WEAK ISOMETRIES OF HAMMING SPACES

In this thesis we study weak isometries of Hamming spaces. These are permutations of a Hamming space that preserve some but not necessarily all distances. We wish to find conditions under which a weak isometry is in fact an isometry. This type of problem was first posed by Beckman and Quarles for Rn. In chapter 2 we give definitions pertinent to our research. The 3rd chapter focuses on some known results in this area with special emphasis on papers by V. Krasin as well as S. De Winter and M. Korb who solved this problem for the Boolean cube, that is, the binary Hamming space. We attempted to generalize some of their methods to the non-boolean case. The 4th chapter has our new results and is split into two major contributions. Our first contribution shows if n=p or p < n2, then every weak isometry of Hnq that preserves distance p is an isometry. Our second contribution gives a possible method to check if a weak isometry is an isometry using linear algebra and graph theory.

VALIDATION OF A 'DISPLACEMENT TOMOGRAPHY' INVERSION METHOD FOR MODELING SHEET INTRUSIONS

The study of volcano deformation data can provide information on magma processes and help assess the potential for future eruptions. In employing inverse deformation modeling on these data, we attempt to characterize the geometry, location and volume/pressure change of a deformation source. Techniques currently used to model sheet intrusions (e.g., dikes and sills) often require significant a priori assumptions about source geometry and can require testing a large number of parameters. Moreover, surface deformations are a non-linear function of the source geometry and location. This requires the use of Monte Carlo inversion techniques which leads to long computation times. Recently, ‘displacement tomography’ models have been used to characterize magma reservoirs by inverting source deformation data for volume changes using a grid of point sources in the subsurface. The computations involved in these models are less intensive as no assumptions are made on the source geometry and location, and the relationship between the point sources and the surface deformation is linear. In this project, seeking a less computationally intensive technique for fracture sources, we tested if this displacement tomography method for reservoirs could be used for sheet intrusions. We began by simulating the opening of three synthetic dikes of known geometry and location using an established deformation model for fracture sources. We then sought to reproduce the displacements and volume changes undergone by the fractures using the sources employed in the tomography methodology. Results of this validation indicate the volumetric point sources are not appropriate for locating fracture sources, however they may provide useful qualitative information on volume changes occurring in the surrounding rock, and therefore indirectly indicate the source location.

Geospatial Data Indexing Analysis and Visualization via Web Services with Autonomic Resource Management

With the exponential growth of the usage of web-based map services, the web GIS application has become more and more popular. Spatial data index, search, analysis, visualization and the resource management of such services are becoming increasingly important to deliver user-desired Quality of Service. First, spatial indexing is typically time-consuming and is not available to end-users. To address this, we introduce TerraFly sksOpen, an open-sourced an Online Indexing and Querying System for Big Geospatial Data. Integrated with the TerraFly Geospatial database [1-9], sksOpen is an efficient indexing and query engine for processing Top-k Spatial Boolean Queries. Further, we provide ergonomic visualization of query results on interactive maps to facilitate the user’s data analysis. Second, due to the highly complex and dynamic nature of GIS systems, it is quite challenging for the end users to quickly understand and analyze the spatial data, and to efficiently share their own data and analysis results with others. Built on the TerraFly Geo spatial database, TerraFly GeoCloud is an extra layer running upon the TerraFly map and can efficiently support many different visualization functions and spatial data analysis models. Furthermore, users can create unique URLs to visualize and share the analysis results. TerraFly GeoCloud also enables the MapQL technology to customize map visualization using SQL-like statements [10]. Third, map systems often serve dynamic web workloads and involve multiple CPU and I/O intensive tiers, which make it challenging to meet the response time targets of map requests while using the resources efficiently. Virtualization facilitates the deployment of web map services and improves their resource utilization through encapsulation and consolidation. Autonomic resource management allows resources to be automatically provisioned to a map service and its internal tiers on demand. v-TerraFly are techniques to predict the demand of map workloads online and optimize resource allocations, considering both response time and data freshness as the QoS target. The proposed v-TerraFly system is prototyped on TerraFly, a production web map service, and evaluated using real TerraFly workloads. The results show that v-TerraFly can accurately predict the workload demands: 18.91% more accurate; and efficiently allocate resources to meet the QoS target: improves the QoS by 26.19% and saves resource usages by 20.83% compared to traditional peak load-based resource allocation.

Hardware processors for pairing-based cryptography

Bilinear pairings can be used to construct cryptographic systems with very desirable properties. A pairing performs a mapping on members of groups on elliptic and genus 2 hyperelliptic curves to an extension of the finite field on which the curves are defined. The finite fields must, however, be large to ensure adequate security. The complicated group structure of the curves and the expensive field operations result in time consuming computations that are an impediment to the practicality of pairing-based systems. The Tate pairing can be computed efficiently using the ɳT method. Hardware architectures can be used to accelerate the required operations by exploiting the parallelism inherent to the algorithmic and finite field calculations. The Tate pairing can be performed on elliptic curves of characteristic 2 and 3 and on genus 2 hyperelliptic curves of characteristic 2. Curve selection is dependent on several factors including desired computational speed, the area constraints of the target device and the required security level. In this thesis, custom hardware processors for the acceleration of the Tate pairing are presented and implemented on an FPGA. The underlying hardware architectures are designed with care to exploit available parallelism while ensuring resource efficiency. The characteristic 2 elliptic curve processor contains novel units that return a pairing result in a very low number of clock cycles. Despite the more complicated computational algorithm, the speed of the genus 2 processor is comparable. Pairing computation on each of these curves can be appealing in applications with various attributes. A flexible processor that can perform pairing computation on elliptic curves of characteristic 2 and 3 has also been designed. An integrated hardware/software design and verification environment has been developed. This system automates the procedures required for robust processor creation and enables the rapid provision of solutions for a wide range of cryptographic applications.

Initiation and early crack growth in VHCF of stainless steels : Experimental and theoretical analysis

Mechanical fatigue is a failure phenomenon that occurs due to repeated application of mechanical loads. Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) is considered as the domain of fatigue life greater than 10 million load cycles. Increasing numbers of structural components have service life in the VHCF regime, for instance in automotive and high speed train transportation, gas turbine disks, and components of paper production machinery. Safe and reliable operation of these components depends on the knowledge of their VHCF properties. In this thesis both experimental tools and theoretical modelling were utilized to develop better understanding of the VHCF phenomena. In the experimental part, ultrasonic fatigue testing at 20 kHz of cold rolled and hot rolled stainless steel grades was conducted and fatigue strengths in the VHCF regime were obtained. The mechanisms for fatigue crack initiation and short crack growth were investigated using electron microscopes. For the cold rolled stainless steels crack initiation and early growth occurred through the formation of the Fine Granular Area (FGA) observed on the fracture surface and in TEM observations of cross-sections. The crack growth in the FGA seems to control more than 90% of the total fatigue life. For the hot rolled duplex stainless steels fatigue crack initiation occurred due to accumulation of plastic fatigue damage at the external surface, and early crack growth proceeded through a crystallographic growth mechanism. Theoretical modelling of complex cracks involving kinks and branches in an elastic half-plane under static loading was carried out by using the Distributed Dislocation Dipole Technique (DDDT). The technique was implemented for 2D crack problems. Both fully open and partially closed crack cases were analyzed. The main aim of the development of the DDDT was to compute the stress intensity factors. Accuracy of 2% in the computations was attainable compared to the solutions obtained by the Finite Element Method.

Transfert ultrarapide d’électron et transfert modéré d’énergie au sein d’assemblages supramoléculaires de colorants et d’un cluster de palladium

Résumé : Les transferts d’électrons photo-induits et d’énergie jouent un rôle primordial dans un grand nombre de processus photochimiques et photobiologiques, comme la respiration ou la photosynthèse. Une très grande quantité de systèmes à liaisons covalentes ont été conçus pour copier ces processus de transferts. Cependant, les progrès sont, en grande partie, limités par les difficultés rencontrées dans la synthèse de nouveaux couples de types donneurs-accepteurs. Récemment, des espèces utilisant des liaisons non-covalentes, comme les liaisons hydrogènes, les interactions [pi]-[pi], les liaisons de coordination métal-ligands ou encore les interactions électrostatiques sont le centre d’un nouvel intérêt du fait qu’ils soient plus faciles à synthétiser et à gérer pour obtenir des comportements de transferts d’électrons ou d’énergie plus flexibles et sélectifs. C’est dans cette optique que le travail de cette thèse a été mené, i.e. de concevoir des composés auto-assemblés avec des porphyrines et un cluster de palladium pour l’étude des transferts d’électrons photo-induits et d’énergie. Cette thèse se divise en quatre parties principales. Dans la première section, le chapitre 3, deux colorants porphyriniques, soit le 5-(4-carboxylphényl)-10, 15, 20-tristolyl(porphyrinato)zinc(II) (MCP, avec Na+ comme contre-ion) et 5, 15-bis(4-carboxylphényl)-15, 20-bistolyl(porphyrinato)zinc(II) (DCP, avec Na+ comme contre-ion) ont été utilisés comme donneurs d’électrons, et le [Pd3(dppm)3(CO)]2+ ([Pd32+], dppm = (Ph2P)2CH2, PF6‾ est le contre-ion) a été choisi comme accepteur d’électrons. La structure de l’assemblage [Pd32+]•••porphyrine a été élucidée par l’optimisation des géométries à l’aide de calculs DFT. La spectroscopie d’absorption transitoire (TAS) montre la vitesse de transferts d’électrons la plus rapide (< 85 fs, temps inférieurs à la limite de détection) jamais enregistrée pour ce type de système (porphyrine-accepteur auto-assemblés). Généralement, ces processus sont de l’ordre de l’échelle de la ps-ns. Cette vitesse est comparable aux plus rapides transferts d’électrons rapportés dans le cas de systèmes covalents de type porphyrine-accepteur rapide (< 85 fs, temps inférieurs à la limite de détection). Ce transfert d’électrons ultra-rapide (ket > 1.2 × 1013 s-1) se produit à l’état énergétique S1 des colorants dans une structure liée directement par des interactions ioniques, ce qui indique qu’il n’est pas nécessaire d’avoir de forts liens ou une géométrie courbée entre le donneur et l’accepteur. Dans une deuxième section, au chapitre 4, nous avons étudié en profondeur l’effet de l’utilisation de porphyrines à systèmes π-étendus sur le comportement des transferts d’électrons. Le colorant 9, 18, 27, 36-tétrakis-meso-(4-carboxyphényl)tétrabenzoporphyrinatozinc(II) (TCPBP, avec Na+ comme contre-ion) a été sélectionné comme candidat, et le 5, 10, 15, 20-tétrakis-meso-(4-carboxyphényl)porphyrineatozinc(II) (TCPP, avec Na+ comme contre-ion) a aussi été utilisé à des fins de comparaisons. TCPBP et TCPP ont, tous deux, été utilisés comme donneurs d’électrons pour fabriquer des assemblages supramoléculaires avec le cluster [Pd32+] comme accepteur d’électrons. Les calculs DFT ont été réalisés pour expliquer les structures de ces assemblages. Dans les conditions expérimentales, ces assemblages sont composés principalement d’une porphyrine avec 4 équivalents de clusters. Ces systèmes ont aussi été investigués par des mesures de quenching (perte de luminescence), par électrochimie et par d’autres techniques. Les transferts d’électrons (< 85 fs; temps inférieurs à la limite de détection) étaient aussi observés, de façon similaire aux assemblages MCP•••[Pd32+] et [Pd32+]•••DCP•••[Pd32+]. Les résultats nous indiquent que la modification de la structure de la porphyrine vers la tétrabenzoporphyrine ne semble pas influencer le comportement des cinétiques de transferts d’électrons (aller ou retour). Dans la troisième section, le chapitre 5, nous avons synthétisé la porphyrine hautement [pi]-conjuguée: 9, 18, 27, 36-tétra-(4-carboxyphényléthynyl)tétrabenzoporphyrinatozinc(II) (TCPEBP, avec Na+ comme contre-ion) par des fonctionnalisations en positions meso- et β, β-, qui présente un déplacement vers le rouge de la bande de Soret et des bandes Q. TCPEBP était utilisé comme donneur d’électrons pour fabriquer des motifs supramoléculaires avec le [Pd32+] comme accepteur d’électrons. Des expériences en parallèle ont été menées en utilisant la 5, 10, 15, 20-tétra-(4-carboxyphényl)éthynylporphyrinatozinc(II) (TCPEP, avec Na+ comme contre-ion). Des calculs DFT et TDDFT ont été réalisés pour de nouveau déterminer de façon théorique les structures de ces systèmes. Les constantes d’association pour les assemblages TCPEBP•••[Pd32+]x sont les plus élevées parmi tous les assemblages entre des porphyrines et le cluster de palladium rencontrés dans la littérature. La TAS a montré, encore une fois, des processus de transferts d’électrons dans des échelles de l’ordre de 75-110 fs. Cependant, les transferts de retour d’électrons sont aussi très rapides (< 1 ps), ce qui est un obstacle potentiel pour des applications en cellules solaires à pigment photosensible (DSSCs). Dans la quatrième section, le chapitre 6, les transferts d’énergie triplets (TET) ont été étudiés pour les assemblages MCP•••[Pd32+] et [Pd32+]•••DCP•••[Pd32+]. Les analyses spectrales des états transitoires dans l’échelle de temps de la ns-[mu]s démontrent de façon évidente les TETs; ceux-ci présentent des transferts d’énergie lents et/ou des vitesses moyennes pour des transferts d’énergie T1-T1 (3dye*•••[Pd32+] → dye•••3[Pd32+]*) opérant à travers exclusivement le mécanisme de Förster avec des valeurs de kET autour de ~ 1 × 105 s-1 selon les mesures d’absorption transitoires à 298 K. Des forces motrices non-favorables rendent ces types de processus non-opérants ou très lents dans les états T1. L’état T1 de [Pd32+] (~8190 cm-1) a été qualitativement déterminé par DFT et par la mise en évidence de l’émission S0 ← Tn retardée à 680-700 nm provenant de l’annihilation T1-T1, ce qui fait que ce cluster peut potentiellement agir comme un donneur à partir de ses états Tn, et accepteur à partir de T1 à l’intérieur de ces assemblages. Des pertes d’intensités de types statiques pour la phosphorescence dans le proche-IR sont observées à 785 nm. Ce travail démontre une efficacité modérée des colorants à base de porphyrines pour être impliquée dans des TETs avec des fragments organométalliques, et ce, même attachées grâce à des interactions ioniques. En conclusion, les assemblages ioniques à base de porphyrines et de clusters de palladium présentent des propriétés de transferts d’électrons S1 ultra-rapides, et des transferts d’énergie T1 de vitesses modérées, ce qui est utile pour de possibles applications comme outils optoélectroniques. D’autres études, plus en profondeur, sont présentement en progrès.

A Experiência de dor no doente oncológico com doença avançada

Introdução: O pós-parto abrange o processo de transição para a parentalidade, considerado um dos principais momentos de transição ao longo da vida, responsável por mudanças a vários níveis, nomeadamente individual, conjugal, familiar e social, implicando gestão de novos sentimentos, comportamentos e preocupações com o(a) próprio(a) e com o(s), filho(s) (Kaitz, 2007; Mendes, 2009). Esta revisão integrativa da literatura foca-se nas preocupações da figura materna da díade parental no período pós-parto. Objetivos: Analisar os estudos de investigação acerca da temática das preocupações maternas no pós-parto nas sociedades contemporâneas. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura centrada na temática “preocupações maternas no pós-parto”. Utilizouse o motor de busca EBSCOhost, com acesso às bases de dados científicos: CINAHL® Complete; MEDLINE Complete; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Methodology Register; e ainda a base de dados SCIELO ”. Obtiveramse 17 publicações científicas com a utilização do Boolean search operators “AND”, para os descritores MeSH pósparto/“ postpartum” e nascimento/“childbirth” e como tema principal “preocupações maternas”/“maternal concerns”, com disponibilidade para aceder ao texto completo, com data de publicação entre o período de Janeiro 2000 e Dezembro 2015. Resultados: Os resultados da revisão integrativa da literatura acerca da temática das preocupações maternas que pretendeu responder à questão - Quais as preocupações maternas durante o pós-parto nas sociedades contemporâneas? - agruparam-se em 5 áreas: preocupações maternas e o cuidar do recém-nascido; preocupações maternas e recuperação funcional; preocupações maternas e transição para a parentalidade; preocupações maternas e relacionamento conjugal; e preocupações maternas intergeracionais. Conclusões: Da revisão dos artigos selecionados verificou-se que as preocupações maternas refletem as necessidades das mães, no período de transição de pós-parto, assim como, as assinaladas alterações no assumir de novos papéis e da redefinição/reorganização nas responsabilidades, no seio da díade parental/família e deste modo, espelham uma área de interesse no âmbito dos cuidados à mulher/casal e família após o nascimento de um filho, de onde as intervenções de enfermagem especializada em saúde materna e obstetrícia são relevantes na avaliação da transição saudável no contexto do pós-parto, quer na vertente materna, quer na díade parental e no cuidar do recém-nascido. Palavras-chave: pós-parto; preocupações maternas; recém-nascido; nascimento Referências bibliográficas: Kaitz, M. (2007). Maternal concerns during early parenthood. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(6), 720-727. Lugina, H., Christensson, K., Massawe, S., Nystrom, L., & Lindmark, G. (2001). Change in maternal concerns during the 6 weeks postpartum period: A study of primiparous mothers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 46(4), 248-257. doi: 10.1016/S1526-9523(01)00133-7 Lugina, H., Nyström, L., Christensson, K., & Lindmark, G. (2004). Assessing mothers’ concerns in the postpartum period: Methodological issues. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(3), 279-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03197.x Mendes, I. M. (2009). Ajustamento materno e paterno: Experiências vivenciadas pelos pais no pós-parto. Coimbra, Portugal: Mar da Palavra. * Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra, Unidade Científico-Pedagógica de Enfermagem de Saúde Materna e Obstetrícia [ana@esenfc.pt] ** Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra, Enfermagem de Saúde Materna, Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Professora C

PCM-based in-memory computing: architectures, circuits and applications

Analog In-memory Computing (AIMC) has been proposed in the context of Beyond Von Neumann architectures as a valid strategy to reduce internal data transfers energy consumption and latency, and to improve compute efficiency. The aim of AIMC is to perform computations within the memory unit, typically leveraging the physical features of memory devices. Among resistive Non-volatile Memories (NVMs), Phase-change Memory (PCM) has become a promising technology due to its intrinsic capability to store multilevel data. Hence, PCM technology is currently investigated to enhance the possibilities and the applications of AIMC. This thesis aims at exploring the potential of new PCM-based architectures as in-memory computational accelerators. In a first step, a preliminar experimental characterization of PCM devices has been carried out in an AIMC perspective. PCM cells non-idealities, such as time-drift, noise, and non-linearity have been studied to develop a dedicated multilevel programming algorithm. Measurement-based simulations have been then employed to evaluate the feasibility of PCM-based operations in the fields of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Moreover, a first testchip has been designed and tested to evaluate the hardware implementation of Multiply-and-Accumulate (MAC) operations employing PCM cells. This prototype experimentally demonstrates the possibility to reach a 95% MAC accuracy with a circuit-level compensation of cells time drift and non-linearity. Finally, empirical circuit behavior models have been included in simulations to assess the use of this technology in specific DNN applications, and to enhance the potentiality of this innovative computation approach.

Advanced representation of the ocean/sea ice dynamics at high latitudes

Sea ice is a fundamental element of global climate system, with numerous impacts on the polar environment. The ongoing drastic changes in the Earth’s sea ice cover highlight the necessity of monitoring the polar regions and systematically evaluating the quality of different numerical products. The main objective of this thesis is to improve our knowledge of the representation of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice using comprehensive global ocean reanalyses and coupled climate models. The dissertation will explore (i) the Antarctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) and pack ice area in the ensemble mean of four global ocean reanalyses called GREP; (ii) historical representation of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice state in HighResMIP models; (iii) the future evolution of Arctic sea ice in HighResMIP models. Global ocean reanalyses and GREP are found to adequately capture interannual and seasonal variability in both pack ice and MIZ areas at hemispheric and regional scales. The advantage of the ensemble-mean approach is proved as GREP smooths the strengths and weaknesses of single systems and provides the most consistent and reliable estimates. This work is intended to encourage the use of GREP in a wide range of applications. The analysis of sea ice representation in the coupled climate models shows no systematic impact of the increased horizontal resolution. We argue that a few minor improvements in sea ice representation with the enhanced horizontal resolution are presumably not worth the major effort of costly computations. The thesis highlights the critical importance to distinguish the MIZ from consolidated pack ice both for investigating changes in sea ice distribution and evaluating the product’s performance. Considering that the MIZ is predicted to dominate the Arctic sea ice cover, the model physics parameterizations and sea ice rheology might require modifications. The results of the work can be useful for modelling community.

Uncovering the encoding and transmission of behaviourally relevant information in neural activity

Most cognitive functions require the encoding and routing of information across distributed networks of brain regions. Information propagation is typically attributed to physical connections existing between brain regions, and contributes to the formation of spatially correlated activity patterns, known as functional connectivity. While structural connectivity provides the anatomical foundation for neural interactions, the exact manner in which it shapes functional connectivity is complex and not yet fully understood. Additionally, traditional measures of directed functional connectivity only capture the overall correlation between neural activity, and provide no insight on the content of transmitted information, limiting their ability in understanding neural computations underlying the distributed processing of behaviorally-relevant variables. In this work, we first study the relationship between structural and functional connectivity in simulated recurrent spiking neural networks with spike timing dependent plasticity. We use established measures of time-lagged correlation and overall information propagation to infer the temporal evolution of synaptic weights, showing that measures of dynamic functional connectivity can be used to reliably reconstruct the evolution of structural properties of the network. Then, we extend current methods of directed causal communication between brain areas, by deriving an information-theoretic measure of Feature-specific Information Transfer (FIT) quantifying the amount, content and direction of information flow. We test FIT on simulated data, showing its key properties and advantages over traditional measures of overall propagated information. We show applications of FIT to several neural datasets obtained with different recording methods (magneto and electro-encephalography, spiking activity, local field potentials) during various cognitive functions, ranging from sensory perception to decision making and motor learning. Overall, these analyses demonstrate the ability of FIT to advance the investigation of communication between brain regions, uncovering the previously unaddressed content of directed information flow.

Theoretical and experimental study on the role of benzoquinone in the Guerbet reaction catalyzed by a ruthenium complex

The benzoquinone was found as an effective co-catalyst in the ruthenium/NaOEt-catalyzed Guerbet reaction. The co-catalyst behavior has therefore been investigated through experimental and computational methods. The reaction products distribution shows that the reaction speed is improved by the benzoquinone supplement since the beginning of the process, having a minimal effect on the selectivity toward alcoholic species. DFT calculations were performed to investigate two hypotheses for the kinetic effects: i) a hydrogen storage mechanism or ii) a basic co-catalysis of 4-hydroxiphenolate. The most promising results were found for the latter hypothesis, where a new mixed mechanism for the aldol condensation step of the Guerbet process involves the hydroquinone (i.e. the reduced form of benzoquinone) as proton source instead of ethanol. This mechanism was found to be energetically more favorable than an aldol condensation in absence of additive, suggesting that the hydroquinone derived from benzoquinone could be the key species affecting the kinetics of the overall process. To verify this theoretical hypothesis, new phenol derivatives were tested as additives in the Guerbet reaction. The outcomes confirmed that an aromatic acid (stronger than ethanol) could improve the reaction kinetics. Lastly, theoretical products distributions were simulated and compared to the experimental one, using the DFT computations to build the kinetic models.

Machine Learning in Automatic Tabulation for Constraint Model Reformulation

Combinatorial decision and optimization problems belong to numerous applications, such as logistics and scheduling, and can be solved with various approaches. Boolean Satisfiability and Constraint Programming solvers are some of the most used ones and their performance is significantly influenced by the model chosen to represent a given problem. This has led to the study of model reformulation methods, one of which is tabulation, that consists in rewriting the expression of a constraint in terms of a table constraint. To apply it, one should identify which constraints can help and which can hinder the solving process. So far this has been performed by hand, for example in MiniZinc, or automatically with manually designed heuristics, in Savile Row. Though, it has been shown that the performances of these heuristics differ across problems and solvers, in some cases helping and in others hindering the solving procedure. However, recent works in the field of combinatorial optimization have shown that Machine Learning (ML) can be increasingly useful in the model reformulation steps. This thesis aims to design a ML approach to identify the instances for which Savile Row’s heuristics should be activated. Additionally, it is possible that the heuristics miss some good tabulation opportunities, so we perform an exploratory analysis for the creation of a ML classifier able to predict whether or not a constraint should be tabulated. The results reached towards the first goal show that a random forest classifier leads to an increase in the performances of 4 different solvers. The experimental results in the second task show that a ML approach could improve the performance of a solver for some problem classes.

Continual learning on nano drones

Miniaturized flying robotic platforms, called nano-drones, have the potential to revolutionize the autonomous robots industry sector thanks to their very small form factor. The nano-drones’ limited payload only allows for a sub-100mW microcontroller unit for the on-board computations. Therefore, traditional computer vision and control algorithms are too computationally expensive to be executed on board these palm-sized robots, and we are forced to rely on artificial intelligence to trade off accuracy in favor of lightweight pipelines for autonomous tasks. However, relying on deep learning exposes us to the problem of generalization since the deployment scenario of a convolutional neural network (CNN) is often composed by different visual cues and different features from those learned during training, leading to poor inference performances. Our objective is to develop and deploy and adaptation algorithm, based on the concept of latent replays, that would allow us to fine-tune a CNN to work in new and diverse deployment scenarios. To do so we start from an existing model for visual human pose estimation, called PULPFrontnet, which is used to identify the pose of a human subject in space through its 4 output variables, and we present the design of our novel adaptation algorithm, which features automatic data gathering and labeling and on-device deployment. We therefore showcase the ability of our algorithm to adapt PULP-Frontnet to new deployment scenarios, improving the R2 scores of the four network outputs, with respect to an unknown environment, from approximately [−0.2, 0.4, 0.0,−0.7] to [0.25, 0.45, 0.2, 0.1]. Finally we demonstrate how it is possible to fine-tune our neural network in real time (i.e., under 76 seconds), using the target parallel ultra-low power GAP 8 System-on-Chip on board the nano-drone, and we show how all adaptation operations can take place using less than 2mWh of energy, a small fraction of the available battery power.