Prosessimuuttujien vaikutus märän rainan irrotustapahtumaan

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää rainan irrotukseen puristinosan keskitelalta vaikuttavat tärkeimmät tekijät. Työn avulla pyrittiin ymmärtämään tuotantokoneella esiintyvien prosessimuuttujien vaikutusta rainan irrotustapahtumaan ja puristin- ja kuivatusosan väliseen vetoerotarpeeseen. Samalla tutkittiin märkävetojen vaikutusta paperin laatuun ja fluting-käyttäytymiseen HSWO-painossa. Kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin märän rainan irrotuksen perusteoriaa sekä rainan ja telapinnan väliseen adheesioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Kirjallisuusviitteiden avulla koottiin yhteen tärkeimmät rainan irrotukseen ja keskitelan ajettavuuteen vaikuttavat tekijät. Kirjallisuuden antamien viitteiden perusteella valittiin seurattavat prosessimuuttujat kokeelliseen osaan. Työn kokeellinen osa suoritettiin tuotantokoneella prosessiseurantana. Irrotusta tutkittiin rainan irrotuskohdan muutosten ja puristin- ja kuivatusosan välisen vetoeron avulla. Seurannan perusteella pyrittiin löytämään normaalissa ajotilanteessa rainan irrotusetäisyyteen suurimmat vaihteluita aiheuttavat tekijät. Lisäksi suoritettiin muutamia koeajoja, joiden uskottiin vaikuttavan irrotukseen. Valikoiduista koepisteistä analysoitiin myös vaikutus paperin laatusuureisiin. Työn perusteella selvitettiin suurin osa kyseisellä koneella irrotukseen vaikuttavista muuttujista. Tutkituista viira- ja puristinosan mekaanisista muuttujista eniten irrotukseen vaikuttivat koneen nopeus ja suihkuviirasuhde. Myös viiraosan vedenpoistoelementeillä ja puristinosan höyrylaatikolla havaittiin olevan vaikutusta irrotukseen. Prosessiin lisätyistä raaka-aineista irrotukseen vaikuttivat eniten CTMP:n osuus tuoremassasta, kationinen retentioaine sekä massatärkkelys. Massojen jauhatuksella sekä pohjapaperin täyteainepitoisuudella oli myös selvä vaste irrotukseen. Prosessin kemiallista tilaa kuvaavista suureista irrotukseen vaikutti selvimmin massasysteemin varaustila. Puristin- ja kuivatusosan välisen vetoeron korvaaminen viira- ja puristinosan välisellä vetoerolla helpotti irrotusta keskitelalta, mutta ei tuonut etuja paperin laatuominaisuuksiin eikä vähentänyt fluting-käyttäytymistä.

Tuoreen sahatavaran mittavaihtelujen vaikutus sahauksen kannattavuuteen

Työn tavoitteena oli esittää tuoreen sahatavaran mittahajonnan merkitys sahaukselle. Lisäksi tutkittiin eri vuodenaikojen vaikutusta märkämitan hajontaan. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin myös sahatavaran kuivauksen aikaisen kutistuman suuruutta ja hajontaa eri tilanteissa. Tutkimuksessa suoritettiin mittauksia kolmella eri sahalla n. 12 kk:n ajan. Näin saatiin tietoa eri vuodenaikojen vaikutuksesta märkämittojen hajontaan, ja sitä kautta sahauksen kannattavuuteen. Kuivauksen vaikutusta tuoremittojen ohjaukseen tutkittiin mittaamalla useita eri koe-eriä ennen ja jälkeen kuivauksen. Mittaustietojen avulla pystytään määrittämään todellinen tarvittava märkämitta, ja vältetään turhaa ylimittaa sahauksessa Tutkimus osoitti vuodenaikojen selvän merkityksen sahaushajontaan. Kuivauksen vaikutuksesta kappaleiden hajontaan saatiin tutkimuspohjaista, tarkkaa tietoa. Myös todellisesta kuivauskutistuman suuruudesta saatiin selkeä käsitys, joka helpottaa märkämitan, ja siten myös asiakkaalle menevän, todellisen sahatavaramitan määrittelyä.

Small-size pines suitability for glueboards

The aim of the research was to evaluate the suitability of small-size pine as a raw material for glueboard. A further aim was to investigate claims that dead knots and the twisting of the heartwood cause, quality problems in the but of the small-size pine. The theoretical framework of the study details the whole manufacturing process from raw material to the finished article; the description of the qualities of raw material, the sawing and drying processes as well as the making of the glueboard. The solve the research problem the following figures were calculated: amount of small-size pines, the yield and quality of sawn timber which can be used for making glueboard as well as the variables which affect the various stages of the process. The results show that about half of the timber from the thinning process was suitable material for sawing. The most common problem with the unsuitable timber was form defects of the stem. The average usage ratio of sawing was 2,31 k-m3/m3. 87,97 % of the sawn timber could be used for the production of glueboard. The unsuitability of sawn timber for making glueboard was mainly caused by breakage and the twisting of the heartwood. Dead knots were small and did not effect the quality of the but of the small-size pine. It can therefore be concluded that small-size pine is suitable raw material for glueboard.

Buccal dental microwear and stable isotopes of El Collado: A mesolithic site from Spain,

This study examines the correlation between buccal dental microwear and stable isotopes. The buccal surface of post-canine teeth casts from El Collado, the largest Mesolithic site in Spain, were examined under Scanning Electron Microscope; photomicrographs were taken from the middle third of the buccal surface with magnification 100X. Only six individuals passed the criteria for buccal dental microwear analysis. The photomicrographs were treated by adobe Photoshop 8.01 to cover an area 0.56 mm² of middle third of buccal surface, the output photomicrographs were digitized using Sigmascan Pro 5 by SPSS. Then the correlation between buccal microwear pattern and stable isotopes of the same individuals, of the previous study of Guixe et al., 2006, was examined using a Pearson test. Statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant correlation between stable isotopes and buccal dental microwear of the people of the Mesolithic site of El Collado. The historical and archaeological documentation suggest that the Mesolithic people tended to consume marine food. Fish-drying techniques were used during the Mesolithic period which allowed the introduction of dust and sand to the fish. These abrasive particles affected the buccal dental microwear pattern, so that no correlation between the isotopes and microwear may be expected. This also suggests that the buccal dental microwear pattern exceeds dietary reconstruction to reconstruct food processing techniques.

Metsähakkeen jalostusarvon nostaminen eri kuivausmenetelmillä

The thesis was made for Hyötypaperi Oy. To the business activity of the company belongs the recycling of materials and carry out for re-use and the manufacture of solid biofuels and solid recovered fuels. Hyötypaperi Oy delivers forest chips to its partner incineration plants by day and night though the year. The value of the forest chips is based on its percentage of dry material. It is important to dry forest chips well before its storage in piles and delivering to incineration plants. In the thesis was examed the increasing of the degree of refinement of forest chips by different drying methods. In the thesis was examined four different drying methods of the forest chips. The methods were field-, plate-, platform- and channel drying. In the channel drying was used a mechanical blower and the other drying methods were based on the weather conditions. By all drying methods were made test dryings during the summer 2007. In the thesis was examined also the economical profitableness of the field- and channel drying. The last examination in the thesis was measuring of the forest chips’s humidity by humidity measuring equipment of sawn timber during November 2007. The field drying on the surface of asphalt is the only method of drying, which is used by Hyötypaperi Oy in its own production. There do not exist earlier properly examined facts of any drying methods of forest chips, because the drying of forest chips is a new branch. By field- and platform drying achieved lower humidity of forest chips than by plate drying. The object by using the humidity measuring equipment was to be informed of the humidity of forest chips. At present the humidity will find out after 24 hours when the sample of humidity quantity has been dried in the oven. The Lappeenranta University of Technology had the humidity measuring equipment of sawn timber. The values of humidity measured by the equipment from the sample of forest chips were 2 – 9 percent lower than the real values of humidity specified by drying in oven.

Sahan lämmöntuotannon ohjaus

Sahalaitoksilla käytetään lämpöenergiaa sahatavaran kuivauksessa. Lämpö tuotetaan pääasiassa polttamalla sivutuotteita, kuten kuorta ja purua. Hyvän kuivauslaadun saavuttamiseksi kuivausilman lämpötilan ja kosteuden on oltava oikean suuruiset. Epäsuotuisat kuivausolosuhteet hidastavat kuivumista tai aiheuttavat kuivausvikoja. Työssä käsiteltävänä sahalla lämpö tuotetaan kahdella sivutuotteita polttavalla kuorikattilalla sekä tarvittaessa raskasöljykattilalla. Raskasöljykattilalla tuotetaan myös kuivaamojen kostutushöyry. Automatiikkaa kehittämällä lämmöntuotanto saatiin reagoimaan paremmin vaihtelevaan lämmöntarpeeseen. Hyvin toimivan lämmöntuo¬tantojärjestelmän ansiosta kuivausolosuhteet ovat säilyneet entistä vakaampina. Matalapaineista höyryä johdetaan osaan sahan kuivaamoista. Höyrytys parantaa kuivauslaatua ja mahdollistaa nopeamman kuivauksen. Kuivaamot höyrytetään kuormanvaihdon jälkeen, jotta ilmankosteus nousee nopeasti tavoitetasolle. Lämmitys-vaiheen jälkeen höyrykostutusta ei tulisi käyttää ennen seuraavaa kuormanvaihtoa. Kehittämällä kuivaamoautomatiikkaa höyryn käyttö saatiin aikaisempaa kustannustehokkaammaksi. Muutoksien avulla polttoainekustannukset ovat pienentyneet.

Isoelectric focusing of urinary metallothionein.

Isoelectric focusing of human urinary metallothionein at a pH range of 4.8 to 7.0 yielded a single protein band with a pI of 5.57 which co-migrated with authentic purified metallothionein I from human liver. Minimum pretreatment of the urine samples (160 ml) was needed. The preparatory steps included sample concentration with the original protein, enriched from 69 +/- 23 micrograms/ml to 2.0 +/- 1.4 mg/ml (+/- SD; n = 9), followed by heat treatment at 80 degrees C for 5 min (2.4 +/- 1.7 mg protein/ml). After focusing, the gels were stained with silver and the lanes were scanned with a laser scanner. Peak areas were used for quantitation with commercial beta 2-microglobulin as a standard. The urinary metallothionein ranged from 1.0 to 2.6 nmol/mmol creatinine, which is comparable with values reached by radio-immunoassay.

Information transfer between large and small two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

To determine the feasibility of data transfer, an interlaboratory comparison was conducted on colon carcinoma cell line (DLD-1) proteins resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis either on small (6 x 7 cm) or large (16x18 cm) gels. The gels were silver-stained and scanned by laser densitometry, and the image obtained was analyzed using Melanie software. The number of spots detected was 1337+/-161 vs. 2382+/-176 for small vs. large format gels, respectively. After gel calibration using landmarks determined using pl and Mr markers, large- and small-format gels were matched and 712+/-36 proteins were found on both types of gels. Having performed accurate gel matching it was possible to acquire additional information after accessing a 2-D PAGE reference database (http://www.expasy.ch/ cgibin/map2/def?DLD1_HUMAN). Thus, the difference in gel size is not an obstacle for data transfer. This will facilitate exchanges between laboratories or consultation concerning existing databases.

Puunjalostuskonsernin voiteluhuollon analysoiminen ja kehittäminen

Diplomityön tarkoituksena on analysoida ja kehittää erään puunjalostuskonsernin voiteluhuoltoa. Tutkimuksen kirjallisessa osassa on selvitetty voitelun perusteet, voiteluaineet sekä voiteluhuoltoon liittyviä yleisiä käsitteitä ja termejä. Työssä on selvitetty ohjeita voiteluaineiden valintaan ja voiteluöljyjen kunnonvalvontamenetelmiin sekä selvitetty voiteluaineiden puhtauden merkitystä. Lisäksi on esitetty katselmus eri voitelumekanismista. Näiden sovellusesimerkkinä on laskettu paperikoneen kuivaussylinterin laakerin voitelukalvon ominaispaksuus. Osan lopussa on tutkittu voiteluaineiden varastoinnin ja käytettyjen voiteluaineiden jatkokäsittelyn merkitystä ympäristöasiat huomioiden. Soveltavassa osassa on edellistä hyödyntäen analysoitu puunjalostuskonsernin yksitoista eri paikkakuntaa voiteluhuollon toimivuuden kannalta. Tämä tilastollinen tieto on kerätty sekä kyselykaavakkeen avulla että haastattelemalla jokaisen paikkakunnan voiteluhuollon asiantuntijoita. Lopputuloksena on saatu voiteluhuollon kehityskohteet ja SWOT-analyysit paikkakunnittain sekä yhteenveto voiteluhuollon eri toimintojen parhaimmista käytännöistä. Lisäksi analyysin perusteella laadittiin konsernin voiteluhuollon kehityssuunnitelma.

A novel approach to analysing the regimes of temporary streams in relation to their controls on the composition and structure of aquatic biota

Temporary streams are those water courses that undergo the recurrent cessation of flow or the complete drying of their channel. The structure and composition of biological communities in temporary stream reaches are strongly dependent on the temporal changes of the aquatic habitats determined by the hydrological conditions. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of aquatic fauna to assess the ecological quality of a temporary stream reach cannot be used without taking into account the controls imposed by the hydrological regime. This paper develops methods for analysing temporary streams' aquatic regimes, based on the definition of six aquatic states that summarize the transient sets of mesohabitats occurring on a given reach at a particular moment, depending on the hydrological conditions: Hyperrheic, Eurheic, Oligorheic, Arheic, Hyporheic and Edaphic. When the hydrological conditions lead to a change in the aquatic state, the structure and composition of the aquatic community changes according to the new set of available habitats. We used the water discharge records from gauging stations or simulations with rainfall-runoff models to infer the temporal patterns of occurrence of these states in the Aquatic States Frequency Graph we developed. The visual analysis of this graph is complemented by the development of two metrics which describe the permanence of flow and the seasonal predictability of zero flow periods. Finally, a classification of temporary streams in four aquatic regimes in terms of their influence over the development of aquatic life is updated from the existing classifications, with stream aquatic regimes defined as Permanent, Temporary-pools, Temporary-dry and Episodic. While aquatic regimes describe the long-term overall variability of the hydrological conditions of the river section and have been used for many years by hydrologists and ecologists, aquatic states describe the availability of mesohabitats in given periods that determine the presence of different biotic assemblages. This novel concept links hydrological and ecological conditions in a unique way. All these methods were implemented with data from eight temporary streams around the Mediterranean within the MIRAGE project. Their application was a precondition to assessing the ecological quality of these streams.

Mediterranean-climate streams and rivers: geographically separated but ecologically comparable freshwater systems

Streams and rivers in mediterranean-climate regions (med-rivers in med-regions) are ecologically unique, with flow regimes reflecting precipitation patterns. Although timing of drying and flooding is predictable, seasonal and annual intensity of these events is not. Sequential flooding and drying, coupled with anthropogenic influences make these med-rivers among the most stressed riverine habitat worldwide. Med-rivers are hotspots for biodiversity in all med-regions. Species in med-rivers require different, often opposing adaptive mechanisms to survive drought and flood conditions or recover from them. Thus, metacommunities undergo seasonal differences, reflecting cycles of river fragmentation and connectivity, which also affect ecosystem functioning. River conservation and management is challenging, and trade-offs between environmental and human uses are complex, especially under future climate change scenarios. This overview of a Special Issue on med-rivers synthesizes information presented in 21 articles covering the five med-regions worldwide: Mediterranean Basin, coastal California, central Chile, Cape region of South Africa, and southwest and southern Australia. Research programs to increase basic knowledge in less-developed med-regions should be prioritized to achieve increased abilities to better manage med-rivers.

Adaptações em forno de microondas doméstico para utilização em laboratório

Domestic microwave oven was modified for laboratory applications. Electronic system was made for controlling magnetron irradiation time. Exhaustion and air circulation systems were installed to clean the internal oven atmosphere during operation. The cavity walls were coated with aluminized thermal paint to avoid chemical corrosion. These modifications allowed the usage of the oven for drying and processes using reflux.

Aplicação de modelo matemático às propriedades reológicas de géis mistos de agarose e de goma guar

Certain biopolymers are capable of forming physically cross-linked gels in aqueous medium, stabilized by forces such as Coulombic, charge transfer, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions. The mathematical description of these physical networks are difficult, but should contribute to a better understanding of the gelling process. The Clark and Ross-Murphy model was applied to experimental data for agarose-guar gum mixed systems, in which only agarose is the gelling polysaccharide. A computational routine based on the statistical maximum likehood principle was employed to estimate the f, K and a characteristic parameters. Statistical t-test and F-test were used to analyse the set of parameters.

Lustojen suunnan ja kuivausmenetelmän vaikutus koivulautojen muodonmuutoksiin, pintakovuuteen ja väriin

Seloste artikkelista: Luostarinen, K. 2007. The effect of annual ring orientation and drying method on deformations, casehardening and colour of silver birch (Betula pendula) boards. Silva Fennica 41 (4) : 717-730

Eletrólise de resíduos poluidores: I - Efluente de uma indústria liofilizadora de condimentos

Wastewater from a seasoning freeze-drying industry was electrolysed to increase its biodegradability. Stainless-steel electrodes were used at 9.09 A/m², for up to 80 min. Conductivity, pH, biochemical (BOD) and chemical (COD) oxygen demands, Daphnia similis acute toxicity bioassays, and bacteria counting through the plate count agar method were determined after different times of electrolysis. The results (e.g. higher BOD and lower COD) showed that the biodegradability of the wastewater was significantly increased; furthermore, Fe2+ ions liberated by the electrodes cause microorganisms to die and, when oxidised to Fe3+, contribute for the flocculation and sedimentation of solid residues.