado maioritariamente pelo sector informal. Finalidade/objectivos: O presente estudo tem como finalidade conhecer as características dos cuidadores informais e dos idosos dependentes em Portugal. Definiram-se três objectivos principais. O primeiro é compreender a realidade demográfica, de saúde e dependência funcional dos idosos alvo de cuidados informais em Portugal. Em segundo pretende-se conhecer a situação actual dos prestadores informais de cuidados de longa duração em Portugal. Em terceiro, discutem-se os aspectos que mais influenciam a acessibilidade a cuidados informais entre os idosos dependentes em Portugal. Metodologia: Para concretizar estes objectivos, para além de se proceder a uma sistematização bibliográfica da literatura mais relevante nesta área, recorre-se à análise descritiva e regressão logística binária. Utilizando os dados do inquérito Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe descreve-se a realidade nacional dos idosos dependentes e seus cuidadores informais e estimam-se modelos de acessibilidade aos cuidados informais em Portugal. Resultados/conclusões: Este estudo contribui para o conhecimento de três aspectos fundamentais sobre os cuidados informais em Portugal: o primeiro prende-se com a quantificação da realidade nacional dos idosos dependentes em Portugal; o segundo relaciona-se com a quantificação da situação portuguesa dos cuidadores informais; e, por último, estima-se modelos explicativos sobre a acessibilidade a cuidados informais. Para além da quantificação da realidade nacional, o principal contributo deste trabalho reside na demonstração de que o actual modelo de prestação de cuidados (baseado nos cuidados informais prestados por membros da família) deixa de fora uma parte significativa dos idosos dependentes. Na verdade, este estudo demonstra que uma parte significativa dos idosos não tem acesso a cuidados e que, embora sejam os elementos da família que maioritariamente prestam os cuidados informais, esse facto, por si só, não explica o acesso aos cuidados.

Grau de dependência e grau de ajuda em idosos em serviço de apoio domiciliário: perspectivas do idoso, do ajudante familiar e do fisioterapeuta

RESUMO:O envelhecimento e a preocupação com a dependência da população idosa é uma prioridade social. A permanência em casa onde se encontram todas as referências é importante em diversos aspectos, nomeadamente para uma maior independência. Quando a dependência surge, o Serviço de Apoio Domiciliário (SAD) é um dos serviços sociais a que se pode recorrer. Numa análise dos serviços de SAD nas vertentes de legislação, instituições, cuidadores e utentes, não são relacionados o grau de dependência e a atribuição da ajuda, o que parece pertinente para equacionar as necessidades das pessoas idosas em SAD. Nesse sentido, este estudo teve como objectivo verificar a percepção dos utentes de SAD do grau de dependência e do grau de ajuda na realização de taferas de auto-cuidado e mobilidade, avaliados pelo próprio idoso, pelo ajudante familiar e pelo fisioterapeuta. O presente estudo, transversal (Agosto 2013 – Abril 2014), de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa, e abordagem descritiva, observacional e correlacional, avaliou uma amostra de 51 idosos do SAD da Amadora, dos quais 80,4% eram mulheres, com média de idade de 82,4 anos (dp 6,81), principalmente viúvas, com escolaridade primária incompleta ou completa, orientada no tempo e no espaço, e com estado emocional por si considerado razoável. A investigadora, fisioterapeuta de formação, inquiriu idosos e ajudantes familiares que cuidavam dos mesmos, para recolher as suas opiniões sobre o grau de dependência e o respectivo grau de ajuda, observou o meio envolvente dos idosos, e recolheu comentários dos participantes. Os resultados obtidos apontam para um grau de dependência relacionado com a necessidade de meios e um grau de ajuda que indica ajuda de conveniência. Para a sua análise foram avaliadas tarefas de auto-cuidado e mobilidade, cuja relação foi comprovada estatisticamente. As opiniões dos intervenientes sobre a realização das tarefas e sobre o grau de dependência são parcialmente diferentes, sendo mais sobreponíveis em relação ao grau de ajuda necessária. A analise da correlação entre o grau de dependência e o grau de ajuda indica-nos que quanto maior o grau de dependência maior é o grau de ajuda. Ou seja, que a ajuda prestada nas situações de maior dependência era realmente necessária, mas também, que a ajuda prestada nas situações de menor dependência não era realmente necessária, sendo neste trabalho designada de ajuda de conveniência.------------ABSTRACT: Aging and concern about the dependence of the elderly population is a social priority. The ability to stay at home where all the references are, is important in several aspects, in particular for a greater independence. When the dependency arises, the Home Support Service (SAD in short for the portuguese "Serviço de Apoio Domiciliário") is a social service that can be appealed to. In an analysis of the SAD services in the areas of legislation, institutions, caregivers and users, the degree of dependence and aid allocation are not related, which seems relevant to equate the needs of older people in SAD. Thus, this study aimed to verify the perception of users of SAD towards the degree of dependency and the degree of help in the realization of self-care and mobility, valued by the user, the home support workers and the physiotherapist. This cross-sectional study (August 2013 - April 2014), of quantitative and qualitative nature, taking a descriptive approach, observational and correlational, assessed a sample of 51 elderly of SAD from Amadora, of which 80.4% were women, with an age average of 82.4 years (SD 6.81), mainly widows with incomplete or complete primary schooling, oriented in time and space, and emotional state by itself considered reasonable. The researcher, physiotherapist by training, inquired elderly and the home support workers who cared for them, to gather their opinions on the degree of dependency and the degree of the help provided, while observing the surrounding environment of the elderly. The results point to a degree related to the need for resources and a degree of help pointing towards a high level of convenience. For its analysis tasks of self-care and mobility were evaluated, whose relationship was confirmed statistically. The views of stakeholders on the realization of the tasks and on the degree of dependence are partly different, being more overlapping in the degree of help needed. The analysis of the correlation between the degree of dependency and the degree of help tells us that the greater the degree of dependence is, the greatest degree of help becomes. Which, that the help provided in situations of increased dependence was really needed, but also that the help provided in situations of reduced dependence was not really necessary, being designated in this work help of convenience.

Lombalgia em idosos prestadores de cuidados familiares: prevalência e caracteristicas

RESUMO: Introdução: A prestação de cuidados a um familiar idoso dependente pode ser esgotante e interferir adversamente na saúde e bem-estar do cuidador familiar. A literatura tem privilegiado a análise da sobrecarga da prestação de cuidados em cuidadores familiares de idosos em situação de dependência, negligenciando a incidência de morbilidades físicas, como a lombalgia, que podem advir da prestação de cuidados. A lombalgia constitui um dos fatores mais importantes que afeta a saúde física das pessoas idosas e encontra-se associada à diminuição da função física geral. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência, as características e os fatores de risco da lombalgia em idosos cuidadores familiares de pessoas idosas com dependência. Metodologia: Foram avaliados trinta e um cuidadores principais de idosos com dependência, com idade ≥ 65 anos. A informação foi recolhida por entrevista através de um questionário geral e três questionários padronizados (Oswerty Disability Questionnaire – versão portuguesa 2.0, MOS SF36 V2.0 e Escala Visual Analógica) que avaliaram as características sociodemográficas, clínicas, antropométricas e comportamentais dos cuidadores familiares. A dependência dos idosos alvo de cuidados também foi avaliada pela Escala de Barthel Modificada. Resultados e conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a prevalência da dor lombar é elevada em idosos cuidadores principais (80,6%). A análise inferencial mostrou que os fatores relacionados com a lombalgia nos cuidadores foram a autoperceção do estado de saúde física e mental (ρS = -0,822, p<0.001 e ρS = -0.566, p=0.001, respetivamente) e a sua idade (p < 0,05). Mais estudos são necessários para melhor definir a frequência da lombalgia e explorar a relação destes fatores de risco.-----------ABSTRACT: Background: The care of a dependent elderly relative can be grueling and adversely affect the health and well-being of family caregivers. Previous research has focused on the analysis of the burden on family caregivers of elderly people in a situation of dependence, neglecting the incidence of physical morbidities, such as low back pain, which may arise from the provision of care. Low back pain is one of the most important factors that affects the physical health of older people and is associated with decreased overall physical function.Purpose: Evaluate the prevalence, features and risk factors of low back pain among old family caregivers of elderly with dependence. Methods: Thirty one primary caregivers of elderly with dependence, with 65 or more years old, were studied. Data were collected by interviews, through a general questionnaire and three standardized questionnaires (Oswestry Disability Questionnaire – Portuguese version 2.0, MOS SF36 V2.0, Visual Analogue Scale) to evaluate social, demographic, clinical, anthropometric and behavioral characteristics of family caregivers. Elderly dependence was also assessed by Modified Barthel Index in old people with disabilities. Results and conclusion: Results of this study suggest that prevalence of low back pain is high in old primary caregivers (80,6%). Forward inferential analysis showed that the factors related to low back pain in the caregivers were their physical and mental health perception (ρS = -0,822, p<0.001and ρS = -0.566, p=0.001, respectively) and age (p < 0,05). Further studies are needed to better define the frequency of low back pain and explore the relationship of these risk factos.

O transporte como determinante social de saúde : mobilidade e utilização de transportes públicos na perceção das pessoas idosas : um estudo de caso numa comunidade urbana

RESUMO - O crescimento da população idosa constitui um dos principais desafios para as atuais e futuras sociedades. A possibilidade de as pessoas permanecerem na sua comunidade de forma saudável e ativa, à medida que envelhecem, elevam a importância da questão da mobilidade e da forma como se deslocam, na saúde e qualidade de vida desta população. O presente trabalho propôs-se perceber de que forma o acesso a transporte influencia a saúde e qualidade de vida, na perspetiva das pessoas idosas e identificar fatores que atuassem como barreiras ao acesso e utilização de transportes, principalmente transportes públicos. A metodologia utilizada foi estudo de caso, com base no modelo PRECEDEPROCEED, desenvolvido na Ameixoeira, Lisboa. Os dados resultaram de um questionário aplicado a 24 pessoas idosas, da análise documental e da realização de entrevistas. A análise dos dados sugere que, é ao nível da autonomia e independência que o acesso a transporte influencia a saúde e a qualidade de vida da amostra, e a mobilidade e utilização de transporte, por sua vez, é influenciada por fatores individuais, como a idade, o género, o rendimento e as condições de saúde, e fatores ambientais envolvendo características dos transportes e da zona de residência. Tendo-se focado o trabalho na identificação das barreiras percecionadas pelas pessoas idosas na utilização de transportes públicos, sugere-se o elevado preço, a insuficiente distribuição do serviço, a distância às paragens e os horários inadequados como os principais constrangimentos identificados. Embora os resultados não possam ser extrapolados, devem ser encarados como um ponto de partida para futuras investigações.

Towards a Society for All Ages: Conference Proceedings

The Conference provided the opportunity for delegates to explore issues relating to social inclusion of older Irish people, issues such as income, housing and health which have great impact on the quality of life of older people. It also afforded the opportunity to examine progress towards a society for all ages at the European level as well as in Ireland in relation to equality legislation, the National Anti-Poverty Strategy and pensions policy Download the Report here

An Action Plan for Dementia

The Action Plan takes as its guiding principle the recognition of the individuality of the person with dementia and of his or her individual needs. This principle has informed and influenced the development of the plan. The needs and uniqueness of the person with dementia must be paramount when we talk of care and service provision. Action on the treatment of dementia can be delayed no longer. Given the increasing proportion of older people in the population and the higher prevalence of dementia in older age groups, action is needed now. This plan should serve as a model of best practice for the provision and planning of services to meet the individual needs of people with dementia and their carers Download the Report here

National Carers' Strategy

A key objective of Government policy for older people, children and adults with an illness or a disability is to support them to live in dignity and independence in their own homes and communities for as long as possible. Carers are vital to the achievement of this objective and are considered a backbone of care provision in Ireland. Click here to download PDF 1.8mb

Accidents and Safety - Ageing in Ireland Fact File No. 14

Accidents and SafetyAlthough the number of deaths caused by accidents has fallen by 37% across all age groups in Ireland over the past twenty years, accidents and falls continue to be relatively common causes of death and injury among older people, often resulting in serious longterm difficulties and even premature death. Consequently, the reduction of accidents in the older population is considered to be an important factor in promoting the general well-being of older people. The 1998 Health Promotion Strategy for Older People, Adding years to life, life to years, which was formulated by the National Council on Ageing and OlderPeople in co-operation with the Department of Health and Children, set a target to reduce the death rate from all accidents and their adverse effects in people aged 65 and over by at least 17% in the year 2005. It also set a target of reducing hospital admissions due to falls in people aged 65 and over by at least 17% in the same year.����

Public Policy and Ageing in Northern Ireland: Identifying Levers for Change

Public Policy and Ageing in Northern Ireland: Identifying Levers for Change Judith Cross, Policy Officer with the Centre for Ageing Research Development in Ireland (CARDI)��������Introduction Identifying a broad range of key public policy initiatives as they relate to age can facilitate discussion and create new knowledge within and across government to maximise the opportunities afforded by an ageing population. This article looks at how examining the current public policy frameworks in Northern Ireland can present opportunities for those working in this field for the benefit of older people. Good policy formulation needs to be evidence-based, flexible, innovative and look beyond institutional boundaries. Bringing together architects and occupational therapists, for example, has the potential to create better and more effective ways relevant to health, housing, social services and government departments. Traditional assumptions of social policy towards older people have tended to be medically focused with an emphasis on care and dependency. This in turn has consequences for the design and delivery of services for older people. It is important that these assumptions are challenged as changes in thinking and attitudes can lead to a redefinition of ageing, resulting in policies and practices that benefit older people now and in the future. Older people, their voices and experiences, need to be central to these developments. The Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland The Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland (CARDI) (1) is a not for profit organisation developed by leaders from the ageing field across Ireland (North and South) including age sector focused researchers and academics, statutory and voluntary, and is co-chaired by Professor Robert Stout and Professor Davis Coakley. CARDI has been established to provide a mechanism for greater collaboration among age researchers, for wider dissemination of ageing research information and to advance a research agenda relevant to the needs of older people in Ireland, North and South. Operating at a strategic level and in an advisory capacity, CARDI�۪s work focuses on promoting research co-operation across sectors and disciplines and concentrates on influencing the strategic direction of research into older people and ageing in Ireland. It has been strategically positioned around the following four areas: Identifying and establishing ageing research priorities relevant to policy and practice in Ireland, North and South;Promoting greater collaboration and co-operation on ageing research in order to build an ageing research community in Ireland, North and South;Stimulating research in priority areas that can inform policy and practice relating to ageing and older people in Ireland, North and South;Communicating strategic research issues on ageing to raise the profile of ageing research in Ireland, North and South, and its role in informing policy and practice. Context of Ageing in Ireland Ireland �۪s population is ageing. One million people aged 60 and over now live on the island of Ireland. By 2031, it is expected that Northern Ireland�۪s percentage of older people will increase to 28% and the Republic of Ireland�۪s to 23%. The largest increase will be in the older old; the number aged 80+ is expected to triple by the same date. However while life expectancy has increased, it is not clear that life without disability and ill health has increased to the same extent. A growing number of older people may face the combined effects of a decline in physical and mental function, isolation and poverty. Policymakers, service providers and older people alike recognise the need to create a high quality of life for our ageing population. This challenge can be meet by addressing the problems relating to healthy ageing, reducing inequalities in later life and creating services that are shaped by, and appropriate for, older people. Devolution and Structures of Government in Northern Ireland The Agreement (2) reached in the Multi-Party Negotiations in Belfast 1998 established the Northern Ireland Assembly which has full legislative authority for all transferred matters. The majority of social and economic public policy such as; agriculture, arts, education, health, environment and planning is determined by the Northern Ireland Assembly at Stormont. There are 11 Government Departments covering the main areas of responsibility with 108 elected Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA�۪s). The powers of the Northern Ireland Assembly do not cover ��� reserved�۪ matters or ��� excepted�۪ matters . These are the responsibility of Westminster and include issues such as, tax, social security, policing, justice, defence, immigration and foreign affairs. Northern Ireland has 18 elected Members of Parliament (MP�۪s) to the House of Commons. Public Policy Context in Northern Ireland The economic, social and political consequence of an ageing population is a challenge for policy makers across government. Considering the complex and diverse causal factors that contribute to ageing in Northern Ireland, there are a number of areas of government policy at regional, national and international levels that are likely to impact in this area. International The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (3) and the Research Agenda on Ageing for the 21st Century (4) provide important mechanisms for furthering research into ageing. The United Kingdom has signed up to these. The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing commits member states to a systematic review of the Plan of Action through Regional Implementation Strategies. The United Kingdom�۪s Regional Implementation Strategy covers Northern Ireland. National At National level, pension and social security are high on the agenda. The Pensions Act (5) became law in 2007 and links pensions increases with earnings as opposed to prices from 2012. Additional credits for people raising children and caring for older people to boost their pensions were introduced. Some protections are included for those who lost occupational pensions as a result of underfunded schemes being wound up before April 2005. In relation to State Pensions and benefits, this Act will bring changes to state pensions in future. The Act now places the Pension Credit element which is up-rated in line with or above earnings, on a permanent, statutory footing. Regional At regional level there are a number of age related public policy initiatives that have the potential to impact positively on the lives of older people in Northern Ireland. Some are specific to ageing such as the Ageing in an Inclusive Society (6) and others by their nature are cross-cutting such as Lifetime Opportunities: Governments Anti-Poverty Strategy for Northern Ireland (7). The main public policy framework in Northern Ireland is the Programme for Government: Building a Better Future, 2008-2011(PfG) (8) . The PfG, is the overarching high level policy framework for Northern Ireland and provides useful principles for ageing research and public policy in Northern Ireland. The PfG vision is to build a peaceful, fair and prosperous society in Northern Ireland, with respect for the rule of law. A number of Public Service Agreements (PSA) aligned to the PfG confirm key actions that will be taken to support the priorities that the Government aim to achieve over the next three years. For example objective 2 of PSA 7: Making Peoples�۪ Lives Better: Drive a programme across Government to reduce poverty and address inequality and disadvantage, refers to taking forward strategic action to promote social inclusion for older people; and to deliver a strong independent voice for older people. The Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister (OFMDFM) have recently appointed an Interim Older People�۪s Advocate, Dame Joan Harbison to provide a focus for older peoples issues across Government. Ageing in an Inclusive Society is the cross-departmental strategy for older people in Northern Ireland and was launched in March 2005. It sets out the approach to be taken across Government to promote and support the inclusion of older people. The vision coupled with six strategic objectives form the basis of the action plans accompanying the strategy. The vision is: ���To ensure that age related policies and practices create an enabling environment, which offers everyone the opportunity to make informed choices so that they may pursue healthy, active and positive ageing.�۝ (Ageing in an Inclusive Society, Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister, 2005) Action planning and maintaining momentum across government in relation to this strategy has proved to be slower than anticipated. It is proposed to refresh this Strategy in line with Opportunity Age ��� meeting the challenges of ageing in the 21st Century (9). There are a number of policy levers elsewhere which can also be used to promote the positive aspects of an ageing society. The Investing for Health (10) and A Healthier Future:A 20 Year Vision for Health and Well-being in Northern Ireland (11), seek to ensure that the overall vision for health and wellbeing is achievable and provides a useful framework for ageing policy and research in the health area. These health initiatives have the potential to positively impact on the quality of life of older people and provide a useful framework for improving current policy and practice. In addition to public policy initiatives, the anti-discrimination frameworks in terms of employment in Northern Ireland cover age as well as a range of other grounds. Goods facilitates and services are currently excluded from the Employment Equality (age) Regulations (NI) 2006 (12). Supplementing the anti-discrimination measures, Section 75 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 (13), unique to Northern Ireland, places a statutory obligation on public authorities in fulfilling their functions to promote equality of opportunity across nine grounds, one of which is age(14). This positive duty has the potential to make a real difference to the lives of older people in Northern Ireland. Those affected by policy decisions must be consulted and their interests taken into account. This provides an opportunity for older people and their representatives to participate in public policy-making, right from the start of the process. Policy and Research Interface ���Ageing research is vital as decisions in relation to policy and practice and resource allocation will be made on the best available information�۝. (CARDI�۪s Strategic Plan 2008-2011) As outlined earlier, CARDI has been established to bridge the gap to ensure that research reaches those involved in making policy decisions. CARDI is stimulating the ageing research agenda in Ireland through a specific research fund that has a policy and practice focus. My work is presently focusing on helping to build a greater awareness of the key policy levers and providing opportunities for those within research and policy to develop closer links. The development of this shared understanding by establishing these links between researchers and policy makers is seen as the best predictor for research utilization. It is important to acknowledge and recognise that researchers and policy makers operate in different institutional, political and cultural contexts. Research however needs to ���resonate�۪ with the contextual factors in which policy makers operate. Conclusions Those working within the public policy field recognise all too often that the development of government policies and initiatives in respect of age does not guarantee that they will result in changes in actual provision of services, despite Government recommendations and commitments. The identification of public policy initiatives as they relate to age has the potential to highlight persistent and entrenched difficulties that social policy has previously failed to address. Furthermore, the identification of these difficulties can maximise the opportunities for progressing these across government. A focus on developing effective and meaningful targets to ensure measurable outcomes in public policy for older people can assist in this. Access to sound, credible and up-to-date evidence will be vital in this respect. As well as a commitment to working across departmental boundaries to effect change. Further details: If you would like to discuss this paper or for further information about CARDI please contact: Judith Cross, Policy Officer, Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland CARDI). t: +44 (0) 28 9069 0066; m: +353 (0) 867 904 171; e: judith@cardi.ie ; or visit our website at: www.cardi.ie References 1) Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland (2008) Strategic Plan 2008-2011. Belfast. CARDI 2) The Agreement: Agreement Reached in the Multi-Party Negotiations. Belfast 1998 3) Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. http://www.un.org/ageing/ 4) UN Programme on Ageing (2007) Research Agenda on Ageing for the 21st Century: 2007 Update. New York. New York. UN Programme on Ageing and the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 5) The Pensions Act 2007 Chapter 22 6) Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister (2005). Ageing in an Inclusive Society. Belfast. OFMDFM Central Anti-Poverty Unit. 7) Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister (2005). Lifetime Opportunities: Government�۪s Anti-Poverty and Social Inclusion Strategy for Northern Ireland. Belfast. OFMDFM Central Anti-Poverty Unit. 8) Northern Ireland Executive (2008) Building a Better Future: Programme for Government 2008-2011. Belfast. OFMDFM Economic Policy Unit. 9) Department for Work and Pensions, (2005) Opportunity Age: Meeting the Challenges of Ageing in the 21 st Century. London. DWP. 10) Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (DHSS&PS) (2002) Investing for Health. Belfast. DHSS&PS. 11) Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (DHSS&PS) (2005) A Healthier Future:A 20 Year Vision for Health and Well-being in Northern Ireland Belfast. DHSS&PS. �� 12) The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2006 SR2006 No.261 13) The Northern Ireland Act 1998, Part VII, S75 14) The nine grounds covered under S75 of the Northern Ireland Act are: gender, religion, race, sexual orientation, those with dependents, disability, political opinion, marital status and age.

Loneliness and ageing: Ireland, North and South

Loneliness can have a significant impact on the physical and mental health of older people and is of increasing concern for public health says a new report from the Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH). The research suggests that approximately 10% of older people are affected by chronic or persistent loneliness. It also finds that loneliness amongst older people may be linked to depression, increased nursing home admission, decreased quality of life and cognitive decline. The report compiled by Brian Harvey and Kathy Walsh for the Ageing Research and Development Division at IPH examines loneliness in particular amongst older people and the policy and service interventions to tackle the issue. It argues that loneliness may be tackled by health and social policies and therefore needs to be addressed in a cross cutting manner to maximise the impact of interventions and services.

Gerontology course in the nursing undergraduate curricula

Objective To explores nursing faculty members’ attitudes towards older people, their thoughts about gerontological nursing education. Method Five focus groups and a survey were used with nursing faculty members 132 at the three nursing schools to explore their attitudes towards the care of older people and the perceived status of gerontological nursing education. The survey was given to 132 faculty members, including 76 clinical instructors, 40 associate professors and 16 professors. The nursing faculty in general had a positive attitude toward older people (M=3.36, SD 0.25), and teachers’ attitudes were higher than those of their nursing students (M=3.18, SD0.29). Results This study results suggests that Saudi nursing curricula should include more extensive gerontology content and clinical experience with older people. Conclusion This is the first time in Saudi Arabia that research has listened to their voices and examined their commitments toward gerontology education.


Vanhuskuvat muuttuvat - miten ja miksi?

Abstract: Images of older people vary - how and why?

En vårdvetenskaplig syntes mellan vårdandets ethos och vårdintensitet

This is a study in the field of caring science. The kinds of knowledge expansion and theoretical formation outlined in this thesis have a hypothetic-deductive design. The synthesizer of caring science between caring ethos and nursing intensity evolves through a hermeneutic movement between understanding and interpretation, in the dialectic tension between thesis and antithesis. The study had three main aims with corresponding research questions. The first aim was to deepen the understanding of caring ethos within the care of older people from the perspective of caring science. The second aim was to deepen the understanding of nursing intensity within the care of older people, again from the perspective of caring science. The third aim of the study was to create a theoretical model describing the synthesizer between the caring ethos and nursing intensity. The synthesizer of caring science between caring ethos and nursing intensity took place in a process of creativity, which resulted in six new patterns of interpretation. Good care is in constant movement and tension between the ethical and the unethical. In order to guarantee the older person of the future dignity, a caring community, and integrity in care, there is a need for an awareness of and responsibility for those entities than can become ethical problems and dilemmas. The model that describes the synthesizer between caring ethos and nursing intensity, consist of four cornerstones such as caring ethics, wishes and anticipations, an ethical manner in words and action, and ethical leadership. Good care based on the values dignity, a caring community, safety, and integrity, receive their legitimacy through ethical awareness, and consent among caregivers. Ethical awareness deepens the understanding of wishes and expectations that may arise as special needs. Care thus requires an awareness of the balance between the patient’s care need and optimal level of nursing intensity. An ethical leadership considers the needs of the patient and accepts nothing but a work situation where optimal nursing intensity and optimal resource allocation makes good care possible.

Läheisen rooli ja tuen tarve iäkkään kotiutuessa arviointi- ja kuntoutusosastolta

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata läheisen roolia ja tuen tarvetta iäkkään kotiutuessa arviointi- ja kuntoutusosastolta. Tavoitteena oli saada tietoa iäkkäiden kotiutusprosessista läheisen näkökulmasta ja muodostaa käsitteellinen malli, jossa on tyypitelty läheisen erilaiset roolit, niihin vaikuttavat tekijät ja tuen tarpeet iäkkään kotiutuessa arviointi- ja kuntoutusosastolta. Tutkimus oli kuvaileva tutkimus, jossa sovellettiin metodologista triangulaatiota. Kotiutuva iäkäs nimesi läheisen (n=14), jolta kerättiin tutkimusaineistoa teemahaastattelulla ja kyselyllä (COPE -indeksi, Carers of Older People in Europe). Rekrytointi tapahtui viidellä arviointi- ja kuntoutusosastolla Etelä-Suomessa kesällä 2015. Teemahaastattelu analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällönanalyysillä ja kyselyn (COPE -indeksi) vastauksista laskettiin prosenttiosuudet ja kolmella osa-alueella laskettiin lisäksi summapisteiden keskiarvot. Tutkimuksen päätulos tuli teemahaastattelun sisällön analyysistä, jota vahvistettiin kyselystä (COPE -indeksi) saaduilla tuloksilla. Tämän tutkimuksen tuloksena syntyi käsitteellinen malli läheisen roolista ja tuen tarpeista iäkkään kotiutuessa arviointi- ja kuntoutusosastolta. Läheisen rooli jakautui neljään päärooliin, jotka olivat iäkkään arjen auttajan rooli, edunvalvojan rooli, tukijan rooli ja vastuunkantajan rooli. Arjen auttajan rooliin kuului läheisen käytännön järjestäjän rooli ja kodinhoitajan rooli. Edunvalvojan rooliin sisältyi iäkkään terveydellinen edunvalvojan rooli, taloudellinen edunvalvojan rooli ja puolestapuhujan rooli. Tukijan rooli muodostui iäkkään virkistäjän roolista ja muutokseen sopeuttajan roolista. Näissä rooleissa toimimiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä olivat läheisen ja iäkkään välinen suhde, läheisen oma elämä, rooliin saatu tuki ja roolin mielekkyys. Läheisen roolissa tuen tarpeita olivat arjen tuki, roolissa toimimisen tuki, rohkaiseva ja sosiaalinen tuki. Kyselyn (COPE -indeksi) tulokset täydensivät kuvausta läheisen rooliin vaikuttavista tekijöistä ja tuen tarpeista. Keskeistä tuloksissa oli, että läheisillä oli hyvä suhde iäkkäisiin, avustaminen koettiin vaivan arvoiseksi ja muiden ihmisten koettiin arvostavan heidän toimimistaan iäkkään avustajana. Ajoittain avustaminen koettiin liian vaativana tuoden kielteisiä vaikutuksia omaan tunne-elämään ja fyysiseen terveydentilaan, tunnettiin olevan ansassa. Läheiset tunsivat saavansa hyvin tukea perheeltä, mutta sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluista saatavassa tuessa koettiin parannettavaa. Tämän empiirisen tutkimuksen tuloksena tuotettu käsitteellinen malli todentaa läheisen roolin monimutkaisuuden ja moniulotteisuuden. Läheisen roolissa tarvitaan erityistä tukea tilanteiden muuttuessa, kuten kotiutustilanteissa. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää kehitettäessä iäkkäiden yksilöllistä kotiutumista ja tilanteeseen sopivia läheisen roolia tukevia palveluita.

Exploration de la perception de l’interdisciplinarité de la part des infirmières en milieu gériatrique

Problématique : Dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population et de complexification des besoins de santé, travailler en interdisciplinarité est devenu une nécessité pour prodiguer des soins de qualité aux personnes âgées vulnérables. Les avantages de l’interdisciplinarité sont connus mais son intégration dans la pratique des professionnels de la santé se vit parfois difficilement. La compréhension de la perception de l’interdisciplinarité de la part des infirmières est un élément majeur d’une pratique de collaboration interprofessionnelle réussie, mais ce sujet a été peu étudié, encore moins en milieu gériatrique. Méthodologie : Le but de cette étude était d’explorer la perception de l’interdisciplinarité des infirmières dans le cadre d’une étude qualitative exploratoire. Les données ont été collectées grâce à sept entrevues semi-dirigées et une discussion de groupe. La méthode de Tesch (1990) fut utilisée pour l’analyse des données et une représentation de la perception fut élaborée. Résultats : Pour les participantes, l’interdisciplinarité est perçue comme un processus d’équilibre parfois difficile entre leur désir d’affirmer leur identité professionnelle et leur désir de collaborer et de travailler en synergie avec les autres intervenants, et ce pour le bien-être de la personne âgée. Elles trouvent que l’apport de l’infirmière à l’équipe interdisciplinaire est indispensable et que sa disponibilité et sa proximité du patient lui donne un statut privilégié pour être le pivot au sein de l’équipe interdisciplinaire. Elles soulignent aussi que la vulnérabilité de la clientèle et l’absence du proche-aidant lors des réunions interdisciplinaires poussent les infirmières à jouer le rôle de porte-parole de la personne âgée. Elles identifient unanimement la communication comme l’élément déterminant d’une collaboration réussie. Elles ajoutent que le leadership, la compétence et l’expérience de l’infirmière sont des déterminants importants pour une interdisciplinarité réussie, alors que la présence du désir de collaborer et le respect mutuel doivent être présents chez tous les intervenants de l’équipe pour collaborer harmonieusement. Par ailleurs, parmi tous les facteurs structurels et organisationnels, seule la pénurie des ressources professionnelles a été identifiée comme un déterminant ayant une incidence sur le travail interdisciplinaire.