Synthesis and characterization of 1,1-di-tert-butyldiazene

The synthesis and direct observation of 1,1-di-tert-butyldiazene (16) at -127°C is described. The absorption spectrum of a red solution of 1,1-diazene 16 reveals a structured absorption band with λ max at 506 run (Me_2O, -125°C). The vibrational spacing in S_1 is about 1200 cm^(-1). The excited state of 16 emits weakly with a single maximum at 715 run observed in the fluorescence spectrum (Me_2O:CD_2Cl_2, -196°C). The proton NMR spectrum of 16 occurs as a singlet at 1.41 ppm. Monitoring this NMR absorption at -94^0 ± 2°C shows that 1,1-diazene 16 decomposes with a first-order rate of 1.8 x 10^(-3) sec(-1) to form isobutane, isobutylene and hexarnethylethane. This rate is 10^8 and 10^(34) times faster than the thermal decomposition of the corresponding cis and trans 1,2-di-tert-butyldiazene isomers. The free energy of activation for decomposition of 1,1-diazene 16 is found to be 12.5 ± 0.2 kcal/mol at -94°C which is much lower than the values of 19.1 and 19.4 kcal/lmole calculated at -94°C for N-(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidyl)nitrene (3) and N-(2,2,5,5- tetrarnethylpyrrolidyl)nitrene (4), respectively. This difference between 16 and the cyclic-1,1-diazenes 3 and 4 can be attributed to a large steric interaction between the tert-butyl groups in 1,1-diazene 16.

In order to investigate the nature of the singlet-triplet gap in 1,1-diazenes, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-N-pyrrolynitrene (22) was generated but was found to be too reactive towards dimerization to be persistent. In the presence of dimethylsulfoxide, however, N-pyrrolynitrene (22) can be trapped as N-(2,5-di-tert-butyl- N'-pyrrolyl)dimethylsulfoxirnine (38). N-(2,5-di-tert-butyl-N'-pyrrolyl)dimethylsulfoximine (38-d^6) exchanges with free dimethylsulfoxide at 50°C in solution, presumably by generation and retrapping of pyrrolynitrene 22.

Variable-angle electron spectroscopic studies of various polyatomic molecular systems

The complementary techniques of low-energy, variable-angle electron-impact spectroscopy and ultraviolet variable-angle photoelectron spectroscopy have been used to study the electronic spectroscopy and structure of several series of molecules. Electron-impact studies were performed at incident beam energies between 25 eV and 100 eV and at scattering angles ranging from 0° to 90°. The energy-loss regions from 0 eV to greater than 15 eV were studied. Photoelectron spectroscopic studies were conducted using a HeI radiation source and spectra were measured at scattering angles from 45° to 90°. The molecules studied were chosen because of their spectroscopic, chemical, and structural interest. The operation of a new electron-impact spectrometer with multiple-mode target source capability is described. This spectrometer has been used to investigate the spin-forbidden transitions in a number of molecular systems.

The electron-impact spectroscopy of the six chloro-substituted ethylenes has been studied over the energy-loss region from 0-15 eV. Spin-forbidden excitations corresponding to the π → π*, N → T transition have been observed at excitation energies ranging from 4.13 eV in vinyl chloride to 3.54 eV in tetrachloroethylene. Symmetry-forbidden transitions of the type π → np have been oberved in trans-dichloroethyene and tetrachlor oethylene. In addition, transitions to many states lying above the first ionization potential were observed for the first time. Many of these bands have been assigned to Rydberg series converging to higher ionization potentials. The trends observed in the measured transition energies for the π → π*, N → T, and N → V as well as the π → 3s excitation are discussed and compared to those observed in the methyl- and fluoro- substituted ethylenes.

The electron energy-loss spectra of the group VIb transition metal hexacarbonyls have been studied in the 0 eV to 15 eV region. The differential cross sections were obtained for several features in the 3-7 eV energy-loss region. The symmetry-forbidden nature of the ¹A_1g → ¹A_1g, 2t_2g(π) → 3t_2g(π*) transition in these compounds was confirmed by the high-energy, low-angle behavior of their relative intensities. Several low lying transitions have been assigned to ligand field transitions on the basis of the energy and angular behavior of the differential cross sections for these transitions. No transitions which could clearly be assigned to singlet → triplet excitations involving metal orbitals were located. A number of states lying above the first ionization potential have been observed for the first time. A number of features in the 6-14 eV energy-loss region of the spectra of these compounds correspond quite well to those observed in free CO.

A number of exploratory studies have been performed. The π → π*, N → T, singlet → triplet excitation has been located in vinyl bromide at 4.05 eV. We have also observed this transition at approximately 3.8 eV in a cis-/trans- mixture of the 1,2-dibromoethylenes. The low-angle spectrum of iron pentacarbonyl was measured over the energy-loss region extending from 2-12 eV. A number of transitions of 8 eV or greater excitation energy were observed for the first time. Cyclopropane was also studied at both high and low angles but no clear evidence for any spin- forbidden transitions was found. The electron-impact spectrum of the methyl radical resulting from the pyrolysis of tetramethyl tin was obtained at 100 eV incident energy and at 0° scattering angle. Transitions observed at 5.70 eV and 8.30 eV agree well with the previous optical results. In addition, a number of bands were observed in the 8-14 eV region which are most likely due to Rydberg transitions converging to the higher ionization potentials of this molecule. This is the first reported electron-impact spectrum of a polyatomic free radical.

Variable-angle photoelectron spectroscopic studies were performed on a series of three-membered-ring heterocyclic compounds. These compounds are of great interest due to their highly unusual structure. Photoelectron angular distributions using HeI radiation have been measured for the first time for ethylene oxide and ethyleneimine. The measured anisotropy parameters, β, along with those measured for cyclopropane were used to confirm the orbital correlations and photoelectron band assignments. No high values of β similar to those expected for alkene π orbitals were observed for the Walsh or Forster-Coulson-Moffit type orbitals.

^(18)O/^(16)O and D/H studies on the interactions between heated meteoric ground waters and igneous intrusions: Western San Juan Mountains, Colorado and the Isle of Skye, Scotland

Detailed oxygen, hydrogen and carbon isotope studies have been carried out on igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Stony Mountain complex, Colorado, and the Isle of Skye, Scotland, in order to better understand the problems of hydrothermal meteoric water-rock interaction.

The Tertiary Stony Mountain stock (~1.3 km in diameter), is composed of an outer diorite, a main mass of biotite gabbro, and an inner diorite. The entire complex and most of the surrounding country rocks have experienced various degrees of ¹⁸O depletion (up to 10 per mil) due to interaction with heated meteoric waters. The inner diorite apparently formed from a low-¹⁸O magma with δ¹⁸O ≃ +2.5, but most of the isotopic effects are a result of exchange between H₂O and solidified igneous rocks. The low-¹⁸O inner diorite magma was probably produced by massive assimilation and/or melting of hydrothermally altered country rocks. The δ¹⁸O values of the rocks generally increase with increasing grain size, except that quartz typically has δ¹⁸O = +6 to +8, and is more resistant to hydrothermal exchange than any other mineral studied. Based on atom % oxygen, the outer diorites, gabbros, and volcanic rocks exhibit integrated water/rock ratios of 0.3 ± 0.2, 0.15 ± 0.1, and 0.2 ± 0.1, respectively. Locally, water/rock ratios attain values greater than 1.0. Hydrogen isotopic analyses of sericites, chlorites, biotites, and amphiboles range from -117 to -150. δD in biotites varies inversely with Fe/Fe+Mg, as predicted by Suzuoki and Epstein (1974), and positively with elevation, over a range of 600 m. The calculated δD of the mid-to-late-Tertiary meteoric waters is about -100. Carbonate δ¹³C values average -5.5 (PDB), within the generally accepted range for deep-seated carbon.

Almost all the rocks within 4 km of the central Tertiary intrusive complex of Skye are depleted in ¹⁸O. Whole-rock δ¹⁸O values of basalts (-7. 1 to +8.4), Mesozoic shales (-0.6 to + 12.4), and Precambrian sandstones (-6.2 to + 10.8) systematically decrease inward towards the center of the complex. The Cuillin gabbro may have formed from a ¹⁸O-depleted magma (depleted by about 2 per mil); δ¹⁸O of plagioclase (-7.1 to + 2.5) and pyroxene (-0.5 to + 3.2) decrease outward toward the margins of the pluton. The Red Hills epigranite plutons have δ¹⁸O quartz (-2.7 to + 7.6) and feldspar (-6.7 to + 6.0) that suggest about 3/4 of the exchange took place at subsolidus temperatures; profound disequilibrium quartz-feldspar fractionations (up to 12) are characteristic. The early epigranites were intruded as low-¹⁸O melts (depletions of up to 3 per mil) with δ¹⁸O of the primary, igneous quartz decreasing progressively with time. The Southern Porphyritic Epigranite was apparently intruded as a low-¹⁸O magma with δ¹⁸O ≃ -2.6. A good correlation exists between grain size and δ¹⁸O for the unique, high-¹⁸O Beinn an Dubhaich granite which intrudes limestone having a δ¹⁸O range of +0.5 to +20.8, and δ¹³C of -4.9 to -1.0. The δD values of sericites (-104 to -107), and amphiboles, chlorites, and biotites (-105 to -128) from the igneous rocks , indicate that Eocene surface waters at Skye had δD ≃ -90. The average water/rock ratio for the Skye hydrothermal system is approximately one; at least 2000 km³ of heated meteoric waters were cycled through these rocks.

Thus these detailed isotopic studies of two widely separated areas indicate that (1) ¹⁸O-depleted magmas are commonly produced in volcanic terranes invaded by epizonal intrusions; (2) most of the ¹⁸O-depletion in such areas are a result of subsolidus exchange (particularly of feldspars); however correlation of δ¹⁸O with grain size is generally preserved only for systems that have undergone relatively minor meteoric hydrothermal exchange; (3) feldspar and calcite are the minerals mos t susceptible to oxygen isotopic exchange, whereas quartz is very resistant to oxygen isotope exchange; biotite, magnetite, and pyroxene have intermediate susceptibilities; and (4) basaltic country rocks are much more permeable to the hydrothermal convective system than shale, sandstone, or the crystalline basement complex.

A study of T = 2 states in ^(12)B, ^(12)C, ^(20)F and ^(28)Al

The lowest T = 2 states have been identified and studied in the nuclei ¹²C, ¹²B, ²⁰F and and ²⁸Al. The first two of these were produced in the reactions ¹⁴C(p,t)¹²C and ¹⁴C (p,³He)¹²B, at 50.5 and 63.4 MeV incident proton energy respectively, at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The T = 2 states in ²⁰F and ²⁸Al were observed in (³He,p) reactions at 12-MeV incident energy, with the Caltech Tandem accelerator.

The results for the four nuclei studied are summarized below:

(1) ¹²C: the lowest T = 2 state was located at an excitation energy of 27595 ± 20 keV, and has a width less than 35 keV.

(2) ¹²B: the lowest T = 2 state was found at an excitation energy of 12710 ± 20 keV. The width was determined to be less than 54 keV and the spin and parity were confirmed to be 0⁺. A second ¹²B state (or doublet) was observed at an excitation energy of 14860 ± 30 keV with a width (if the group corresponds to a single state) of 226 ± 30 keV.

(3) ²⁰F: the lowest T = 2 state was observed at an excitation of 6513 ± 5 keV; the spin and parity were confirmed to be 0⁺. A second state, tentatively identified as T = 2 from the level spacing, was located at 8210 ± 6 keV.

(4) ²⁸Al: the lowest T = 2 state was identified at an excitation of 5997 ± 6 keV; the spin and parity were confirmed to be 0⁺. A second state at an excitation energy of 7491 ± 11 keV is tentatively identified as T = 2, with a corresponding (tentative) spin and parity assignment J^π = 2⁺.

The results of the present work and the other known masses of T = 2 states and nuclei for 8 ≤ A ≤ 28 are summarized, and massequation coefficients have been extracted for these multiplets. These coefficients were compared with those from T = 1 multiplets, and then used to predict the mass and stability of each of the unobserved members of the T = 2 multiplets.

Sobrevida em pacientes mulheres com câncer de pulmão em clínica especializada no Rio de Janeiro, 2000-2009

O câncer de pulmão é atualmente a neoplasia mais frequentemente diagnosticada, considerando ambos os sexos, e a principal causa de óbito por câncer em todo o mundo. A incidência e a mortalidade do câncer de pulmão vêm sendo influenciadas ao longo do tempo pela história do tabagismo e seus aspectos sócio-demográficos. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a sobrevida e fatores prognósticos em mulheres com câncer de pulmão assistidas em uma clínica especializada no Rio de Janeiro no período de 2000 a 2009. Foram analisadas 193 mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer de pulmão confirmado por exame histopatológico. Os dados foram obtidos diretamente do sistema informatizado de registros médicos do referido serviço. A idade do diagnóstico foi categorizada em quatro faixas etárias: até 49 anos, 50 a 59 anos, 60 a 69 anos e maior de 70anos. O tabagismo foi categorizado como não fumante, ex-fumante, fumante e fumante passiva. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC). A classificação histológica seguiu a divisão entre tumores de células não-pequenas (CPCNP) e tumores de pequenas células (CPCP). O estadiamento clínico se baseou na classificação do American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) e Veterans Administration Lung Cancer Study Group (VALCSG) para os tumores de células não-pequenas e tumores de células pequenas, respectivamente. A modalidade de tratamento foi categorizada pela intenção da abordagem terapêutica em quatro grupos: controle, neoadjuvância, adjuvância e paliativa. Foram calculadas funções de sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. Para os fatores prognósticos de risco, foram calculados os hazards ratios brutos e ajustados com intervalos de confiança de 95%, através do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. A idade média das pacientes foi de 63 anos. Destas, 47,7% eram fumantes, 26,9% não fumantes, 19,7% ex-fumantes e 3,6% fumantes passivas. Em relação ao estado nutricional, 2,6% das pacientes apresentavam IMC baixo peso, 52,8% normal, 29,5% sobrepeso e 15% obesidade. A maioria dos casos, 169 (87,6%) pacientes, foi classificado como câncer de pulmão de células não-pequenas (CPCNP). Apenas 24 casos (12,4%) foram de câncer de pequenas células (CPCP). Durante o período estudado ocorreram 132 óbitos; 114 por CPCNP e 18 por CPCP. O tempo mediano de sobrevida para toda a coorte foi de 23,2 meses (IC95%: 16,9-33,5). Quando os dados foram estratificados por classificação tumoral, a sobrevida mediana nas pacientes com diagnóstico de CPCNP foi de 18,2 meses (IC95%: 15,6-25,5) e para aquelas com CPCP foi de 10,3 meses (IC95%: 8,4-19,3). A sobrevida encontrada em 24 meses foi de 49% (IC95%: 42,25-56,9), sendo 22,95 (IC95%: 0,6-49,3) para os tumores de pequenas células e 50,29% (IC95%: 43,1-58,7) para os tumores de células não- pequenas. Para o total das pacientes, as curvas de sobrevida estratificadas pelas variáveis selecionadas mostraram diferenças em relação à idade do diagnóstico (p=0,0023) nas faixas etárias intermediárias de 50-59 anos e 60-69 anos, se comparadas com os limites extremos (as mais idosas e as mais jovens). Não houve diferenças para o status de tabagismo (p=0,1484) nem para o IMC (p=0,6230). Na análise multivariada para todos os tumores, nenhum fator prognóstico influenciou no risco de morte. A idade nas categorias intermediárias (50-59 anos e 60-69 anos) e o IMC na categoria sobrepeso mostraram uma tendência à proteção, porém, não houve significância estatística. Para o grupo de mulheres com CPCNP, o modelo de riscos proporcionais apontou diferença em relação ao estadiamento clínico, especificamente o estádio IV (HR=3,36, IC95%: 1,66-6,8; p=0,001). As pacientes com idade entre 50-59 anos e sobrepeso mostraram uma tendência à diminuição do risco, embora sem significância estatística. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade de conhecer melhor o perfil das mulheres que desenvolvem câncer de pulmão e de realizar pesquisas que investiguem de forma mais aprofundada as condições que influenciam a evolução clínica dos casos e assim contribuir para o aprimoramento da abordagem terapêutica.

A study of the ^9 Be nucleus

The reaction ⁷Li(³He, p)⁹Be has been used to measure excitations and intrinsic widths of levels in ⁹Be below the ⁷Li + d threshold. Previously unreported levels have been found at excitations of (13.78 ± .03) MeV and (16.671 ± .008) MeV with widths of (590 ± 60) keV and (41 ± 4) keV respectively. Two overlapping levels have been found at (11.81 ± .02) MeV and (11.29 ± .03) MeV with widths of (400 ± 30) keV and (620 ± 70) keV respectively. Branching ratios from ⁹Be levels populated in this reaction to the ground and first excited states of ⁸Be have been measured by observing the associated protons in coincidence with the decay neutrons. Branching ratios were found to be:

Excitation in ⁹Be .... Branching Ratio.......... Final Nucleus.........

(MeV) .......................... (percent) .....................................

.. 2.43 ........................... 7.5 ± 1.5 .............. ⁸Be(g.s.)

.. 3.03 ........................... 87 ± 13......................................

.. 4.65 ........................... 13 ± 4.......................................

.. 6.76 .............................. ≤ 2 ......................................

.. 11.29 ...............................≤ 2 ......................................

.. 11.81 ...............................≤ 3 ......................................

.. 6.76 ........................... .41 ≤ B.R. ≤ .69 ....... ⁸Be(2⁺)

.. 11.29 ........................... 14 ± 4 .......................................

.. 11.81 ........................... 12 ± 4 .......................................

Corresponding reduced widths for neutron emission are calculated and a comparison of the results with the expectations of current nuclear models is made. In particular the measured branching ratio to ⁸Be(g.s.) from ⁹Be(2.43 MeV) corresponds to an f-wave reduced with θ²_f = 2.1 x 10^-2, in units of ħ²/mR², with R = 4.35 fm. A comparison of this value with that predicted by a Nilsson model calculation, in which ⁹Be is taken to be a deformed nucleus, is discussed. The measured value for θ²_f is found to be consistent with that expected on the basis of measured E2-transition rates between rotational levels in ⁹Be.

Investigation on nonradiative decay of the (Er3+I13/2)-I-4 -> I-4(15/2) transition in different tellurite glass matrix

Three kinds of Er3+-doped tellurite glasses with different hydroxyl groups are prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method. Infrared spectra are measured to estimate the exact content of OH- groups in samples. The maximum phonon energy in glasses are obtained by measuring the Raman scattering spectra. The strength parameters Omega(t) (t = 2, 4, 6) for all the samples are calculated and compared. The nonradiative decay rate of the Er3+ I-4(13/2) -> I-4(15/2) transition are calculated for the glass samples with different phonon energy and OH- group contents. Finally, the effect of OH- groups on fluorescence decay rate of Er3+ is analysed, the constant KOH-Er Of TWN, TZPL and TZL glasses are calculated to be 9.2 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), 5.9 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), and 3.5 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), respectively.

Effect of OH- content on emission properties in Er3+-doped tellurite glasses

A series of tellurite glasses of composition, 75TeO(2)-20ZnO-(5 - x)La2O3-xEr(2)O(3) (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mol%) with different hydroxl content were prepared. The effect of Er3+ and OH- groups concentration on the emission properties of Er3+: I-4(13/2) -> I-4(15/2) transition in tellurite glasses was investigated. The constant KOH-Er for Er3+ in tellurite glasses, which represents the strength of interaction between Er3+ and OH- groups in the case of energy migration, was about 14 x 10(-19) cm(4) s(-1). The interaction parameter C-Er,C-Er for the migration rate of Er3+ : 4I(13/2) -> I-4(13/2) transition in tellurite glass was 46 x 10(-40) cm(2), which indicates that concentration quenching in Er3+-doped modified tellurite glass for a given Er3+ concentration is much stronger than in silicate and phosphate glasses. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Impacto de intervenção nutricional no controle dos níveis pressóricos e metabólicos de pacientes hipertensos em acompanhamento na atenção primária de saúde do município de São Luís MA

A hipertensão é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no Brasil. Os hipertensos muitas vezes apresentam perfil lipídico e glicidico desfavoráveis. A alimentação pode desempenhar um papel importante na redução da pressão arterial (PA) e no perfil lipídico e controle glicêmico desses pacientes. Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção nutricional adaptada ao padrão alimentar brasileiro no controle dos níveis pressóricos e metabólico de pacientes hipertensos em acompanhamento em um serviço de atenção primária de saúde do município de São Luís do Maranhão. Metodologia: ensaio clínico randomizado utilizando uma dieta de baixo índice glicêmico combinada ao aumento do consumo de frutas, vegetais, grãos integrais e laticínios desnatados que são os princípios do Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (dieta DASH). Foram alocados randomicamente 206 pacientes hipertensos que foram acompanhados por 6 meses. O grupo controle (GC, n=101) recebeu aconselhamento padrão, focado na redução da ingestão de sal. Resultados: Dos 206 pacientes randomizados, 156 (37 homens, 119 mulheres) completaram o estudo. A idade média dos participantes foi de 60,1 (DP 12,9) anos. Após 6 meses, houve redução na média da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) em 14,4 mmHg e na diastólica (PAD) de 9,7 mmHg no grupo experimental (GE), em comparação a 6,7 mmHg e 4,6 mmHg, respectivamente, no GC. Após o ajuste para mudança de peso corporal, PA na linha de base e idade, essas diferenças entre os grupos foram de aproximadamente 9,2 mmHg e 6,2 mmHg, respectivamente. Ocorreram tambem variações estatisticamente significantes na excreção urinária de sódio, reduzida em 43,4 mEq/24 h no GE, bem como o colesterol total (-46.6mg/dl) , LDL colesterol (-42.5mg/dl), triglicérides (-31.3mg/dl), glicemia de jejum (-9.6mg/dl ) e hemoglobina glicada (-0,1%). O consumo alimentar modificou-se no GE com aumento do consumo de vegetais, passando de 2,97 para 5,85 ; frutas (4,09-7,18); feijão (1,94-3,13) e peixes (1,80 para 2,74). Modificações importantes relacionadas à redução significativa de carboidratos, teor lipídico e carga glicêmica da dieta, foram observadas. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou a viabilidade e a eficácia de uma abordagem dietética com base no padrão alimentar brasileiro, na redução da PA e parâmetros bioquímicos inadequados, podendo causar um grande impacto na saúde pública.

Doses efficaces en glyphosate et en 2,4-D pour le contrôle chimique des laitue d'eau (Pistia stratiotes, Linn.) et toxicité du glyphosate vis-à-vis des tilapias (Sarotherodon melanotheron)

The toxic effects of two herbicides Round up (gliphosate) and 2,4-D (herbazol) were tested on Pistia stratiotes (Linn. Araceae) samples cultivated in glass aquariums. The gliphosate appears to be more toxic on Pistia Stratiotes than 2,4-D. It was then tested on tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron juveniles. The lethal dose for tilapia (CL50 = 13.25 mg.l -1) is about 18, 37 and 74 times higher than the glyphosate toxic dose for plants at 1, 2 and 4 meters water depth respectively.

High quantum fluorescence yield of Er3+ at 1.5 mu m in an Yb3+, Ce3+-codoped CaF2 crystal

For the first time, a quaternary doping system of Er3+, Yb3+, Ce3+, Na+:CaF2 single crystal was demonstrated to have high fluorescence yield in the eye-safe 1.5 mu m region under 980 nm laser diode pumping, with relatively broad and flat gain curves. A simplified model was established to illustrate the effect of Ce3+ on the branching ratio for the Er3+4I11/2 -> I-4(13/2) transition. With 0.2-at.% Er3+ and 2.0-at.% Ce3+ in the quaternary-doped CaF2 crystal, the branching ratio was estimated to be improved more than 40 times by the deactivating effect of Ce3+ on the Er3+ 4I11/2 level. The quaternary-doped CaF2, system shows great potential to achieve high laser performance in the 1.5 mu m region. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efeito do movimento dentário nos níveis de metaloproteinases da matriz no fluido gengival de pacientes com periodontite controlada

O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar o impacto da movimentação dentária de dentes periodontalmente comprometidos no volume do fluido gengival crevicular (FGC) e nos níveis de expressão das metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) -1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -12 e -13 no FGC. Dez pacientes periodontalmente controlados (8 do sexo feminino e 2 do sexo masculino, média de idade de 46,2 10,4 anos) com incisivos projetados labialmente foram submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico. Uma arcada dentária foi submetida a movimentação ortodôntica e a arcada oposta foi usada como controle. Amostras de FGC foram coletadas da face lingual de dois incisivos do lado movimento e dois do lado controle uma semana antes da ativação ortodôntica (-7d), imediatamente após a ativação ortodôntica, e após 1 h, 24 h, e 7, 14 e 21 dias. A coleta do FGC foi feita utilizando-se tiras de papel absorvente e o volume foi calculado através do uso do Periotron. Todos os pacientes receberam orientações de higiene bucal e um kit contendo escova de dente, pasta de dente e bochecho de Chlorexidina 0,12% para ser usado durante todo o experimento. A técnica da multianálise imunoenzimática com microesferas foi usada para medir as MMPs no FGC. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se os testes estatísticos Friedman e Mann-Whitney. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no volume do FGC. Em relação aos níveis de MMPs, a única diferença estatisticamente significativa encontrada no decorrer do tempo foi nos níveis de MMP-1 no grupo movimento (p<0,05). Quando os dois grupos foram comparados após a ativação, a única diferença estatisticamente significativa encontrada foi nos níveis de MMP-12 24 horas após a ativação (p<0,05). Estes achados sugerem que o volume de FGC não sofre alteração relacionada ao movimento dentário ortodôntico e que o movimento ortodôntico de dentes periodontalmente comprometidos não resultou em mudanças significativas nos níveis de MMPs no FGC.

Indicadores de neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1

A Neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular (NAC), apesar de ter sido apontada como fator de risco independente para doença cardiovascular (DCV) em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 (DM1), permanece subdiagnosticada. Os objetivos do trababalho foram determinar a prevalência de NAC e seus indicadores clínicos e laboratoriais em pacientes com DM1 e a associação com outras complicações crônicas do diabetes, além de avaliar a concordância entre os critérios diagnósticos da NAC determinados pelos parâmetros da análise espectral e pelos testes reflexos cardiovasculares. Pacientes com DM1, duração da doença ≥ 5 anos e com idade ≥ 13 anos foram submetidos a um questionário clínico-epidemiológico, a coleta de sangue e de urina para determinação da concentração urinária de albumina, ao mapeamento de retina, e exame clínico para pesquisa de neuropatia diabética sensitivo motora além da realização de testes reflexos cardiovasculares. Cento e cinquenta e um pacientes com DM1, 53.6 % do sexo feminino, 45.7% brancos, com média de idade de 33.4 13 anos, idade ao diagnóstico de 17.2 9.8 anos, duração de DM1 de 16.3 9.5 anos, índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 23.4 (13.7-37.9) Kg/m2 e níveis de hemoglobina glicada de 9.1 2% foram avaliados. Após realização dos testes para rastreamento das complicações microvasculares, encontramos neuropatia diabética sensitivo motora, retinopatia diabética, nefropatia diabética e NAC em 44 (29.1%), 54 (38%), 35 (24.1%) e 46 (30.5%) dos pacientes avaliados, respectivamente. A presença de NAC foi associada com idade (p=0.01), duração do DM (p=0.036), HAS (p=0.001), frequência cardíaca em repouso (p=0.000), HbA1c (p=0.048), uréia (p=0.000), creatinina (p=0.008), taxa de filtração glomerular (p=0.000), concentração urinária de albumina (p=0.000), níveis séricos de LDL-colesterol (p=0.048), T4 livre (p=0.023) e hemoglobina (p=0.01) e a presença de retinopatia (p=0.000), nefropatia (p=0.000) e neuropatia diabética sensitivo motora (p=0.000), além dos seguintes sintomas; lipotimia (p=0.000), náuseas pós alimentares (p=0.042), saciedade precoce (p=0.031), disfunção sexual (p=0.049) e sudorese gustatória (p=0.018). No modelo de regressão logística binária, avaliando o diagnóstico de NAC como variável dependente, foi observado que apenas a FC em repouso, presença de neuropatia diabética sensitivo motora e retinopatia diabética foram consideradas variáveis independentes significativamente. A NAC é uma complicação crônica comum do DM1, atingindo cerca de 30% dos pacientes estudados e encontra-se associada à presença de outras complicações da doença. Indicadores da presença de NAC nos pacientes avaliados incluíram a idade, duração do diabetes, presença de HAS, frequência cardíaca de repouso e presença de sintomas sugestivos de neuropatia autonômica. O presente estudo ratifica a importância do rastreamento sistemático e precoce desta complicação.

牡丹复合体的研究

牡丹复合体属芍药属(Paconia)牡丹组(Sect. Moutan)．原有6个种名，包括花壬 牡丹、名贵野生花卉紫斑牡丹，著名中药牡丹皮原植物，野生种类为我国特有，仅分 布在以秦岭为中心的较小区域．本研究从山西、陕西、河南、湖北、甘肃共采集14 个居群（包括复合体不同类型）．通过野外居群调查、样方研究，移栽实验，以及细 胞学观察、孢粉学观察分析、种子蛋白和DNA水平多样性的探索性的工作，并结合 聚类分析方法，对牡丹复合体进行了分类学和保护生物学两方面的研究，主要结论 为： 1．本复合体为多年生木本植物，生长缓慢，在天然状况下，从种子播种到开花结实长达7年．枝条通常具隔年开花习性．严格单花顶生，花期短(5-10天)．雄蕊先熟，以异花传粉为主（主要传粉者有甲虫和野蜂）．自交亲和，甲虫在传粉过程中常常破坏心皮和胚珠．胚珠败育比例很高，紫斑牡丹50%．其它类群达90%． 2．种子生物学特性研究，发现本复合体种子属正统种子，但种子衰变快．种子萌发时间长，一般的化学及物理处理对种子萌发无明显促进作用，种子具上胚轴休眠特性．打破休眠需要两个条件：一是胚根长足3 cm．二是10℃左右的低温或GA3处理，野生紫斑牡丹种子较大，复合体其它野生类群种子较小．野生牡丹的种子活力相当低，萌发时间更长． 3．样方的调查统计表明，稷山和永济两地区的矮牡丹株数一龄级分布规律是2—5年生个体最多，随年龄级的增加，个体数目减少．居群呈增长趋势．紫斑牡丹株数一龄级分布规律是青壮年时期个体数目多，幼年时间和老年时期个体数目少，居群呈衰退的趋势，这与其本身繁殖方式和人为破坏程度相关． 4．对13个居群花粉扫描电镜观察表明，本复合体紫斑牡丹(P. rockii)为粗网纹，网眼大，其它类群为细网纹、网眼小． 5．通过18个居群的核型分析并结合前人工作，发现本复合体染色体数目稳定2n =10．核型差别不大，野生类群和栽培品种间有一定分化，但总体上核型多样性比较贫乏．通过8个居群C带研究，发现带纹很少，但多样性很丰富．8个居群表现出7种带型． 6．种子蛋白和DNA水平多样性的初步研究，发现复合体具有较丰富的多样性．但多样性的分布对类群的划分帮助不大，有待进一步研究． 7．通过形态性状分析发现产自各地区矮牡丹、河南粉花类型、神农架红花类型具根出条现象，并以此为主要繁殖方式，紫斑牡丹无此现象．神农架红花类型植株矮小，复合体其它类群较高．产自各地区的矮牡丹和神农架红花类型为二回三出复叶．小叶数目多为9．矮牡丹顶生小叶具浅裂、中裂或深裂，裂片具齿，神农架红花类型顶生小叶仅具浅裂或齿（全缘）．河南粉花类型为二回羽状复叶．小叶数目12-15．紫斑类型叶为二回或三回羽状复叶、小叶数目15-40．小叶分裂方式分两种类型，秦岭西部居群以浅裂、全缘为主，东部居群以中裂或深裂为主，裂片具齿．神农架红花类型花为平展型、较小，其它地区花杯状、较大．花盘有二种类型．紫斑类群花盘黄色或白色．1／2-4／5包被心皮，心皮被稀疏长柔毛，其它类群花盘紫红色，全包心皮，心皮密被短硬毛．根据形态性状分析．并结合细胞学、孢粉学和地理分布研究，对复合体做如下处理：(l)把神农架红花类型做为新种处理P．quii Y.L．Pei et Hong．(2)保留P.rockii(S.G.Haw et L.A. Lanener)T.Hong ct J.J.Li和P.ostii T.Hong et J．X. Zhang．前者进一步分成二亚种：subsp. rockii和subsp. lanceolata Y.L．Pei et Hong（新亚种）．后者包括河南粉花类型，中药丹皮原植物．(3)保留P．suffruticosa Andr.种内分二亚种：subsp. suffruticosa和subsp. spontanea (Rehd．)S．G. Haw et L．A, Lauener. (4)废弃P.papaveracea Andr.和P.jishanensis T.Hong et W.Z.Zhao (5)P．yanancnsis T．Hong et M.R．Li作为存疑种处理． 8．通过上述研究对野生牡丹濒危原因加以分析，认为致濒原因主要是人为干扰和种子萌发和传粉特点等生物学特性造成，但以前者为主，建议应广泛开展各个层次多样性研究，为生物多样性保护利用奠定基础。