Gerenciamento de alarmes em plataformas marítimas de produção de hidrocarbonetos: metodologia e estudo de caso

In the operational context of industrial processes, alarm, by definition, is a warning to the operator that an action with limited time to run is required, while the event is a change of state information, which does not require action by the operator, therefore should not be advertised, and only stored for analysis of maintenance, incidents and used for signaling / monitoring (EEMUA, 2007). However, alarms and events are often confused and improperly configured similarly by developers of automation systems. This practice results in a high amount of pseudo-alarms during the operation of industrial processes. The high number of alarms is a major obstacle to improving operational efficiency, making it difficult to identify problems and increasing the time to respond to abnormalities. The main consequences of this scenario are the increased risk to personal safety, facilities, environment deterioration and loss of production. The aim of this paper is to present a philosophy for setting up a system of supervision and control, developed with the aim of reducing the amount of pseudo-alarms and increase reliability of the information that the system provides. A real case study was conducted in the automation system of the offshore production of hydrocarbons from Petrobras in Rio Grande do Norte, in order to validate the application of this new methodology. The work followed the premises of the tool presented in ISA SP18.2. 2009, called "life cycle alarm . After the implementation of methodology there was a significant reduction in the number of alarms

Influência de polímeros superabsorventes na retracção de argamassas

Hoje em dia, o desenvolvimento dos superplastificantes permite a produção de betões com menor razão água/cimento. Ao usar razões água/cimento mais baixas, os materiais científicos apresentam maior tendência para fissurar devido à retracção autogénea. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a utilização de polímeros superabsorventes (SAP) no controlo da retracção. O uso de SAPs em materiais comentícios atenua a retracção autogénea pois estes produtos permitem o fornecimento interno de água. Estes produtos podem também afectar outras propriedades, afectando as características mecânicas e a trabalhabilidade. Para análise do efeito dos SAP foram estudadas argamassas com várias concentrações deste produto, tendo como referência argamassas semelhantes sem SAP, determinando-se as retracções autogénea e total, a resistência à compressão e o módulo de elasticidade. Além de SAP, foi também utilizado um agregado leve, um outro tipo de introdutor de água, para comparação com os polímeros em estudo. /ABSTRACT: This work presents a study on the use of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in the control of shrinkage. The use of SAPs in cementitious materials reduces the autogenous shrinkage because these products enable the internal supply of water. These materials can also affect other properties such as mechanical properties and workability. To analyze the effect of SAP, mortars containing various concentrations of this product were studied, in comparison with reference mortars without SAP. The tests performed were autogenous and total shrinkage, compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Besides SAP, it was also used a lightweight aggregate, another type of internal supply of water, for comparison with the polymers under study.

ESPAÇO, INDÚSTRIA E TRABALHO: A INSERÇÃO DE SOBRAL NA DIVISÃO ESPACIAL DA PRODUÇÃO CALÇADISTA

O município de Sobral, no Estado do Ceará, Brasil, foi selecionado na década de 1990 pela capital industrial nacional para cumprir uma função específica no circuito espacial da produção calçadista. Essa inserção, fruto da reestruturação produtiva e da redefinição da divisão espacial do trabalho por qual passou o setor, no final da década de 1980, incorporou novos municípios no circuito produtivo, em especial do nordeste brasileiro. As transformações decorrentes da apropriação de Sobral para desempenhar uma função na complexa divisão espacial da produção calçadista é o motivo condutor da presente pesquisa, que privilegiará a investigação acerca da sua inserção no circuito espacial da produção calçadista brasileira e a decorrente redefinição da forma-conteúdo do lugar via impacto nos indicadores econômicos, dinamização do mercado de trabalho e o seu rebatimento no espaço urbano sobralense. Como ferramenta metodológica privilegiamos o debate sobre a reestruturação produtiva, espaço e trabalho e para fins de operacionalização da pesquisa recorremos a elaboração de séries históricas com indicadores estatísticos, trabalho de campo para reconhecimento da paisagem, aplicação de questionário e entrevistas com os principais atores sociais envolvidos.

ESPAÇO, INDÚSTRIA E TRABALHO: A INSERÇÃO DE SOBRAL NA DIVISÃO ESPACIAL DA PRODUÇÃO CALÇADISTA

O município de Sobral, no Estado do Ceará, Brasil, foi selecionado na década de 1990 pela capital industrial nacional para cumprir uma função específica no circuito espacial da produção calçadista. Essa inserção, fruto da reestruturação produtiva e da redefinição da divisão espacial do trabalho por qual passou o setor, no final da década de 1980, incorporou novos municípios no circuito produtivo, em especial do nordeste brasileiro. As transformações decorrentes da apropriação de Sobral para desempenhar uma função na complexa divisão espacial da produção calçadista é o motivo condutor da presente pesquisa, que privilegiará a investigação acerca da sua inserção no circuito espacial da produção calçadista brasileira e a decorrente redefinição da forma-conteúdo do lugar via impacto nos indicadores econômicos, dinamização do mercado de trabalho e o seu rebatimento no espaço urbano sobralense. Como ferramenta metodológica privilegiamos o debate sobre a reestruturação produtiva, espaço e trabalho e para fins de operacionalização da pesquisa recorremos a elaboração de séries históricas com indicadores estatísticos, trabalho de campo para reconhecimento da paisagem, aplicação de questionário e entrevistas com os principais atores sociais envolvidos.

DESENVOLVIMENTO TERRITORIAL E MODERNIZAÇÃO INDUSTRIAL: UMA LEITURA SOBRE O SERTÃO BRASILEIRO

O texto tem por objetivo explicar o desenvolvimento territorial brasileiro, analisando a modernização industrial em áreas do sertão. O trabalho levanta hipóteses explicativas sobre a industrialização e o papel do Estado, enquanto mentor e executor dos planos econômicos,  refletindo sobre a sua importância   em determinar a  estrutura da economia espacial. A despeito da relevância desta discussão não há estudos específicos realizados sobre a temática no espaço delimitado para análise. Para responder as questões, realizou-se revisão de literatura, visando o aprofundamento do debate teórico-conceitual, em seguida fez-se o levantamento de dados demográficos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A pesquisa buscou subsídios sobre a formação territorial, e as informações referentes à modernização industrial foram  coletadas no Centro das Indústrias de Feira de Santana (CIFS). O estudo está alicerçado na abordagem crítica, permitindo a leitura sobre a totalidade da produção econômica do espaço territorial brasileiro/latino-americano. Conclui-se que a modernização industrial no sertão brasileiro produz um desenvolvimento territorial tendo por base a ampliação tecnológica.

Otimização das condições de produção de ésteres etílicos a partir de óleo de peixe com elevado teor de ácidos graxos ômega-3

The production of ethyl esters by alcoholysis is an alternative for splitting triacylglycerols due to the possibility of using low temperatures, which results in oxidative protection of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ethyl esters produced under mild conditions of temperature could be used as substrate for obtaining structured lipids. The reaction parameters of production of ethyl esters from fish oil with high content of omega-3 fatty acids by alcoholysis were optimized using response surface methodology. An experimental design (2³) (with levels +1 and -1, six axial points with levels -alpha and +alpha and three central points) was applied. The variables investigated were concentration of catalyst, amount of ethyl alcohol and temperature. Ethyl ester conversion was monitored by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and the best result obtained was 95% conversion rate. The optimal conditions were 40 °C, 1% of NaOH and 36% of ethanol.

Produção de isomaltulose, um substituto da sacarose, utilizando glicosiltransferase microbiana

Isomaltulose, a functional isomer of sucrose, is a non-cariogenic reducing disaccharide; has a low glycemic index; selectively promotes growth of beneficial bifidobacteria in the human intestinal microflora; and has greater stability than sucrose in some foods and beverages. Isomaltulose is a nutritional sugar that is digested more slowly than sucrose, and has health advantages for diabetics and nondiabetics. Immobilization techniques, especially entrapment of the cells, are widely used for conversion of sucrose into isomaltulose. Immobilization offers advantages such as minimum downstream processing, continuous operation and reusability of cells. Isomaltulose is currently considered to be a promising sugar substitute.

Produção de micropartículas de alginato contendo Flavobacterium columnare inativada pelo método de emulsão para vacinação de peixes por via oral

Alginate microparticles were prepared by an emulsion method aiming oral controlled release of antigens to fish. The effects of emulsification temperature and impeller type on particle morphology, average diameter, and size distribution were evaluated. Microparticles contaning formalin-killed Flavobacterium columnare cells (a model antigen) were prepared and characterized regarding bacterial release and particle stability when exposed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) typical gastrointestinal conditions. This methodology allowed the production of microparticles containing up to 14.3 g/L of bacterin, stable at a pH range from 2.0 to 9.0 for 12 h and smaller than 35 μm.

Desenvolvimento, produção e caracterização de nanocristais de fármacos pouco solúveis

Poorly soluble drugs have low bioavailability, representing a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Processing drugs into the nanosized range changes their physical properties, and these are being used in pharmaceutics to develop innovative formulations known as Nanocrystals. Use of nanocrystals to overcome the problem of low bioavailability, and their production using different techniques such as microfluidization or high pressure homogenization, was reviewed in this paper. Examples of drugs, cosmetics and nutraceutical ingredients were also discussed. These technologies are well established in the pharmaceutical industry and are approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

Índice de previsão de produção de leite para vacas Jersey

In Brazil the adoption of several models of cattle confinement leads to special conditions for management methods in dairy production, which can be improved by the use of technology that assures better herd management. Indexes relating environmental variables to production are applied for the prediction of milk production. The values of temperature and relative humidity, rain index, solar radiation and pasture soil temperature are generally considered potential stress agents for cows. The objective of this research was to develop an index for predicting milk production for high productivity Jersey milking cows lodged in semi confinement in tropical conditions. The experiment considered two treatments: A - the cows waited for 30 minutes prior to milking in a room with a shower associated to a fan; B - the cows did not have access to this room (control). Other than the waiting period, the cows had access to pasture. Differences in the effect of average production were not statistically significant. The analysis for studying the effect of the variables and designing the model led to a statistical model relating the variables milk production and rain index, as well as the maximum soil temperature of pasture, and milk production.

Estimativa de bem-estar de frango de corte em função da concentração de amônia e grau de luminosidade no galpão de produção

Brazil is an important poultry meat export country, and large parts of its destination are countries with specific rearing restrictions related to broiler s welfare. One of the aerial pollutants mostly found in high concentrations in closed poultry housing environment is ammonia. There are evidences that broilers welfare may be compromised by the continuous exposition to this pollutant in rearing housing. This research aimed to estimate broilers welfare reared under specific thermal environmental attributes and bird s density, as function of the ammonia concentration and light intensity inside the housing environment using the Fuzzy Theory. Results showed that the best welfare value (0.89 in the scale: 0-1) approximately 90% of the ideal was found in the conditions that associated the ideal thermal environment, with bird s density between 13-15 birds m-2, with values of the ammonia concentration in the environment below 5 ppm, and light intensity near 1 lx. Using the predictive method it was possible to estimate broilers welfare with relation to the ammonia concentration and light intensity in the housing.

Produção de alface hidropônica em três ambientes de cultivo

It was proposed to evaluate the hydroponic lettuce production, variety Vera, on inclined benches with channels of 100 mm, and Nutrient Film Technique, as answer to carbon dioxide application and evaporative cooling. There were five cycles of cultivation from March, 20th to April, 17th (C1); from May, 25th to June, 29th (C2); from July, 13th to August, 20th (C3); from August, 27th to October, 10th (C4); from December, 12th to January, 10th (C5). In three greenhouses were tested the following systems: (A1) without evaporative cooling air CO2 aerial injection, (A2) with CO2 aerial injection and without evaporative cooling and (A3) with CO2 aerial injection and pad-fan evaporative cooling system. The fresh and dry mass of leaves in grams, number of leaves and leaf area in square millimeter were evaluated. The completely randomized statistical analysis was used. The cycle C1 were used 48 replications, for cycles C2, C3 and C5 were used 64 replications and C5 were used 24 replications. The results showed that greenhouse with evaporative cooling system and CO2 allow better development and greater lettuce yield. It was possible to conclude that the aerial injection of CO2, in the absence of evaporative cooling system, did not lead increasing the lettuce productivity to most cycles. Bigger lettuce leaf areas were found in periods with higher temperatures.

Abundância de ramos reprodutivos e produção de sementes em populações de Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. na Ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil

The variation in the proportion of reproductive branches, fruit, and seed production of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. (Convolvulaceae) were evaluated at ten beaches on Santa Catarina Island, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Three patches per beach of Ipomoea pes-caprae were monitored, involving two reproductive cycles. Ipomoea pes-caprae presented initially an average length of patches of 14 m, with 9.6 branches/m² and 39% of reproductive branches. The proportion of reproductive branches varied between the cycles, but there was not noticed an alternation of reproductive effort between the subsequent cycles. There was a reduction in the percentage of reproductive branches at six localities. In four beaches where Ipomoea pes-caprae populations declined, occurred reduction in the reproductive vigor, and in the seed production, being these declines associated to strong sea erosion. In another hand, in one beach with population increase, there were little reproductive branches due to the occurrence of young stolons. Four patches never maturated fruits, being three of these located at small beaches. The fruit and seed productions in the patches showed values up to 40 fruits/m² and up to 140 seeds/m², respectively. Populations with great seed production were localized in areas adjacent to great coastal plains, which may represent potential seed sources for areas with small seed production in the island.

Produção de serapilheira e decomposição do material foliar em um cerradão na Estação Ecológica de Jataí, município de Luiz Antônio, SP, Brasil

We estimate litter production and leaf decomposition rate in a cerradão area, physiognomy little studied and very threatened in São Paulo State. During the period of study, litter production was 5646.9 kg.ha-1.year-1, which the 'leaf' fraction corresponded to 4081.2 kg.ha¹.year¹; the 'branch' fraction, to 1066.1 kg.ha-1.year-1; the 'reproductive structures' fraction, to 434.1 kg.ha-1.year-1; and the 'miscellaneous' fraction to 65.5 kg.ha-1.year-1. Litter production was highly seasonal and negatively correlated with relative humidity and air temperature. Leaf production was negatively correlated with relative humidity, rainfall, and air temperature. There was no significant difference between litter production found in this study and those in two other sites with cerradão and semideciduous forest, but these physiognomies differed significantly from the cerrado sensu stricto. Leaf decomposition rate (K) was 0.56. Half-life of the decomposing material was 1.8 years and turnover time was 2.3 years.

Ambientes de cultivo, recipientes e substratos na produção de biomassa foliar e radicular em mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo em Aquidauana - MS

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of environment, recipients, and substrate compositions in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) seedlings biomass production in Pantanal region from September to November of 2006. Experimental trials were conducted in four protected environments, in two types of containers and three different substrate compositions. The environments were: A1 (greenhouse covered with low-density, 150-microns-thick polyethylene film), A2 (monofilament black screened with mesh for 50% of shade), A3 (aluminized screened with mesh for 50% of shade) and A4 (environment covered with straw of native coconut palm); the recipients were: polyethylene bags (R1) (15 x 25 cm) and polystyrene trays (R2) (with 72 cells). There substrates were: S1 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite, 1:1: 1 v/v), S2 (soil + organic compost + sawdust, 1:1: 1 v/v) and S3 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite + sawdust, 1:1: 1/2: 1/2 v/v). The experimental design was completely randomized statistical analysis in split-split-plot, with fifteen replications. The treatments in the plot were environments, in the subplots were pots, and subsubplots were substrates (4 x 2 x 3 = 24 treatments). Fresh and dry mass of aerial and root system parts were evaluated. Environments with screen showed better results for seedlings of yellow passion fruit biomass in polyethylene bags. Polyethylene bags promoted higher biomasses. The substrate with vermiculite showed better results for both types of containers. The substrate with a higher percentage of sawdust showed the worst result.