Biological Atlas of the Arctic Seas 2000: Physical oceanography, hydrochemistry, meteorology, and plankton of the Barents and Kara Seas

Presented are physical and biological data for the region extending from the Barents Sea to the Kara Sea during 158 scientific cruises for the period 1913-1999. Maps with the temporal distribution of physical and biological variables of the Barents and Kara Seas are presented, with proposed quality control criteria for phytoplankton and zooplankton data. Changes in the plankton community structure between the 1930s, 1950s, and 1990s are discussed. Multiple tables of Arctic Seas phytoplankton and zooplankton species are presented, containing ecological and geographic characteristics for each species, and images of live cells for the dominant phytoplankton species.

Response of holosymbiont pigments from the scleractinian coral Montipora monasteriata to short-term heat stress

Heating the scleractinian coral, Montipora monasteriata (Forskal 1775) to 32 degrees C under < 650 mu mol quanta m(-2) s(-1) led to bleaching in the form of a reduction in Peridinin, xanthophyll pool, chlorophyll c(2) and chlorophyll a, but areal dinoflagellates densities did not decline. Associated with this bleaching, chlorophyll (Chl) allomerization and dinoflagellate xanthophyll cycling increased. Chl allomerization is believed to result from the interaction of Chl with singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) or other reactive oxygen species. Thermally induced increases in Chl allomerization are consistent with other studies that have demonstrated that thermal stress generates reactive oxygen species in symbiotic dinoflagellates. Xanthophyll cycling requires the establishment of a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane. Our results indicate that, during the early stages of thermal stress, thylakoid membranes are intact. Different morphs of M. monasteriata responded differently to the heat stress applied: heavily pigmented coral hosts taken from a high-light environment showed significant reductions in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-like homologues, whereas nonhost pigmented high-light morphs experienced a significant reduction in water-soluble protein content. Paradoxically, the more shade acclimated cave morph were, based on Chl fluorescence data, less thermally stressed than either of the high-light morphs. These results Support the importance of coral pigments for the regulation of the light environment within the host tissue.

Interactive effects of ocean acidification and nitrogen limitation on the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Climate change is expected to bring about alterations in the marine physical and chemical environment that will induce changes in the concentration of dissolved CO2 and in nutrient availability. These in turn are expected to affect the physiological performance of phytoplankton. In order to learn how phytoplankton respond to the predicted scenario of increased CO2 and decreased nitrogen in the surface mixed layer, we investigated the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model organism. The cells were cultured in both low CO2 (390 µatm) and high CO2 (1000 µatm) conditions at limiting (10 µmol/L) or enriched (110 µmol/L) nitrate concentrations. Our study shows that nitrogen limitation resulted in significant decreases in cell size, pigmentation, growth rate and effective quantum yield of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, but these parameters were not affected by enhanced dissolved CO2 and lowered pH. However, increased CO2 concentration induced higher rETRmax and higher dark respiration rates and decreased the CO2 or dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) affinity for electron transfer (shown by higher values for K1/2 DIC or K1/2 CO2). Furthermore, the elemental stoichiometry (carbon to nitrogen ratio) was raised under high CO2 conditions in both nitrogen limited and nitrogen replete conditions, with the ratio in the high CO2 and low nitrate grown cells being higher by 45% compared to that in the low CO2 and nitrate replete grown ones. Our results suggest that while nitrogen limitation had a greater effect than ocean acidification, the combined effects of both factors could act synergistically to affect marine diatoms and related biogeochemical cycles in future oceans.

Chemotaxonomic phytoplankton patterns on the eastern boundary of the Atlantic Ocean

Surface pigment data from a transect along the eastern boundary of the Atlantic Ocean was analysed using CHEMTAX to yield more detailed information on the composition of phytoplankton communities. Total chlorophyll a concentrations varied from 0.03 mg m(-3) in a northern oligotrophic region to 30.3 mg m(-3) in the Benguela ecosystem. Diatoms dominated the Benguela, while both diatoms and haptophytes were the major groups in the Canary ecosystem and the temperate NE Atlantic. Prochlorococcus was the most prominent group in the southern oligotrophic region (15.5 degrees S-15 degrees N) although haptophytes were also a significant component of the population. In contrast, haptophytes dominated the northern oligotrophic region (21 degrees-40 degrees N). Photo-pigment indices indicated that chlorophyll b was mainly associated with prasinophytes and chlorophyll c with diatoms. Elevated photosynthetic carotenoids were due to increased proportions of haptophytes, but also linked with diatoms and dinoflagellates. Photoprotective carotenoids were more prominently associated with Prochlorococcus and to a lesser extent to Synechococcus.

Chemotaxonomic phytoplankton patterns on the eastern boundary of the Atlantic Ocean

Surface pigment data from a transect along the eastern boundary of the Atlantic Ocean was analysed using CHEMTAX to yield more detailed information on the composition of phytoplankton communities. Total chlorophyll a concentrations varied from 0.03 mg m(-3) in a northern oligotrophic region to 30.3 mg m(-3) in the Benguela ecosystem. Diatoms dominated the Benguela, while both diatoms and haptophytes were the major groups in the Canary ecosystem and the temperate NE Atlantic. Prochlorococcus was the most prominent group in the southern oligotrophic region (15.5 degrees S-15 degrees N) although haptophytes were also a significant component of the population. In contrast, haptophytes dominated the northern oligotrophic region (21 degrees-40 degrees N). Photo-pigment indices indicated that chlorophyll b was mainly associated with prasinophytes and chlorophyll c with diatoms. Elevated photosynthetic carotenoids were due to increased proportions of haptophytes, but also linked with diatoms and dinoflagellates. Photoprotective carotenoids were more prominently associated with Prochlorococcus and to a lesser extent to Synechococcus.

Shirley Winifred Jeffrey 1930–2014

Australian scientist Shirley Jeffrey was a pioneer in oceanographic research, identifying the then theoretical chlorophyll c, and was a worldwide leader in the application of pigment methods in quantifying phytoplankton as the foundation of the oceanic food supply. Her research paved the way for the successful application of microalgae in aquaculture around the world. Jeffrey earned bachelor's and master's degrees at University of Sydney, majoring in microbiology and biochemistry, followed by a PhD from the King's College London Hospital Medical School. Returning to Sydney, she was hired by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) to research chlorophyll c. Following this successful effort, she became a research fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1962 to 1964. She then became affiliated with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. After a 1973 sabbatical at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, she returned to CSIRO, where she spent the rest of her career.

Responses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the facultative halophyte and C-3-CAM intermediate species Mesembryanthemum crystallinum to salinity and high irradiance stress

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (Aizoaceae) is a facultative annual halophyte and a C-3-photosynthesis/crassulacean acid metabolism intermediate species currently used as a model plant in stress physiology. Both salinity and high light irradiance stress are known to induce CAM in this species. The present study was performed to provide a diagnosis of alterations at the photosystem 11 level during salinity and irradiance stress. Plants were subjected for up to 13 days to either 0.4M NaCl salinity or high irradiance of 1000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), as well as to both stress factors combined (LLSA = low light plus salt; HLCO = high light of 1000 mu mol m(-2)s(-1), no salt; HLSA = high light plus salt). A control of LLCO = low light of 200 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), no salt was used. Parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence of photosystem 11 (PSII) were measured with a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. HLCO and LLSA conditions induced a weak degree of CAM with day/night changes of malate levels (Delta malate) of similar to 12 mM in the course of the experiment, while HLSA induced stronger CAM of Delta malate similar to 20mM. Effective quantum yield of PSII, Delta F/F'(m), was only slightly affected by LLSA, somewhat reduced during the course of the experiment by HLCO and clearly reduced by HLSA. Potential quantum efficiency of PSII, F-v/F-m, at predawn times was not affected by any of the conditions, always remaining at >= 0.8, showing that there was no acute photoinhibition. During the course of the days HL alone (HLCO) also did not elicit photoinhibition; salt alone (LLSA) caused acute photoinhibition which was amplified by the combination of the two stresses (HLSA). Non-photochemical, NPQ, quenching remained low (< 0.5) under LLCO, LLSA and HLCO and increased during the course of the experiment under HLSA to 1-2. Maximum apparent photosynthetic electron transport rates, ETRmax, declined during the daily courses and were reduced by LLSA and to a similar extent by HLSA. It is concluded that A crystallinum expresses effective stress tolerance mechanisms but photosynthetic capacity is reduced by the synergistic effects of salinity and tight irradiance stress combined. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Beziehungen zwischen den Xanthophyllzyklen und der Biosynthese von Lichtsammelxanthophyllen in Chlorophyll a/c-haltigen Algen

Zusammenfassung:In Chlorophyll(Chl) a/c-haltigen Algen leisten Xanthophylle einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Lichtsammlung. Daneben finden sich weitere Xanthophylle, die an einem Schutzmechanismus bei überoptimalem Lichtangebot beteiligt sind, dem sog. Xanthophyllzyklus. Ein Teil der Chl a/c-haltigen Algen besitzt den auch bei Höheren Pflanzen anzutreffenden Violaxanthin/Antheraxanthin/Zeaxanthin-(Vx/Ax/Zx-)Zyklus. In anderen Gruppen wie den Dinophyta, Haptophyta und den Kieselalgen (Bacillariophyceae) ist statt dessen der Diadinoxanthin/Diatoxanthin-(Ddx/Dtx-)Zyklus zu finden. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, daß schwachlichtadaptierte Turbidostatkulturen der Kieselalge Phaeodactylum tricornutum unter mehrstündiger Starklichtinkubation neben den Pigmenten des Ddx/Dtx-Zyklus auch die des Vx/Ax/Zx-Zyklus akkumulieren. Außerdem läßt sich ein dritter Xanthophyllzyklus zwischen beta-Cryptoxanthin (Cx) und beta-Cryptoxanthin-Epoxid (CxE) nachweisen, doch liegen diese beiden Pigmente nur in sehr geringen Konzentrationen vor. Für die Starklichtakkumulation von Zx ist eine hohe Deepoxidase-Aktivität und die de-novo-Synthese von Carotinoiden erforderlich. Aus Zx wird im anschließenden Schwachlicht über die Intermediate Vx und Ddx das Lichtsammelxanthophyll Fucoxanthin (Fx) synthetisiert. Dies bestätigt auch ein Vergleich der Kinetiken der einzelnen Umwandlungsschritte mit den anhand eines Modells der Xanthophyllbiosynthesewege ermittelten theoretischen Ratenkonstanten. Dieser Vergleich legt jedoch nahe, daß bei der Vx-Synthese aus beta-Carotin CxE anstelle von Zx involviert sein könnte. Eine Untersuchung weiterer Chl a/c-haltiger Algen mit Ddx/Dt-Zyklus ergab, daß sie unter Starklicht ebenfalls den Vx/Ax/Zx-Zyklus akkumulieren. Weiterhin sind, mit Einschränkungen bei den Dinophyten und Xanthophyceen, alle untersuchten Algen in der Lage, die unter Starklicht akkumulierten Xanthophyllzykluspigmente im nachfolgenden Schwachlicht zur Synthese des jeweiligen Lichtsammelxanthophylls zu nutzen. Unter energetischen Gesichtspunkten stellt dieses Pigment-Recycling insbesondere für die Fx-haltigen Algen einen Vorteil dar, da ihre Lichtsammelkomplexe im Vergleich zu denen der Höheren Pflanzen etwa die doppelte Anzahl an Xanthophyllen binden.