Incrustação em poço produtor de petróleo e gás natural: um estudo de caso

Water and gas is a common by - product of the oil production process. Production may be compromised by the precipitation of inorganic salts in both the reservoir and producing well, through scale formation. This precipitation is likely the cause of the formation damage. High temperatures and h igh pressures (HTHP) may favor the precipitation of insoluble salts. The most common types of scale in oil fields are calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate, strontium and barium sulphate. New types of scale formation have attracted special attention such as zinc sulphide and lead. This precipitation may occur in the pores of reservoir rocks, in the production string and in equipment, causing obstructions and consequent production losses. In this study, the influence of well depth on incrustation compositio n was investigated to design removal treatments and assess the behavior of these deposits along the string, through the analysis of pressure and temperature. Scale residues were recovered from the inside of the production string of an oil and gas well duri ng the string removal operation. A total of 10 samples from different depths (15.4 m to 4061.5 m) were obtained. Initially a dissolution test was conducted in weak acid, similar to that used in removal operations with this type of scale formation. Majority composition was defined and confirmed by dissolution tests using X - Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), X - Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques. Residues with distinct characteristics were observed in different proportion s, showing a tendency toward increased and/or decreased mass with depth. In the samples closest to the surface, typical sandstone residues were found, with calcium (45% Ca) as the metal of highest concentration. The obtained results indicate correlations o f the scale types studied with the depth and, consequently, with the thermodynamic conditions of pressure and temperature.

Contribuição ao estudo avançado das argamassas de alto desempenho para reparos estruturais

Inúmeras estruturas de concreto no Brasil e no mundo estão atingindo o limite de sua vida útil projetada, completando um ciclo de cinco ou mais décadas de uso e operação. Além das estruturas mais antigas, existem ainda estruturas com reduzido tempo de serviço, e qualidade discutível, que já apresentam patologias em estado tão avançado que chegam a comprometer o seu desempenho. Vindo ao encontro dessas necessidades e no sentido de contribuir para o avanço científico e tecnológico do setor, este trabalho apresenta um método para dosagem, preparo e aplicação de argamassas de alto desempenho para recuperação de estruturas deterioradas, além de sugerir procedimentos para a realização desses reparos, fomentando a cultura das manutenções preventivas e desmistificando a complexidade atribuída a tais operações. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos, microestruturais e relacionados à durabilidade em corpos-de-prova moldados com sílica ativa e látex de estireno-butadieno. Os resultados indicaram que a adoção desses ingredientes, na composição da argamassa de reparo, provocou uma redução significativa da permeabilidade total e descontinuidade de poros, assim como promoveu uma melhor integridade dos constituintes da argamassa, traduzindo-se em uma ampliação, expressiva, das suas capacidades mecânicas. Quando comparada aos produtos industrializados da construção civil, com padrões similares, proporcionou uma economia da ordem de 85%, que permitiria recuperar, com os mesmos custos, quase cinco vezes mais estruturas comprometidas. Este estudo, de viés altamente tecnológico, vem oferecer à construção civil uma argamassa polimérica de alto desempenho, com função reparadora e custo mais acessível, que pode ser adotada em canteiros de obras, implementando ações de natureza sustentável e ainda atendendo às atuais exigências elencadas pela literatura, relacionadas à desempenho, vida útil e durabilidade das estruturas reparadas.

Estudo da incorporação de resíduos de perfuração para aplicação em cimentação de poços de petróleo

During the drilling of oil and natural gas are generated solid waste, liquid and gaseous. These solid fragments, which are known as cuttings, are carried to the surface through the drilling fluid. Furthermore, this fluid serves to cool the bit, keeping the internal pressure of the well, and others. This solid residue is very polluting, because it has incorporated beyond the drilling fluid, which has several chemical additives harmful to the environment, some heavy metals that are harmful to the environment, such as lead. To minimize the residue generated, are currently being studied numerous techniques to mitigate the problems that such waste can cause to the environment, like addition of cuttings in the composition of soil cement brick masonry construction, addition of cuttings on the clay matrix for the manufacture of solid masonry bricks and ceramic blocks and coprocessing of the cuttings in cement. So, the main objective of this work is the incorporation of cuttings drilling of oil wells, the cement slurry used in the cementing operation of the well. This cuttings used in this study, arising from the formation Pendências, was milled and separated in a sieve of 100 mesh. After grinding had a mean particle sike in order of 86 mm and crystal structure containing phases of quartz and calcite type, characteristic of the Portland cement. Were formulated and prepared slurries of cement with density 13 lb / gal, containing different concentrations of gravel, and realized characterization tests API SPEC 10A and RP 10B. Free water tests showed values lower than 5.9% and the rheological model that best described the behavior of the mixtures was the power. The results of compressive strength (10.3 MPa) and stability (Dr <0.5 lb / gal) had values within the set of operational procedures. Thus, the gravel from the drilling operation, may be used as binders in addition to Portland cement oil wells, in order to reuse this waste and reduce the cost of the cement paste.

Estudo experimental e modelagem do processo de sacarificação e fermentação simultânea utilizando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para produção de etanol

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq

Estudo da adição de resíduos de quartzitos para obtenção de grés porcelanato

In States of Paraíba (PB) and Rio Grande do Norte (RN), northeast of Brazil, the most significant deposits of non-metallic industrial minerals are pegmatites, quartzites and granites, which are located in Seridó region. Extraction of clay, quartz, micas and feldspars occurs mainly in the cities of Várzea (PB), OuroBranco (RN) and Parelhas (RN). Mining companies working in the extraction and processing of quartzite generate large volumes of waste containing about 90% SiO2 in their chemical composition coming from quartz that is one of the basic constituents of ceramic mass for the production of ceramic coating. Therefore, this work evaluates the utilization of these wastes on fabrication of high-quality ceramic products, such as porcelain stoneware, in industrial scale. Characterization of raw materials was based on XRF, XRD, GA, TGA and DSC analysis, on samples composed by 57% of feldspar, 37% of argil and 6% of quartzite residues, with 5 different colors (white, gold, pink, green and black). Samples were synthesized in three temperatures, 1150°C, 1200°C and 1250°C, with one hour isotherm and warming-up tax of 10°C/min. After synthesizing, the specimens were submit to physical characterization tests of water absorption, linear shrinkage, apparently porosity, density, flexural strain at three points. The addition of 6% of quartzite residue to ceramic mass provided a final product with technological properties attending technical norms for the production of porcelain stoneware; best results were observed at a temperature of 1200°C. According to the results there was a high iron oxide on black quartzite, being their use in porcelain stoneware discarded by ethic and structural question, because the material fused at 1250°C. All quartzite formulations had low water absorption when synthesized at 1200°C, getting 0.1% to 0.36% without having gone through the atomization process. Besides, flexural strain tests overcame 27 MPa reaching the acceptance limits of the European Directive EN 100, at 1200°C synthesizing. Thus, the use of quartzite residues in ceramic masses poses as great potential for the production of porcelain stoneware.

Distribuição e uso de habitat por peixes recifais em um gradiente ambiental: estudo de caso em recifes areníticos

There are several abiotic factors reported in the literature as regulators of the distribution of fish species in marine environments. Among them stand out structural complexity of habitat, benthic composition, depth and distance from the coast are usually reported as positive influencers in the diversity of difentes species, including reef fish. These are dominant elements in reef systems and considered high ecological and socioeconomic importance. Understanding how the above factors influence the distribution and habitat use of reef fish communities are important for their management and conservation. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the influence of these variables on the community of reef fishes along an environmental gradient of depth and distance from shore base in sandstone reefs in the coast of state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. These variables are also used for creating a simple predictive model reef fish biomass for the environment studied. Data collection was performed through visual surveys in situ, and recorded environmental data (structural complexity of habitat, type of coverage of the substrate, benthic invertebrates) and ecological (wealth, abundance and reef fish size classes). As a complement, information on the diet were raised through literature and the biomass was estimated from the length-weight relationship of each species. Overall, the reefs showed a low coverage by corals and the Shallow reefs, Intermediate I and II dominated by algae and the Funds by algae and sponges. The complexity has increased along the gradient and positively influenced the species richness and abundance. Both attributes influenced in the structure of the reef fish community, increasing the richness, abundance and biomass of fish as well as differentiating the trophic structure of the community along the depth gradient and distance from the coast. Distribution and use of habitat by recifas fish was associated with food availability. The predictor model identified depth, roughness and coverage for foliose algae, calcareous algae and soft corals as the most significant variables influencing in the biomass of reef fish. In short, the description and understanding of these patterns are important steps to elucidate the ecological processes. In this sense, our approach provides a new understanding of the structure of the reef fish community of Rio Grande do Norte, allowing understand a part of a whole and assist future monitoring actions, evaluation, management and conservation of these and other reefs of Brazil.

Estudo da influência da adição de níquel em alumina pela rota da metalurgia do pó

Ceramic materials alumina basis have been widely used in structural components, mainly because owning properties such as high hardness, chemical inertness and good wear resistance, however, the low toughness is a factor that compromises its use in many other applications, featuring the addition of nickel as a possible solution to this problem, in this context, this work aims to study the addition of nickel alumina using the route of powder metallurgy processing of the material. The percentage of nickel were added 2, 4 and 6 wt%; and each composition to high energy milling in a planetary mill was performed for 2, 4, 9 and 16h. Subsequently, the samples were compacted at 300 MPa and sintered in a vacuum oven at 1400⁰C for 2h. The samples were characterized as the physical and mechanical properties, observing, in general, an improvement in sinterability of the material with increasing grinding time and nickel content, and mixing with a decrease of porosity and increase of hardness, density values above 80% of theoretical were obtained. The milling time of 4 hours and addition of 2% nickel, particularly if achieved higher hardness (HV 1068.7 +/- 32.6) and density of about 99% theoretical density.

Estudo da influência da adição de níquel em alumina pela rota da metalurgia do pó

Ceramic materials alumina basis have been widely used in structural components, mainly because owning properties such as high hardness, chemical inertness and good wear resistance, however, the low toughness is a factor that compromises its use in many other applications, featuring the addition of nickel as a possible solution to this problem, in this context, this work aims to study the addition of nickel alumina using the route of powder metallurgy processing of the material. The percentage of nickel were added 2, 4 and 6 wt%; and each composition to high energy milling in a planetary mill was performed for 2, 4, 9 and 16h. Subsequently, the samples were compacted at 300 MPa and sintered in a vacuum oven at 1400⁰C for 2h. The samples were characterized as the physical and mechanical properties, observing, in general, an improvement in sinterability of the material with increasing grinding time and nickel content, and mixing with a decrease of porosity and increase of hardness, density values above 80% of theoretical were obtained. The milling time of 4 hours and addition of 2% nickel, particularly if achieved higher hardness (HV 1068.7 +/- 32.6) and density of about 99% theoretical density.

Síntese, caracterização e estudo da associação em meio aquoso de copolímeros responsivos de carboximetilcelulose-g-Jeffamine®

This thesis presents the synthesis, characterization and study of the associative behaviour in aqueous media of new responsive graft copolymers, based on carboxymethylcellulose as the water-soluble backbone and Jeffamine® M-2070 e Jeffamine® M-600 (commercial polyetheramines) as the thermoresponsive grafts with high cloud point temperatures in water. The synthesis was performed on aqueous medium, by using 1-ethyl-3- (3-(dimethylamino)-propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide as activators of the reaction between carboxylategroupsfrom carboxymethylcellulose and amino groups from polyetheramines. The grafting reaction was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and the grafting percentage by 1H NMR. The molar mass of the polyetheramines was determined by 1H NMR, whereas the molar mass of CMC and graft copolymers was determined by static light scattering. The salt effect on the association behaviour of the copolymers was evaluated in different aqueous media (Milli-Q water, 0.5M NaCl, 0.5M K2CO3 and synthetic sea water), at different temperatures, through UV-vis, rheology and dynamic light scattering. None of the copolymers solutions, at 5 g/L, turned turbid in Milli-Q water when heated from 25 to 95 °C, probably because of the increase in hydrophibicity promoted by CMC backbone. However, they became turbid in the presence of salts, due to the salting out effect, where the lowest cloud point was observed in 0.5M K2CO3, which was attributed to the highest ionic strength in water, combined to the ability of CO3 2- to decrease polymer-solvents interactions. The hydrodynamic radius and apparent viscosity of the copolymers in aqueous medium changed as a function of salts dissolved in the medium, temperature and copolymer composition. Thermothickening behaviour was observed in 0.5M K2CO3 when the temperature was raised from 25 to 60°C. This performance can be attributed to intermolecular associations as a physical network, since the temperature is above the cloud point of the copolymers in this solvent.

Estudo das características físico-químicas e biológicas pela adesão de osteoblastos em superfícies de titânio modificadas pela nitretação em plasma

SILVA, J. S. P. Estudo das características físico-químicas e biológicas pela adesão de osteoblastos em superfícies de titânio modificadas pela nitretação em plasma. 2008. 119 f. Tese (Doutorado) - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2008.

Efeitos da composição domiciliar e da escala equivalente sobre as medidas de desigualdade de renda e pobreza no Brasil

MARIANO, J. L. ; FIGUEIREDO, ERIK A. . Efeitos da composição domiciliar e da escala equivalente sobre as medidas de desigualdade de renda e pobreza no Brasil. In: XXXVI Encontro Nacional de Economia,Salvador 2008.

Determinantes da Estrutura de Capital de Companhias Abertas Brasileiras Não-Financeiras: Um Estudo Empírico com Dados em Painel

When a company desires to invest in a project, it must obtain resources needed to make the investment. The alternatives are using firm s internal resources or obtain external resources through contracts of debt and issuance of shares. Decisions involving the composition of internal resources, debt and shares in the total resources used to finance the activities of a company related to the choice of its capital structure. Although there are studies in the area of finance on the debt determinants of firms, the issue of capital structure is still controversial. This work sought to identify the predominant factors that determine the capital structure of Brazilian share capital, non-financial firms. This work was used a quantitative approach, with application of the statistical technique of multiple linear regression on data in panel. Estimates were made by the method of ordinary least squares with model of fixed effects. About 116 companies were selected to participate in this research. The period considered is from 2003 to 2007. The variables and hypotheses tested in this study were built based on theories of capital structure and in empirical researches. Results indicate that the variables, such as risk, size, and composition of assets and firms growth influence their indebtedness. The profitability variable was not relevant to the composition of indebtedness of the companies analyzed. However, analyzing only the long-term debt, comes to the conclusion that the relevant variables are the size of firms and, especially, the composition of its assets (tangibility).This sense, the smaller the size of the undertaking or the greater the representation of fixed assets in total assets, the greater its propensity to long-term debt. Furthermore, this research could not identify a predominant theory to explain the capital structure of Brazilian

Estudo do aerossol (poeira do Sara) na região de Cabo Verde

No âmbito do projeto CV-DUST foi desenvolvida uma campanha de medição do aerossol atmosférico na Cidade da Praia (14° 55’ N, 23°29’ W), de janeiro de 2011 a janeiro de 2012. A concentração do aerossol foi determinada com base no método gravimétrico, com a amostragem feita em termos de PM10 e em frações granulométricas, usando impactores. Complementarmente, foi usado um contador ótico de partículas que permite a monitorização em contínuo e a classificação do número de partículas em 31 frações de tamanho na gama entre 0,25 e 32 μm. A composição química do aerossol foi determinada com incidência nos seguintes componentes: iões inorgânicos solúveis em água (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ e Ca2+), carbonato total, elementos maioritários da crosta (Si, Na, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Ti e Mn) e elementos vestigiais (Ba, Zn, Zr, Pb, Cu, Ce, Ni, Cr, V, Co, Sc, As, Sm e Sb), assim como a fração carbonácea (carbono elementar – EC e o carbono orgânico - OC). Durante a campanha, a concentração de PM10 apresentou uma grande variabilidade temporal, com valores médios (à escala diária) situados entre 10 μg/m3 e 507 μg/m3, sendo a concentração média anual estimada em cerca de 59 μg/m3. As concentrações mais elevadas (tipicamente acima dos 100 μg/m3) foram registadas durante os eventos de poeira proveniente do Norte de África, sendo os mais intensos observados nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro e dezembro de 2011. Os registos do contador ótico, feitos em intervalos de 5 min, revelaram que durante os eventos de poeira as concentrações médias horárias das partículas PM10 e PM2.5 podem ultrapassar os 700 μg/m3 e 200 μg/m3, respetivamente. Com base nos resultados do método ótico, as contribuições das frações granulométricas PM1, PM(1-2.5) e PM(2.5-10) para a massa de PM10 foram estimadas em cerca de 11 %, 28 % e 61 %, respetivamente. A composição química do aerossol varia consideravelmente ao longo do ano e revela a predominância das partículas minerais e do sal marinho. Com base em cálculos do balanço mássico das espécies químicas, as contribuições dos dois constituintes maioritários para a massa de PM10 foram estimadas em cerca de 47 % (partículas minerais) e 17 % (sal marinho). O aerossol secundário (NO3-, NH4+ e fração não marinha do SO42) e o aerossol carbonáceo (EC + OC) contribuem cada um com cerca de 4 % e 3 %, respetivamente. A fração mássica restante (cerca de 29 %), corresponde aos constituintes não analisados, podendo a água ser a mais importante neste grupo. A análise química das amostras segregadas por tamanho revela a seguinte composição para as partículas PM1, PM(1-2.5) e PM(2.5-10): 5,2, 11,8 e 20,7 % (constituintes do sal marinho); 8,6, 3,7 e 3,1 % (iões secundários); 8,9, 1,5 e 1,3 % (EC + OC).

A educação física e a dança: a abordagem estética do desporto como uma possibilidade na área da composição coreográfica, com alunos do 5º vocacional da Academia de Música de Vilar do Paraíso

Relatório Final de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Dança, com vista à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino de Dança.

Introdução à música contemporânea portuguesa de viola d’arco : um estudo de caso

Esta dissertação baseia-se no estudo da introdução da música contemporânea portuguesa de viola d’arco num grupo de alunos de viola d’arco da Casa Pia de Lisboa, através de composições encomendadas a nove compositores portugueses. Incide também na análise das atitudes em relação à música contemporânea portuguesa por parte de professores de viola d’arco portugueses. Procurou-se ampliar o repertório da viola d’arco através da encomenda de obras didáticas, e o repertório expressivo dos alunos envolvidos. Verificou-se que a introdução tardia da música contemporânea no ensino da música e a desatualização dos programas podem condicionar a atitude dos músicos em relação à mesma, sendo importante uma mudança de paradigma. Parecem não existir dificuldades técnicas na abordagem a estas obras por parte dos alunos. Houve também uma aceitação por parte dos professores em introduzir estes conceitos, tendo existido igualmente uma abertura por parte dos compositores contemporâneos envolvidos, em criar obras didáticas para viola d’arco.