La protection des milieux humides et hydriques dans le cadre du régime d'autorisation environnementale du ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques : le cas de la Montérégie

La destruction et la dégradation des milieux humides et hydriques dans les zones fortement peuplées font en sorte que les écosystèmes ne peuvent plus supporter les activités anthropiques. Conséquemment, la société ne peut plus bénéficier autant des biens et services écosystémiques rendus par ces milieux. Le ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, qui occupe une place centrale dans la gestion des milieux naturels, ne les protège pas adéquatement. Pourtant, le régime d’autorisation environnementale est un levier significatif dans la protection des écosystèmes. Les analystes du secteur hydrique et naturel, qui analysent les demandes de certificat d’autorisation pour les projets réalisés dans les milieux naturels, sont bien positionnés pour répondre à cette problématique, mais ne possèdent pas tous les outils nécessaires pour ce faire. Le cas de la Montérégie est abordé en particulier pour témoigner de l’importance d’agir dans les régions du Québec où les pressions anthropiques sont les plus grandes. L’objectif de cet essai est de fournir des recommandations dans le but de protéger les milieux humides et hydriques à la hauteur de leur importance sur le plan écosystémique, social et économique. Les recommandations sont émises sur la base d’une analyse critique des concepts biologiques, du cadre légal et réglementaire, et du contexte organisationnel, qui ont une influence sur le régime d’autorisation environnementale du Ministère. L’analyse du contexte entourant ce régime d’autorisation démontre que plusieurs lacunes posent un frein à la protection adéquate des milieux humides et hydriques, et ce, à plusieurs niveaux. De cette analyse, il en ressort plusieurs recommandations pour protéger adéquatement ces milieux : réviser puis harmoniser la vision et la mission du Ministère, réviser et communiquer la définition de la notion d’environnement en tenant compte des enjeux actuels, acquérir des connaissances suffisantes pour dresser un portrait de la situation des milieux naturels, utiliser un mode de gestion adapté aux écosystèmes, améliorer les outils et leur application, profiter de la modernisation du régime d’autorisation environnementale pour améliorer le régime actuel sur le plan de la protection des écosystèmes et diffuser l’information pour mieux intégrer la population dans la gestion de l’environnement.

Développement des bétons autoplaçants à faible teneur en poudre, Éco-BAP: formulation et performance

Abstract : Although concrete is a relatively green material, the astronomical volume of concrete produced worldwide annually places the concrete construction sector among the noticeable contributors to the global warming. The most polluting constituent of concrete is cement due to its production process which releases, on average, 0.83 kg CO[subscript 2] per kg of cement. Self-consolidating concrete (SCC), a type of concrete that can fill in the formwork without external vibration, is a technology that can offer a solution to the sustainability issues of concrete industry. However, all of the workability requirements of SCC originate from a higher powder content (compared to conventional concrete) which can increase both the cost of construction and the environmental impact of SCC for some applications. Ecological SCC, Eco-SCC, is a recent development combing the advantages of SCC and a significantly lower powder content. The maximum powder content of this concrete, intended for building and commercial construction, is limited to 315 kg/m[superscript 3]. Nevertheless, designing Eco-SCC can be challenging since a delicate balance between different ingredients of this concrete is required to secure a satisfactory mixture. In this Ph.D. program, the principal objective is to develop a systematic design method to produce Eco-SCC. Since the particle lattice effect (PLE) is a key parameter to design stable Eco-SCC mixtures and is not well understood, in the first phase of this research, this phenomenon is studied. The focus in this phase is on the effect of particle-size distribution (PSD) on the PLE and stability of model mixtures as well as SCC. In the second phase, the design protocol is developed, and the properties of obtained Eco-SCC mixtures in both fresh and hardened states are evaluated. Since the assessment of robustness is crucial for successful production of concrete on large-scale, in the final phase of this work, the robustness of one the best-performing mixtures of Phase II is examined. It was found that increasing the volume fraction of a stable size-class results in an increase in the stability of that class, which in turn contributes to a higher PLE of the granular skeleton and better stability of the system. It was shown that a continuous PSD in which the volume fraction of each size class is larger than the consecutive coarser class can increase the PLE. Using such PSD was shown to allow for a substantial increase in the fluidity of SCC mixture without compromising the segregation resistance. An index to predict the segregation potential of a suspension of particles in a yield stress fluid was proposed. In the second phase of the dissertation, a five-step design method for Eco-SCC was established. The design protocol started with the determination of powder and water contents followed by the optimization of sand and coarse aggregate volume fractions according to an ideal PSD model (Funk and Dinger). The powder composition was optimized in the third step to minimize the water demand while securing adequate performance in the hardened state. The superplasticizer (SP) content of the mixtures was determined in next step. The last step dealt with the assessment of the global warming potential of the formulated Eco-SCC mixtures. The optimized Eco-SCC mixtures met all the requirements of self-consolidation in the fresh state. The 28-day compressive strength of such mixtures complied with the target range of 25 to 35 MPa. In addition, the mixtures showed sufficient performance in terms of drying shrinkage, electrical resistivity, and frost durability for the intended applications. The eco-performance of the developed mixtures was satisfactory as well. It was demonstrated in the last phase that the robustness of Eco-SCC is generally good with regards to water content variations and coarse aggregate characteristics alterations. Special attention must be paid to the dosage of SP during batching.

Recherche intervention sur l'impact de l'enseignement de stratégies métacognitives liées à la recherche d'informations sur Internet.

L'approche par projets et l'utilisation des nouvelles technologies à des fins éducatives sont des sujets d'actualité. Vouloir marier les deux pourrait aller de soi puisque Internet regorge d'informations intéressantes pour alimenter les projets. Malheureusement, on constate rapidement les difficultés qui font d'Internet un média difficile à utiliser pour des élèves du primaire. Afin d'améliorer cette situation, il paraissait nécessaire d'intervenir. Il nous a semblé important d'amener les élèves à planifier, à évaluer et à réfléchir sur leurs habitudes. C'est pourquoi il est intéressant d'expérimenter un enseignement qui repose sur le développement de stratégies métacognitives. Les objectifs de cette recherche sont, d'une part, de déterminer quels sont les savoirs, les savoir-être et les savoir-faire en lien avec la recherche d'informations sur Internet qu'un élève du troisième cycle du primaire doit développer afin d'être efficace. D'autre part, il faut aussi s'attarder aux stratégies d'accompagnement que l'enseignant se doit de mettre en place pour développer ces habiletés métacognitives. Afin de cerner notre sujet, la recension des écrits porte sur trois concepts importants. Nous avons débuté par l'approche par projets puisqu'elle représente la structure qui entoure l'élève lorsqu'il est en recherche d'informations. Ensuite, vient Internet qui tient le rôle de l'outil employé par l'élève pour arriver à ses fins. Le dernier concept vu est la métacognition, elle représente l'angle d'intervention visé par l'enseignant chercheur. Puisque cette recherche est basée sur l'étude de l'impact engendré par l'enseignement de stratégies métacognitives, elle s'inscrit dans l'optique d'une recherche intervention appliquée sur le terrain et dont l'enjeu est pragmatique. Afin d'apprécier les changements reliés à l'utilisation de stratégies métacognitives pertinentes, des entrevues ont été réalisées avant et après les enseignements et l'enseignant chercheur a employé un journal de bord pour y recueillir ses observations. Cette recherche s'inscrit donc dans une approche qualitative. Pour atteindre les objectifs de cette recherche, des activités ont été planifiées. Elles ont comme but, dans un premier temps, de bâtir un bagage de connaissances relatif à ce média. Ensuite, elles permettent de sensibiliser les élèves aux différentes stratégies métacognitives utiles face à ce média. C'est ainsi que l'on aborde les thèmes : "Qu'est-ce qu'Internet?", "Comment utiliser Internet?" et "Développer sa pensée critique face aux découvertes sur le Web". L'analyse des résultats de cette recherche permet de constater plusieurs changements tant au niveau du savoir, du savoir-faire et du savoir-être. Les élèves interviewés ont maintenant une méthode de recherche plus efficace qui s'adapte aux obstacles rencontrés et la pensée critique fait maintenant partie intégrante de leurs habitudes de navigation. Ils ont développé une confiance en soi dans ce type d'activité. De plus, les élèves ont transféré l'utilisation de stratégies métacognitives à d'autres domaines tels que la résolution de problèmes en mathématiques ou la correction de textes en français. Ils y utilisent le vocabulaire appris et ils prennent conscience de l'activité mentale associée à la tâche. Cette recherche permet aussi aux enseignants de cibler adéquatement les savoir, les savoir-faire et les savoir-être qu'un élève doit développer afin d'être un internaute compétent. De plus, elle propose une démarche, soit l'enseignement stratégique et implicite (Bissonnette et Richard, 2001) qui s'est révélée appropriée et efficace. Nous pouvons donc conclure que notre intervention a eu un impact sur le développement de la compétence à rechercher sur Internet de l'information pertinente chez les élèves du troisième cycle du primaire.

Motivators and barriers to incorporating climate change-related health risks in environmental health impact assessment

Climate change presents risks to health that must be addressed by both decision-makers and public health researchers. Within the application of Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA), there have been few attempts to incorporate climate change-related health risks as an input to the framework. This study used a focus group design to examine the perceptions of government, industry and academic specialists about the suitability of assessing the health consequences of climate change within an EHIA framework. Practitioners expressed concern over a number of factors relating to the current EHIA methodology and the inclusion of climate change-related health risks. These concerns related to the broad scope of issues that would need to be considered, problems with identifying appropriate health indicators, the lack of relevant qualitative information that is currently incorporated in assessment and persistent issues surrounding stakeholder participation. It was suggested that improvements are needed in data collection processes, particularly in terms of adequate communication between environmental and health practitioners. Concerns were raised surrounding data privacy and usage, and how these could impact on the assessment process. These findings may provide guidance for government and industry bodies to improve the assessment of climate change-related health risks.

Apprendre à bien lire : une étude coût efficacité des Actions Lecture

How to Improve Pupils' Literacy? A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Action Lecture This article presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of an innovative teaching method run in some nursery and primary schools in Paris. This project, named Action Lecture, is designed to improve pupils' abilities and taste on literacy. We report the results of an evaluation of this program. We describe the experimental protocol that was built to estimate the program's impact on several types of indicators (academic abilities, attitude toward reading, school life) by comparing the evolution of treatment schools and control schools. Data were processed following a Differences-in-Differences (DID) method. Then we use the estimation of the impact on academic achievement to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis and take a reduction of the class size program as a benchmark. The results are positive for the Action Lecture program both in terms of impact's evaluation and in terms of cost-effectiveness ratio.

Impact of compost, vermicompost and biochar on soil fertility, maize yield and soil erosion in Northern Vietnam: A three year mesocosm experiment

Compost, vermicompost and biochar amendments are thought to improve soil quality and plant yield. However, little is known about their long-term impact on crop yield and the environment in tropical agro-ecosystems. In this study we investigated the effect of organic amendments (buffalo manure, compost and verrnicompost) and biochar (applied alone or with vermicompost) on plant yield, soil fertility, soil erosion and water dynamics in a degraded Acrisol in Vietnam. Maize growth and yield, as well as weed growth, were examined for three years in terrestrial mesocosms under natural rainfall. Maize yield and growth showed high inter-annual variability depending on the organic amendment. Vermicompost improved maize growth and yield but its effect was rather small and was only significant when water availability was limited (year 2). This suggests that vermicompost could be a promising substrate for improving the resistance of agrosystems to water stress. When the vermicompost biochar mixture was applied, further growth and yield improvements were recorded in some cases. When applied alone, biochar had a positive influence on maize yield and growth, thus confirming its interest for improving long-term soil productivity. All organic amendments reduced water runoff, soil detachment and NH4+ and NO3- transfer to water. These effects were more significant with vermicompost than with buffalo manure and compost, highlighting that the beneficial influence of vermicompost is not limited to its influence on plant yield. In addition, this study showed for the first time that the combination of vermicompost and biochar may not only improve plant productivity but also reduce the negative impact of agriculture on water quality. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A (des)confiança do cidadão no Poder Legislativo e a qualidade da democracia no Brasil

Apresenta reflexões sobre a democracia brasileira, abordando a representação, o impacto da imagem do Poder Legislativo sobre a participação popular e os efeitos dessas relações sobre a qualidade do regime democrático vivenciado. Enfoca a correlação entre a confiança da população no poder constituído, o pleno exercício da cidadania e o fortalecimento da democracia, enfatizando o papel da educação cidadã nesse processo.

Développement des méthodes de stabilisation pour la conception des circuits hyperfréquences : application à l'optimisation d'un amplificateur de puissance spatial

209 p. : graf.

Simulierte Auswirkungen des mehrjährigen Bewirtschaftungsplans für die Dorschfischerei in der westlichen Ostsee und die Möglichkeit einer technischen Alternative

The cod stock in the Western Baltic Sea is assessed to be overfished regarding the definitions of the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development at Johannesburg in 2002. Thus, the European Fisheries Council enforced a multi-annual management plan in 2007. Our medium term simulations over the future 10 years assume similar stock productivity as compared with the past four decades and indicate that the goals of the management plan can be achieved through TAC and consistent effort regulations. Taking account of the uncertainty in the recruitment patterns, the target average fishing mortality of age groups 3 – 6 years of F = 0.6 per year as defined in the management plan is indicated to exceed sustainable levels consistent with high long term yields and low risk of depletion. The stipulated constraint of the annual TAC variations of ±15% will dominate future fisheries management and implies a high recovery potential of the stock through continued reductions in fishing mortality. The scientific assessment of sustainable levels of exploitation and consideration in the plan is strongly advised, taking account of uncertainties attributed to environmental and biological effects. We recommend our study to be complemented with economic impact assessments including effects on by-catch species, which have been disregarded in this study. It is further demonstrated, that the goals of the management plan can alternatively be achieved by mesh size adaptations. An alternative technical option of mesh size increases to realize the required reductions in fishing mortality provides avoidance of discards of undersized fish after a few years by means of improved selectivity, another important element of the Common Fisheries Policy. However, it is emphasized that technical regulations since 1990 failed to affect the by-catch and discards of juvenile cod. In any way, the meaningful implementation of the multiannual management plan through stringent control and enforcement appears critical.

Zustand und Entwicklung ausgewählter Fischbestände: Einschätzung des ICES im Herbst 2003

During the autumn session of the ICES Advisory Committee for Fisheries Management (ACFM) 58 stocks assessed in 7 Working Groups have been analyzed and reviewed, among these the demersal stocks in the North Sea and the Mackerel stock. As in previous years, ICES recommends a reduction in fishing mortality for a number of stocks or even the establishment of recovery and management plans, to safeguard a continuous development of the stocks towards safe biological limits. ICES reiterated last year’s recommendation to close the directed cod fishery and any fishery taking cod as by-catch in the North Sea, west of Scotland and in the Irish Sea. This year, the stocks of plaice in the North Sea, southern hake and southern anglers are (among others) in a critical state and in urgent need of protecting or rebuilding measures. This will again have an enormous impact on almost all mixed fisheries in the European Union.

Zustand und Entwicklung ausgewählter Fischbestände - Einschätzung des ICES im Herbst 2002

During the autumn session of the ICES Advisory Committee for Fisheries Management (ACFM) 58 stocks assessed in six Working Groups have been analysed and reviewed, among these the demersal stocks in the North Sea and the Mackerel stock in the North East Atlantic. As in previous years, ICES recommends a reduction in fishing mortality for a number of stocks or even the establishment of recovery and management plans, to safeguard a continuous development of the stocks towards safe biological limits. ICES recommended the closure of the directed cod fishery and any fishery taking cod as by-catch in the North Sea, west of Scotland and in the Irish Sea. This will have a significant impact on the mixed round fish fisheries targeting haddock and whiting.

Reduzierung der Schädigung des Meeresbodens durch Baumkurren und Grundschleppnetze

An EU funded research project was started in 1998 by institutes from Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany to reduce the adverse environmental impact of demersal trawls. In the frame of this project the Institute for Fishery Technique of the Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Hamburg, is developing a jet beamtrawl replacing the heavy tickler chains of a traditional flatfish beam trawl by water jet nozzles placed at the lower side of the beam with the jets directed towards the sea bottom. First trials on the dutch research vessel “Tridens” were performed in March 1998. Catch and bycatch of a jet beamtrawl and a traditional beamtrawl were compared. The efficiency of the jet beamtrawl was not satisfactory and will have to be improved.

Maternidade precoce a (des)proteção pública as mulheres que foram mães antes dos 18 anos

A maternidade na adolescência é um fenômeno que atinge cerca de 20% dos partos no Brasil. A importância deste tema no campo dos direitos articula-se à dupla condição de proteção conferida à estas mulheres: a de adolescente e a de mãe. O presente estudo apresenta os resultados de uma tese de doutorado com vistas à identificação das políticas sociais efetivamente acessadas por mulheres que foram mães na adolescência antes e após o parto. Buscamos verificar se os direitos sociais firmados na legislação brasileira foram disponibilizados a elas ao longo de sua vida. O campo de pesquisa compreendeu duas unidades públicas de saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa e a técnica empregada foi a saturação de informações, com sete mulheres entrevistadas após quatro anos do nascimento de seus filhos. A eleição desta idade buscou garantir um período distanciamento do início da vida da criança, verificando o impacto do nascimento desta na via da mulher de maneira mais isenta. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da prefeitura da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados demonstram que que as mulheres que foram mães adolescentes atravessaram um cotidiano de pobreza, sobrecarga da figura materna, hierarquia de gênero e ausência de políticas públicas. Mesmo às que estavam em situação de risco, não foram proporcionadas políticas de apoio para a reversão do quadro.A conclusão que se chega é que as mães adolescentes são pouco atingidas por estas políticas públicas porque antes da gravidez estas adolescentes não eram vistas como ameaças à sociedade. Após a gravidez, passam pela rotulação do desperdício de oportunidades, e portanto, continuam sem a proteção da política pública, uma vez que do ponto de vista dos discursos da meritocracia individual presentes nas políticas do risco, não devem ser apoiadas em seus comportamentos tidos como promíscuos. Conclui-se ainda que a melhor estratégia de prevenção da maternidade adolescentes reside no oferecimento de oportunidades concretas de melhorias materias às famílias, de modo que as mulheres não necessitem tormar para si prematuramente as responsabilidades do mundo adulto e que possam ser estimuladas a incluir em seus planos futuros de uma inserção profissional mais qualificada. O estímulo à escolaridade materna (pelos benefícios que a mesma proporciona de melhor inserção no mercado de trabalho e de acesso a renda) é considerado um elemento fundamental neste processo, assim como os programas de valorização do envolvimento masculino nas questões de reprodução/cuidado infantil, programas de promoção de qualidade de vida e prevenção das violências. A tese termina reafirmando a base histórica do exercício dos direitos e a necessidade da explicitação da natureza política do enfrentamento da questão social.

Analyses physico-chimiques des eaux de la Lagune Ebrié effectuées de 1979 à 1981 au cours des programmes "Variabilité interannuelle" et "Baie de Biétri"

Physico-chemical data collections aimed to assess the interannual variability of the lagoon hydroclimate and the impact of an airport dam on the water quality of the Ebrié lagoon.