Proposta de um modelo de gestão de custos para pequenas propriedades rurais familiares com foco na tomada de decisão

This work was general-purpose, develop a proposal of a theoretical model of decisionmaking with a focus on management of small family farms costs, which enables support for decision making. And the following objectives: i) develop a structured methodology, which allows to form a literary basis to provide scientific support for the implementation of research; ii) develop based on the literature the dimensions and variables of the necessary models to propose an application and iii tooling) to implement the proposed model within the dimensions and variables, and validate every stage background and perform the necessary conclusions to verify the effectiveness of applied model. In terms of methodology, we used a structured methodology, which allowed forming a bibliographic portfolio of 29 articles, and through the research constructs developed, based on an existing model, an activity segmentation model for aid farmer of small family farms in the decision-making process with emphasis on cost management. The model was applied in six family farms in the South West region of Parana and Santa Catarina West. With regard to the search results, it was identified that the model can be applied to the specific context for which it was created. It was also possible to identify that the proposed model was valid and relevant to aid in the management of family farms by identifying, through the targeting of productive activities, investment priorities guided by the balance between managing costs and return activities. Moreover, possible to target the activities of six surveyed properties, demonstrating that the property 02, has the shape of more complex segmentation should be divided into three groups of activities, which can be conducted in parallel without any restrictions between activities. Other properties have the segmentation of the simplest activities, allowing viewing in this way that there are activities of groups that require prioritizing investments. Specifically the property 01 and 04 have the highest priority investment target groups, the most prominent activities of groups representing respectively 49.32% and 47.40%, which are represented by grain production activities on the property 01 and grain production, beef cattle and eggs on the property 04.

Cooperação e competição entre políticas no Brasil: os custos da governabilidade no presidencialismo de coalizão

Public policies have been studied in the various fields of humanities and social sciences, from different theoretical and technical aspects. However, there is still a lack of studies that incorporate the dimension that encompasses the political action and its interference in such actions, also recognizing the importance of the institutional setting of the Brazilian presidential model in implementing these policies. This fragmented and multiparty system has led to power heterogeneous sets of political parties. Thus, the ministerial offices, more than assisting the President´s government project, manage particularized agendas, which are party biased and have the influence of interest groups in hegemonic themes addressed by government agencies. When these agendas operate in sectoral and specialized policies, the friction level is apparently low. However, when this occurs in intersectoral actions, such as in regional development, there is evidence of strong signs of competition among government agencies, which in theory, should operate in an integrated manner. Although this is not a specific feature of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva´s government- the period to be studied- there was similar behavior in Fernando Henrique Cardoso´s presidency, one realizes that the expansion of coalition on behalf of governance is increasingly interfering in the outcome of intersectoral public policies, due to these multiple arguments in action. In order to understand these processes, this study focused on the Sustainable and Integrated Development Programme for Differentiated Meso-Regions (PROMESO), part of the National Policy for Regional Development (NPRD). The program provides interface with various government agencies and their public policies in a clear intersectoral design. The research sought to identify and analyze the relationships between government agencies and their programs with interest groups, whether political parties or other segments of civil society, highlighting the logic of favoritism, which poses in second place the integration of actions in the intersectoral policies. Therefore, besides the theoretical debate that incorporates several categories of political science, public administration, public policy, geography and economics, the study focused on secondary sources, using different government agencies databases in order to raise information. It was observed that the interference of partisan politics has been disastrous for some public policies. Thus, the research confirms that cooperative character is fragile within government agencies, often limited to official documents, and that there is indeed, a striking feature of competition, especially when it comes to transversalized policies

A formação e o desenvolvimento de arranjos cooperativos sob a ótica da imersão social e da economia dos custos de transação: um estrudo de caso na Coopercam e na Unipesca

The current study analyzes the birth and development of two strategic alliances established between shrimp producers in Rio Grande do Norte: the Unipesca and the Coopercam. To achieve this aim, two approaches which, at first sight, could be considered contradictory were used: the Transactional Costs Economy and Embeddedness. The first approach is fundamentally based in the studies of Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). Embededness, on the other hand, went through the review of a series of authors, such as Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring and Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), among others. To analyze the birth and development of the cooperatives in this study, Gulati s work (1998) was used. This study shows the steps to be studied for a better comprehension of an alliance: the decision of starting an alliance and the choice of the partners, the decision about the governance structure, the evolution of the alliance and the development of the companies which established this partnership. To carry this study out, a study case accordingly to Yin s proposal (2001) was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with pre-defined plots were conducted in two phases: in the beginning of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007. The subjects from the research were, in 2006, representative members of the main associations and corporations, besides the shrimp producers from the state, when the context of the activity was set. In the second phase, in 2007, representative members from the two cooperatives that were listed above were interviewed the president from Coopercam and the marketing manager from Unipesca. Besides these two members, directors from two important organizations in each of these cooperatives were also interviewed, giving out the necessary information for the research. Secondary data was also collected from the Brazilian Association of Crab producers website, as well as from news from important newspapers in RN, such as Tribuna do Norte. The primary data was analyzed in terms of quality, accordingly to the documental analysis technique. Thus, through the data that was collected, it can be concluded that the reasons that motivated the companies to cooperate can be explained in terms of the transactional costs economy. However, the choice of partners is more connected to aspects approached by the social embededness. When aspects related to development and evolution were analyzed, it could be seen that both aspects from TCE and Embededness were vital to explain the development of the cooperatives mentioned

Inserção de fornecedores locais como fonte de desempenhos em custos de transação e legitimidade: estudo de caso na cadeia produtiva do petróleo e gás do Rio Grande do Norte

The inclusion of local suppliers in production chains has considerable impact on its performance, but most notably in its main actors. The results of this process may be of different kinds and can be analyzed from economic or institutional approaches. This study aimed to verify the existence of different performances of Petrobras due to the inclusion of local suppliers in the oil and gas production chain in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the viewpoints of transaction costs and the Institutional Theory. In order to this, were made the characterization of the PROMINP, the description of its actions and results, the mapping of its institutional context of reference, and identification of results obtained by Petrobras in terms of transaction costs and legitimacy. The theoretical framework is based on authors dealing with industrial concentration, as like Marshall, Krugman, Porter and Schmitz, from the sociological perspective of neoinstitucional theory, as like DiMaggio and Powell and Scott and Meyer, and transaction costs, as like Williamson. This is a qualitative research, with data collection done by consulting secondary fonts and semi-structured interviews with nineteen actors of three groups, namely: actors involved in actions of the program, representatives of enterprises and representative of Petrobras. To analyze the content was used the Suchman s model (1995) for categories associated with strategies of legitimation and fourteen variables associated with the three variables assets specificity, bounded rationality and opportunism (Williamson, 1995, 1989) in the case of transaction costs. The results indicate that PROMINP has achieved its objectives by encouraging the increased participation of local companies in the oil and gas production chain, reflecting in the economic development of the state. The Redepetro/RN, fostered and built upon the interaction of the participants, is presented as a solution of continuity to the participation of enterprises in the chain, after the closure of the actions of the program. PROMINP demands responses to coercive, legislative and regulatory pressures of the organizational field, whose institutional context of reference is wide. From the point of view of legitimacy, through strategies to gain cognitive legitimacy and maintaining pragmatic legitimacy, Petrobras can manipulate the environment, ensuring the compliance of the constituents to their technical and institutional demands. Enterprises, in turn, respond to the demands through compliance with technical demands, mainly through the certification of processes, and cultural changes. There aren t clear gains related to the transaction costs, however, gains in legitimacy can be seen as a cumulative capital that can serve as a competitive differential that generates economic gains. In terms of theoretical findings, it was found that, due to its explanatory power for actions that are difficult to explain only in economic terms, Institutional Theory may be used as theoretical support concurrent with other theories. TCE model has limitations in explaining the program actions. In the case, it s emphasized that Petrobras doesn t seek only economic efficiency, but has in its mission the commitment to social development.

Estimativa da área foliar do antúrio com o uso de funções de regressão

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar quais variáveis dimensionais da folha são mais adequadas para utilização na estimativa da área foliar do antúrio (Anthurium andraeanum), cv. Apalai, por meio de equação de regressão linear, e comparar o desempenho de diferentes funções de regressão obtidas com o uso de aprendizado de máquina (AM). A variável que melhor estimou a área foliar foi o produto das dimensões lineares (comprimento e largura), CxL, sendo a equação proposta Af = 0.9672 *C x L, com coeficiente de determinação (R²) de 0,99. Verificou-se, também, com o uso de AM, que as funções lineares são mais adequadas para a estimação da área foliar dessa espécie vegetal.

Custos da gestão da qualidade na manutenção e sustentação dos Sistemas de Armas da Força Aérea

Atualmente, as organizações tendem a desenvolverem-se com o objetivo de se tornarem mais eficazes e eficientes. Neste contexto, esta investigação visa propor um modelo que permita calcular os Custos da Qualidade (CQ) na manutenção e sustentação dos Sistemas de Armas da Força Aérea (FA), contribuindo para a melhoria contínua do Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade e Aeronavegabilidade (SGQA). Assim, neste estudo é avaliada a utilização do modelo “Prevenção, Avaliação e Falhas” (PAF) para o cálculo dos CQ no SGQA, a forma como os Sistemas de Informação (SI) podem contribuir para este cálculo e qual a estrutura do sistema que deverá integrar e operacionalizar este modelo. Esta investigação desenvolve-se mediante um raciocínio hipotético-dedutivo, utilizando uma estratégia qualitativa aplicada num estudo de caso ao SA Epsilon Tb-30. Após apresentar um enquadramento teórico, são testadas as hipóteses identificadas através de análise documental e entrevistas a elementos com funções-chave neste âmbito. Verifica-se então a possibilidade de utilizar o modelo PAF para o cálculo dos CQ no SGQA. Contudo, é necessário adaptar os SI e os processos do sistema para a sua operacionalização. Finalmente, é proposto um plano para implementação do modelo de CQ, assim como são apresentadas algumas recomendações para o seu desenvolvimento. Abstract: Nowadays, the organizations tend to self-develop in order to increase their efficiency and effectiveness. In this context, this study has the purpose to propose a Quality Cost (CQ) model within the scope of maintenance and sustainability of Portuguese Air Force (FA) weapon systems, contributing to the continuous improvement of its Airworthiness and Quality Management System (SGQA). Therefore, throughout this study is evaluated the implementation of Prevention, Appraisal and Failure (PAF) model for CQ calculation, how the Information Systems (SI) can contribute for this calculus and what SGQA structure should integrate and operationalize this model. In this investigation is used a hypothetical-deductive reasoning, through a qualitative strategy applied to a case study in Epsilon TB-30 aircraft. After presenting an initial theoretical study, the raised hypotheses are tested through the relevant document analysis and interviews with elements in key functions within this scope. With this study it’s shown the possibility to use PAF model to calculate CQ of the SGQA. However, it’s necessary to adapt the SI and the system processes to get the operationalization of this model. Finally, an implementation plan of the evaluated CQ model is proposed, and some recommendations are made for its future development.

Sistema fuzzy para estimativa do bem-estar de matrizes pesadas

Entender o comportamento e suas pequenas variações decorrentes das mudanças do ambiente térmico e desenvolver modelos que simulem o bem-estar a partir de respostas das aves ao ambiente constituem o primeiro passo para a criação de um sistema de monitoramento digital de aves em galpões de produção. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um sistema de suporte à decisão com base na teoria dos conjuntos fuzzy para a estimativa do bem-estar de matrizes pesadas em função de frequências e duração dos comportamentos expressos pelas aves. O desenvolvimento do sistema passou por cinco etapas distintas: 1) organização dos dados experimentais; 2) apresentação dos vídeos em entrevista com especialista; 3) criação das funções de pertinência com base nas entrevistas e na revisão da literatura; 4) simulação de frequências de ocorrências e tempos médios de expressão dos comportamentos classificados como indicadores de bem-estar utilizando equações de regressão obtidas na literatura, e 5) construção das regras, simulação e validação do sistema. O sistema fuzzy desenvolvido estimou satisfatoriamente o bem-estar de matrizes pesadas, tendo na sua última versão, com maior número de regras, acertado 77,8% dos dados experimentais, comparados com as respostas esperadas por um especialista. O sistema pode ser utilizado como instrumento matemático-computacional para apoiar decisões em galpões de produção de matrizes pesadas.

Álgebra de mapas de atributos de solos para estimativa da aptidão agrícola das terras.

The land suitability evaluation is used to establish land zonings for agriculture activities. Geographic information systems (GIS) are useful for integrating different attributes necessaries to define apt and not apt lands. The present study had as main objective to describe procedures to define land suitability using GIS tools, soils maps and data soils profiles data, emphasizing procedures to define soil atributes. The area studied was the watershed of Córrego Espraiado, Ribeirão Preto-SP, located on the recharging area of the Guarani Aquifer, with approximately 4,130 ha and predominance of sugar cane culture. The database project was developed using the GIS Idrisi 32. The land suitability evaluation was done considering the intensive agricultural production system predominant in the watershed, adjusted for the vulnerability of the areas of recharge and for the methodology of GIS tools. Numerical terrain models (NTM) had been constructed for cation exchange capacity, basis saturation, clay content and silt+clay content using kriging (geostatistical interpolator), and for aluminum saturation using the inverse-square-distance. Boolean operations for handling geographic fields (thematic maps and NTM) to produce information plans are described and a land suitability map obtained by GIS tools is presented, indicating that 85% of watershed lands are apt to annual cultures.

Disponibilidade de fosforo no solo e estimativa de doses adequadas de adubacao fosfatada para o tomateiro no Submedio Sao Francisco.

Em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura arenosa, do submedio Sao Francisco, avaliou-se a dispnibilidade de fosforo no solo extraido pelos extratores de Mehlich e Bray 1 e estimaram-se niveis adequados de adubacao fosfatada para o tomateiro rasteiro (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) no periodo de 1982 a 1983. Diferentes niveis de fosforo no solo foram criados atraves da adicao previa de quantidades crescentes de fosfato sob a forma de superfosfato triplo. Obtiveram-se correlacoes significativas dos teores de fosforo no solo com os niveis de fosfato aplicado e a produtividade da cultura. Os teores de P no solo obtidos pelos extratores de Mehlich e Bray 1 foram classificados, respectivamente, nos seguintes niveis: muito baixo, inferiores a 5 ppm e 7 ppm; baixo, de 5 ppm a 10 ppm e 7 ppm a 12 ppm; medio, de 11 ppm a 16 ppm e 13 ppm a 18 ppm; alto, de 17 ppm a 29 ppm e 19 ppm a 31 ppm; e muito alto, superiores a 19 ppm e 31ppm. As doses estimadas de fosforo a serem aplicadas ao solo em sulco para obter a produtividade otima esperada seriam: 120, 100, 70, 30 e 0 kg/ha de P2O5 para os niveis muito baixo, baixo, medio, alto e muito alto, respectivamente.

Os custos relacionados com a qualidade na prática fiscal das empresas portuguesas. Comparative case study

Todas as organizações deveriam preocupar-se com a análise dos custos da qualidade, dado que essa análise, para além de permitir identificar aspetos a melhorar, é uma ferramenta fundamental para os próprios órgãos de gestão dessas organizações. Esta análise sobre os custos da qualidade também deveria incidir sobre as atividades da empresa relacionadas com a sua prática fiscal. Porém, a literatura não apresenta qualquer referência à relação entre essas duas temáticas: custos da qualidade e fiscalidade empresarial. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho de investigação analisa a relação entre os princípios dos custos da qualidade e a fiscalidade empresarial em Portugal. Pelo que, optou-se pela metodologia case study, mais especificamente pela metodologia comparative case study, por se entender, e se ter demonstrado, ser a metodologia que melhor se adequa à complexidade do tema em análise. Este trabalho, para além de relacionar os custos da qualidade e a fiscalidade empresarial, permitiu apresentar e aplicar uma metodologia para implementação do modelo Prevention – Appraisal – Faillure (PAF), com o objetivo de diminuir os custos da qualidade na prática fiscal e atingir o nível económico da qualidade, bem como um índice de eficiência, que permite, a todo o momento, determinar o nível de eficiência atingido e a forma de o melhorar. Nesse sentido, concluiu-se que a generalidade das empresas portuguesas não aplica os princípios dos custos da qualidade ao seu departamento fiscal ou à sua prática fiscal, quer essa atividade seja executada internamente na empresa, quer seja executada externamente; Costs related to the quality of fiscal practice in Portuguese firms. Comparative case study Abstract: Every organization should be concerned about analyzing its quality costs, since that analysis, besides allowing identification of aspects to improve is a fundamental tool for the management organs of those organizations. This analysis of quality costs should also be carried out on firms’ activities related to their fiscal practice. However, no reference is found in the literature to the relationship between these two: quality costs and business taxation. This research analyzes the relationship between the principles of quality costs and business taxation in Portugal. So being, and to carry out this study, the case study methodology was chosen, more specifically the comparative case study methodology, through the understanding, and previous demonstration, that it is the most appropriate methodology for the complexity of the subject analyzed. Besides relating quality costs to business taxation, this study allowed presentation and application of a methodology for implementing the Prevention – Appraisal – Failure (PAF) model in companies’ fiscal practice which decreases the costs of this practice, reach the economic level of quality as well as an efficiency index, which allows at any time to determine the achieved level of efficiency and how to improve it. All in all, what this study demonstrated is that Portuguese companies, in general, do not apply the principles of quality costs to their taxation department or fiscal practice, whether that activity is performed internally in the firm or externally.

Patterns of sedentary behavior : insights from observational and experimental studies on body composition and energy expenditure

It is recognized that sedentary behavior (SB) has deleterious effects on numerous health outcomes and it appears that physiological mechanisms underlying these harms are distinct from the ones explaining moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) benefits. Sedentary behavior represents a large portion of human’s life and is increasing with technological development. A new current of opinion supports the idea that the manner SB is accumulated plays an important role. This dissertation presents six research studies conducted under the scope of SB. In the methodological area, the first study highlighted the magnitude of potential errors in estimating SB and its patterns from common alternative methods (accelerometer and heart rate monitor) compared to ActivPAL. This study presented the accelerometer as a valid method at a group level. Two studies (2 and 5) were performed in older adults (the most sedentary group in the population) to test the associations for SB patterns with abdominal obesity using accelerometry. The findings showed positive graded associations for prolonged sedentary bouts with abdominal obesity and showed that those who interrupted SB more frequently were less likely to present abdominal obesity. Therefore, public health recommendations regarding breaking up SB more often are expected to be relevant. The associations between sedentary patterns and abdominal obesity were independent of MVPA in older adults. However, the low MVPA in this group makes it unclear whether this independent relationship still exists if highly active persons are analysed. Study 3 inovates by examining the association of SB with body fatness in highly trained athletes and found SB to predict total fat mass and trunk fat mass, independently of age and weekly training time. Study 4 also brings novelty to this research field by quantifying the metabolic and energetic cost of the transition from sitting to standing and then sitting back down (a break), informing about the modest energetic costs (0.32 kcal·min−1). Finally, from a successful multicomponent pilot intervention to reduce and break up SB (study 6), an important behavioral resistance to make more sit/stand transitions despite successfully reducing sitting time (~ 1.85 hours·day-1) was found, which may be relevant to inform future behavioral modification programs. The present work provides observational and experimental evidence on the relation for SB patterns with body composition outcomes and energy regulation that may be relevant for public health interventions.

Planeamento e controlo dos custos da qualidade nas empresas certificadas

A presente dissertação aborda a importância do planeamento e controlo dos custos da qualidade para a gestão da qualidade, postura fundamental na estratégia das organizações, que procuram vantagens competitivas para assegurarem a sua continuidade num mundo globalizado. Apesar do movimento da qualidade estar intimamente associado à certificação dos sistemas de gestão da qualidade, os mesmos, por si só, não são suficientes para assegurar a competitividade das organizações nos mercados altamente competitivos. Hoje em dia, as empresas dispõem, regra geral, de menos recursos do que no passado, o que as obriga a geri-los de forma mais criteriosa e racional. Assim, as organizações, cada vez mais, têm que ser eficientes na sua gestão e procuram medir a qualidade em termos monetários, através de sistemas de gestão de custos da qualidade, destacando assim a validade e utilidade do planeamento e controlo dos custos da qualidade, como instrumento de gestão. Assim sendo, este estudo apresenta como objetivo principal conhecer os procedimentos adotados no planeamento e controlo dos custos da qualidade nas empresas portuguesas certificadas, bem como verificar se elaboram relatórios de gestão que permitam determinar o retomo financeiro dos investimentos efetuados em qualidade. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam uma reduzida adesão da maioria das empresas respondentes em relação à implementação de sistemas formais, que quantificam e controlam os custos de qualidade, bem como à identificação explícita e isolada dos custos da qualidade nos relatórios de gestão. Também ficou averiguado o baixo nível de controlo dos investimentos efetuados em qualidade e, evidentemente, tal procedimento acarreta dificuldades na quantificação dos retornos obtidos nas empresas portuguesas certificadas. ABSTRACT: The present dissertation approaches the importance of planning and control quality costs for the management of quality, a key element for the strategy of the organizations that seek out competitive advantages to assure the continuity in a globalized world. Despite of the movement of the quality being intimately associated to the certification of the quality management systems, they are not enough to assure the competitiveness of organizations in highly competitive markets. Presently, organizations are facing a reduction in the amount of available resources, forcing them to manage those resources in a more discerning and rational way. More and more, the organizations have to be efficient and attempt to measure the quality in financial terms, through cost of quality management systems, thus showing the validity and usefulness of planning and control the costs of quality as a management instrument. ln this way, the main purpose of the study is to know the practices adopted by certified Portuguese companies concerning to the planning and control of quality costs, as well as to know if those companies are preparing management reports that allow them to verify the financial return of the investments in quality. The results showed that only a few number of the inquired companies have implemented formal systems that quantify and control the quality costs, and identify in an explicit and segregate way the quality costs in management reports. The results also showed the low level of control related to the investments in quality and the resultant problems in quantifying the returns of quality investments by the certified Portuguese companies.

Estimativa de estádios ninfais do Psilídeo-de-concha em função dos tamanhos das conchas.

O psilídeo-de-concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei, é considerado praga quarentenária de elevada importância econômica para o setor forestal no Brasil pela preferência a Eucaliptus camaldulensis ? espécie mais plantada no país. A insufciência de métodos químicos, aceitáveis pelas empresas certifcadas internacionalmente, para o controle da praga vem tornando a estratégia de controle biológico pelo parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus a opção mais apropriada no momento. Por esta razão, a disponibilidade de métodos que ajudem a detectar fases de desenvolvimento da praga mais apropriadas ao parasitismo é de grande importância tanto para a identifcação precisa do seu ciclo de vida quanto à proposição de estratégias de seu controle biológico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar faixas de tamanhos de concha de G. brimblecombei, de modo a utilizá-las como padrão de referencia para um método inédito de estimativas de estádios ninfais de desenvolvimento da praga em função do seu respectivo tamanho de concha amostrado. Essas faixas (ou classes de tamanhos) foram obtidas através de minucioso trabalho entomológico realizado em laboratório, onde os diâmetros das conchas e seus respectivos insetos foram medidos com auxílio de lupa e avaliados quanto aos estádios de desenvolvimento. Posteriormente, foram realizadas análises estatísticas e de tendências. As seguintes classes de tamanhos de concha foram determinadas como resultado: Ninfa 1 ? de 0,7 mm a 0,9 mm; Ninfa 2 ? de 0,8mm a 1,1 mm; Ninfa 3 ? de 1,1 mm a 1,7 mm; Ninfa 4 ? de 1,6 mm a 2,2 mm;e Ninfa 5 ? de 2,2 mm a 2,8 mm.

Opções de projeto : custos de execução, manutenção e reparação

Actualmente no mundo da construção, existe uma enorme variedade de materiais e de soluções construtivas disponíveis para aplicação nos diversos elementos das edificações (caves, fachadas e coberturas), no entanto, estes materiais/soluções construtivas, são muitas vezes analisadas e apresentadas em termos de características técnicas, sendo deixado de lado a questão da rentabilidade ou não da sua aplicação a longo prazo. Face a este factor, julgou-se necessário efectuar um estudo que permitisse avaliar, até que ponto uma poupança inicial conseguida através da aplicação de uma solução construtiva menos dispendiosa, e com piores características técnicas, se tornaria numa poupança efectiva, ou se pelo contrário, são as soluções com melhores características, que permitem ao longo do tempo, reaver o acréscimo de investimento inicial. Com este objectivo, descrevem-se possíveis soluções construtivas a aplicar na construção de um edifício multifamiliar, onde através de critérios térmicos e de durabilidade, se procura demonstrar que de facto, a aplicação de melhores soluções, que acarretam um maior investimento inicial, revelam-se mais económicas ao longo do tempo, uma vez que as melhores características destas, permitem um retorno com o passar dos tempos.

Modelos para estimativa de volume de árvores individuais pela morfometria da copa obtida com LiDAR.

A estimativa volumétrica, a partir do escaneamento digital de florestas por meio do uso do LIDAR, potencializa o emprego de técnicas de manejo de precisão no planejamento da exploração nas florestas tropicais. A utilização dessa tecnologia de sensoriamento remoto permite a incorporação de variáveis da morfometria de copa, ainda pouco empregadas e menos conhecidas em decorrência da dificuldade de coleta em campo. O objeto deste estudo foi construir equações capazes de estimar o volume do fuste de árvores individuais dominantes e codominantes, a partir da morfometria da copa obtida por meio do LIDAR aerotransportado, considerando duas situações de inventário florestal: a) com a coleta do DAP, conjuntamente com as variáveis morfométrica da copa obtidas pelo LIDAR e b) apenas com os dados de morfometria de copa. Para seleção dos modelos foram considerados: a matriz de correlação das variáveis preditoras e a combinação das variáveis que geraram os melhores resultados estatísticos pelos critérios Syx, Syx(%) e Pressp, e que foram homocedásticos e com disposição dos resíduos normais e independentes. Para as melhores equações foram realizadas análise de influência. Os resultados estatísticos do ajuste dos modelos para as duas situações permitiram selecionar equações com e sem DAP, com resultados R2 aj.(%) de a) 92,92 e b) 79,44; Syx (%) de a) 16,73 e b) 27,47; e, critério de Pressp de a) 201,15 m6 e b) 537,47 m6, respectivamente. Por meio das variáveis morfométricas, foi possível desenvolver equações capazes de estimar com precisão o volume do fuste de árvores dominantes e codominantes em florestas tropicais.