Early expression of antiinsulin autoantibodies of humans and the NOD mouse: Evidence for early determination of subsequent diabetes

With the development of an insulin autoantibody (IAA) assay performed in 96-well filtration plates, we have evaluated prospectively the development of IAA in NOD mice (from 4 weeks of age) and children (from 7 to 10 months of age) at genetic risk for the development of type 1 diabetes. NOD mice had heterogeneous expression of IAA despite being inbred. IAA reached a peak between 8 and 16 weeks and then declined. IAA expression by NOD mice at 8 weeks of age was strongly associated with early development of diabetes, which occurred at 16–18 weeks of age (NOD mice IAA+ at 8 weeks: 83% (5/6) diabetic by 18 weeks versus 11% (1/9) of IAA negative at 8 weeks; P < .01). In man, IAA was frequently present as early as 9 months of age, the first sampling time. Of five children found to have persistent IAA before 1 year of age, four have progressed to diabetes (all before 3.5 years of age) and the fifth is currently less than age 2. Of the 929 children not expressing persistent IAA before age 1, only one has progressed to diabetes to date (age onset 3), and this child expressed IAA at his second visit (age 1.1). In new onset patients, the highest levels of IAA correlated with an earlier age of diabetes onset. Our data suggest that the program for developing diabetes of NOD mice and humans is relatively “fixed” early in life and, for NOD mice, a high risk of early development of diabetes is often determined by 8 weeks of age. With such early determination of high risk of progression to diabetes, immunologic therapies in humans may need to be tested in children before the development of IAA for maximal efficacy.

A justiça eleitoral no Brasil : a desconfiança como elemento fundamental de nosso sistema eleitoral

Inclui anexo : Administração e Contencioso Eleitoral em Países Selecionados

A 104-kDa diacylglycerol kinase containing ankyrin-like repeats localizes in the cell nucleus.

The cDNA corresponding to a fourth species of diacylglycerol (DG) kinase (EC 2.7.1.107) was isolated from cDNA libraries of rat retina and brain. This cDNA encoded a 929-aa, 104-kDa polypeptide termed DGK-IV. DGK-IV was different from previously identified mammalian DG kinase species, DGK-I, DGK-II, and DGK-III, in that it contained no EF-hand motifs but did contain four ankyrin-like repeats at the carboxyl terminus. These structural features of DGK-IV closely resemble the recently cloned, eye-specific DG kinase of Drosophila that is encoded by the retinal degeneration A (rdgA) gene. However, DGK-IV was expressed primarily in the thymus and brain with relatively low expression in the eye and intestine. Furthermore, the primary structure of the DGK-IV included a nuclear targeting motif, and immunocytochemical analysis revealed DGK-IV to localize in the nucleus of COS-7 cells transfected with the epitope-tagged cDNA, suggesting an involvement of DGK-IV in intranuclear processes.

Molecular cloning of violaxanthin de-epoxidase from romaine lettuce and expression in Escherichia coli.

Plants need to avoid or dissipate excess light energy to protect photosystem II (PSII) from photoinhibitory damage. Higher plants have a conserved system that dissipates excess energy as heat in the light-harvesting complexes of PSII that depends on the transthylakoid delta pH and violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) activity. To our knowledge, we report the first cloning of a cDNA encoding VDE and expression of functional enzyme in Escherichia coli. VDE is nuclear encoded and has a transit peptide with characteristic features of other lumen-localized proteins. The cDNA encodes a putative polypeptide of 473 aa with a calculated molecular mass of 54,447 Da. Cleavage of the transit peptide results in a mature putative polypeptide of 348 aa with a calculated molecular mass of 39,929 Da, close to the apparent mass of the purified enzyme (43 kDa). The protein has three interesting domains including (i) a cysteine-rich region, (ii) a lipocalin signature, and (iii) a highly charged region. The E. coli expressed enzyme de-epoxidizes violaxanthin sequentially to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, and is inhibited by dithiothreitol, similar to VDE purified from chloroplasts. This confirms that the cDNA encodes an authentic VDE of a higher plant and is unequivocal evidence that the same enzyme catalyzes the two-step mono de-epoxidation reaction. The cloning of VDE opens new opportunities for examining the function and evolution of the xanthophyll cycle, and possibly enhancing light-stress tolerance of plants.

Influência da reutilização na biocompatibilidade de materiais médico-hospitalares de uso único

A prática da reutilização de produtos médico-hospitalares de uso único vem sendo aplicada desde meados da década de setenta. A principal razão que tem contribuído para disseminação desta conduta pelas instituições hospitalares radicadas tanto nos países em desenvolvimento como naqueles considerados ricos, tem sido a aparente economia de custos. Apesar dos riscos relacionados com a prática da reutilização, como reações pirogênicas, danos ocasionados por bactérias consideradas patogênicas em pacientes imunologicamente comprometidos, danos na integridade fisica dos produtos, assim como aumento do período de permanência dos pacientes no hospital, têm despertado o interesse em avaliar aspectos fisicos e biológicos dos produtos médico-hospitalares reutilizados. Baseando-se nestas considerações foram aplicados desafios com esporos de Bacillus Subtilis varo niger ATCC 9372 e endotoxina bacteriana E. coli 055:B5. Os produtos desafiados foram cateteres intravenosos, torneira três vias e tubos de traqueostomia. A possível presença microbiana foi investigada após contaminação intencional dos esporos de B. Subtillis (107 ufc/unid.) com submissão das unidades contaminadas à limpeza e posterior esterilização, utilizando óxido de etileno/CFC na proporção 12:88. Os ciclos de reprocessamentos simulados de produtos médico-hospitalares consistiram de contaminação de cada unidade teste com carga microbiana, lavagem com detergente enzimático, secagem e esterilização. Ao término de cada ciclo de reprocessamento foram separadas unidades representativas para avaliação por contagem microbiana (pour plate), testes de esterilidade por inoculação direta e indireta, citotoxidade por cultura de células e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A eficiência da esterilidade foi avaliada tanto por contagem microbiana como pelos testes de esterilidade, que resultaram em níveis microbianos de 103 ufc/unid. e detecção de contaminação até o 6° ciclo de reprocessamento nos cateteres intravenosos, tubos de traqueostomia e torneiras três vias. A segurança dos reprocessamentos dos produtos médico-hospitalares foi avaliada pela cultura de células de fibroblastos de camundongo (NCTC clone 929), as quais não apresentaram toxicidade. Entretanto, os resultados obtidos durante microscopia eletrônica de varredura comprovaram presença de carga microbiana após 10° ciclo de reprocessamento, assim como danos na superficie polimérica. Durante desafio com endotoxina bacteriana, que consistiu em contaminar as unidades com 200 UE, secagem e exposição ao ciclo de esterilização com óxido de etileno/CFC (12:88), verificou-se que após ciclos de reprocessamentos simulados, totalizando dez ciclos, foi possível detectar valores de recuperação de endotoxina em torno de 100%. Os cateteres-guia que foram adquiridos em instituição hospitalar após quatro reutilizações, apresentaram níveis de contaminação de 105 ufc/unid., assim como presença de bactérias consideradas patogênicas em pacientes comprometidos imunologicamente, já a detecção de endotoxina bacteriana nestes cateteres não foi considerada significativa. Logo, as avaliações aplicadas nas unidades submetidas aos ciclos de reprocessamentos simulados, assim como nos cateteres-guia reprocessados e reutilizados quatro vezes, refletiram a realidade de algumas instituições no âmbito nacional e internacional que praticam a reutilização de produtos médico-hospitalares de uso-único. Os resultados obtidos vêm enfatizar objeções quanto à prática da reutilização, considerando que a ausência de segurança pode ocasionar em danos ao paciente.

Remembering Liberal Feminism In Radical Ways: Locating Conservative Strategies In The Narratives Of Dr. Christina Hoff Sommers, Tammy Bruce, And Dr. Laura Schlessinger

This dissertation identifies and challenges post-feminist narratives that remember the second wave or 1960s and 1970s liberal feminism as a radical form of activism. The narratives of three prominent post-feminist authors: Dr. Christina Hoff Sommers, Tammy Bruce and Dr. Laura Schlessinger are used as examples of how identification works as a rhetorical device that motivates individual actors to join in a struggle against liberal and radical feminist ideologies. I argue that each author draws on classically liberal and politically conservative virtues to define a "true" feminism that is at odds with alternative feminist commitments. I demonstrate how these authors create a subject position of a "true feminist" that is reminiscent of the classically liberal suffragist. In Burkean terms, each author constitutes the suffragist as a friend and juxtaposes her with the enemy--modern liberal and radical feminists. I articulate the consequences of such dialectical portrayals of feminist activism and further suggest that these authors' visions of feminism reinforce patriarchal practices, urging women to assimilate into a classically liberal society at the cost of social justice. In opposition to their memories of feminism, I offer a radical democratic approach of remembering feminism that is less concerned with the definition of feminism or feminist than it is with holistically addressing oppression and what oppression means to subjugated populations.

Diagnostic validity of clinical signs associated with a large exophoria at near

Purpose. To analyze the diagnostic validity of accommodative and binocular tests in a sample of patients with a large near exophoria with moderate to severe symptoms. Methods. Two groups of patients between 19 and 35 years were recruited from a university clinic: 33 subjects with large exophoria at near vision and moderate or high visual discomfort and 33 patients with normal heterophoria and low visual discomfort. Visual discomfort was defined using the Conlon survey. A refractive exam and an exhaustive evaluation of accommodation and vergence were assessed. Diagnostic validity by means of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR−) were assessed. This analysis was also carried out considering multiple tests as serial testing strategy. Results. ROC analysis showed the best diagnostic accuracy for receded near point of convergence (NPC) recovery (area = 0.929) and binocular accommodative facility (BAF) (area = 0.886). Using the cut-offs obtained with ROC analysis, the best diagnostic validity was obtained for the combination of NPC recovery and BAF (S  =  0.77, Sp = 1, LR+ = value tending to infinity, LR− = 0.23) and the combination of NPC break and recovery with BAF (S  =  0.73, Sp = 1, LR+ = tending to infinity, LR− = 0.27). Conclusions. NPC and BAF tests were the tests with the best diagnostic accuracy for subjects with large near exophoria and moderate to severe symptoms.

Nuevos enfoques en la guía docente: El caso de Español: Norma y Uso I

En este trabajo presentamos la mejora de la guía docente de Español: Norma y Uso I, realizada por la Red docente “Guía Docente de Español Norma y Uso I: seguimiento, coordinación y nuevos enfoques”. Esta asignatura se imparte en 5 titulaciones en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Alicante. El trabajo de esta Red tiene un triple objetivo: 1) reflexionar y mejorar la implantación de la guía docente de Español: Norma y Uso I, que se imparte en 5 titulaciones distintas, 2) coordinar al profesorado implicado y 3) captar buenas prácticas y promover un banco de experiencias. Para conseguir estos objetivos se fomentará la coordinación y el trabajo en equipo del profesorado de las distintas titulaciones. El principal problema al que nos enfrentamos desde el principio de la implantación de la guía es ajustar la gran cantidad de contenidos a los créditos ECTS, por eso debemos reflexionar ante este hecho y promover nuevas soluciones. La pretensión última de la Red es mejorar la Guía docente de Español: Norma y Uso I, y que tanto alumno como profesor tengan unos mejores resultados en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Monnaies émises par des «rebelles». Quelques remarques sur des frappes monétaires «non officielles» en Ifrîqiya et en al-Andalus au IXe siècle

Ce texte a pour objectif d’attirer l’attention sur un fait numismatique qui ne nous semble pas avoir été très souvent traité, celui des monnaies émises par des chefs politiques « rebelles » à une autorité normalement reconnue, dans un cas les Aghlabides de Kairouan, et dans l’autre les émirs omeyyades de Cordoue. L’étude de ce genre de monnaies devrait pouvoir aider à étudier, à partir des frappes réalisées en temps de crise politique, la question très importante de la légitimité du pouvoir dans l’Islam, et peut-être aussi celle des rapports de la frappe de monnaie avec les activités économiques. On n’attendra cependant pas de révélations des données très partielles et limitées qui vont suivre. Elles ne concernent en effet que deux frappes de dirhams correspondant chronologiquement au troisième siècle de l’Hégire qui, de 815 à 912, couvre pour l’essentiel le IXème siècle de l’ère chrétienne. L’une des monnaies date de son début (209 H/824-825), l’autre de sa fin (293 H/905-906). La première est Ifriqiyenne, la seconde andalouse; les deux, on l’a dit, sont frappées durant une époque de crise, et il peut être intéressant de les mettre en parallèle, sans prétendre en tirer de conclusions très nouvelles et de très grande portée, car il ne s’agit que de deux cas particuliers, auxquels la relative rareté de telles émissions, le fait qu’elles ont été peu étudiées et que les circonstances de la frappe des deux exemplaires présentés sont assez bien connues, incite tout de même à prêter quelque intérêt. La frappe andalouse pose par ailleurs un problème particulier, dans la mesure où elle correspond à un moment (entre les années 290/900 et 316/929) où le pouvoir omeyyade semble ne plus frapper de monnaies, ou pratiquement pas.

Diary : manuscript, 1666-1679, 1723, and 1726

Diary concerning chiefly religious matters, mostly Puritanical confessions of Tompson's piety not living up to the expectation of the Lord. There is also mention of the many afflictions God is "pleased" to bestow upon Tompson's wife.

Data compilation of ESOP

The work in this sub-project of ESOP focuses on the advective and convective transforma-tion of water masses in the Greenland Sea and its neighbouring areas. It includes observational work on the sub-mesoscale and analysis of hydrographic data up to the gyre-scale. Observations of active convective plumes were made with a towed chain equipped with up to 80 CTD sensors, giving a horizontal and vertical resolution of the hydrographic fields of a few metres. The observed scales of the penetrative convective plumes compare well with those given by theory. On the mesoscale the structure of homogeneous eddies formed as a result of deep convection was observed and the associated mixing and renewal of the intermediate layers quantified. The relative importance and efficiency of thermal and haline penetrative convection in relation to the surface boundary conditions (heat and salt fluxes and ice cover) and the ambient stratification are studied using the multi year time series of hydro-graphic data in the central Greenland Sea. The modification of the water column of the Greenland Sea gyre through advection from and mixing with water at its rim is assessed on longer time scales. The relative contributions are quantified using modern water mass analysis methods based on inverse techniques. Likewise the convective renewal and the spreading of the Arctic Intermediate Water from its formation area is quantified. The aim is to budget the heat and salt content of the water column, in particular of the low salinity surface layer, and to relate its seasonal and interannual variability to the lateral fluxes and the fluxes at the air-sea-ice interface. This will allow to estimate residence times for the different layers of the Greenland Sea gyre, a quantity important for the description of the Polar Ocean carbon cycle.