No need for walls to equitably distribute the refugees. CEPS Commentary, 25 September 2015

While acknowledging that the recently implemented EU Temporary Relocation System might not be the panacea for addressing the refugee crisis in Europe today, Sergio Carrera and Daniel Gros find in this commentary that it nevertheless constitutes a movement towards the urgent need to go beyond the current EU Dublin regime and ensure more equitable sharing of legal responsibility across all member states.

Epicardial phrenic nerve displacement during catheter ablation of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias: procedural experience and outcomes.

BACKGROUND Arrhythmia origin in close proximity to the phrenic nerve (PN) can hinder successful catheter ablation. We describe our approach with epicardial PN displacement in such instances. METHODS AND RESULTS PN displacement via percutaneous pericardial access was attempted in 13 patients (age 49±16 years, 9 females) with either atrial tachycardia (6 patients) or atrial fibrillation triggered from a superior vena cava focus (1 patient) adjacent to the right PN or epicardial ventricular tachycardia origin adjacent to the left PN (6 patients). An epicardially placed steerable sheath/4 mm-catheter combination (5 patients) or a vascular or an esophageal balloon (8 patients) was ultimately successful. Balloon placement was often difficult requiring manipulation via a steerable sheath. In 2 ventricular tachycardia cases, absence of PN capture was achieved only once the balloon was directly over the ablation catheter. In 3 atrial tachycardia patients, PN displacement was not possible with a balloon; however, a steerable sheath/catheter combination was ultimately successful. PN displacement allowed acute abolishment of all targeted arrhythmias. No PN injury occurred acutely or in follow up. Two patients developed acute complications (pleuro-pericardial fistula 1 and pericardial bleeding 1). Survival free of target arrhythmia was achieved in all atrial tachycardia patients; however, a nontargeted ventricular tachycardia recurred in 1 patient at a median of 13 months' follow up. CONCLUSIONS Arrhythmias originating in close proximity to the PN can be targeted successfully with PN displacement with an epicardially placed steerable sheath/catheter combination, or balloon, but this strategy can be difficult to implement. Better tools for phrenic nerve protection are desirable.

Development of an eddy current noncontact displacement gage for monitoring anthropomorphic dummy chest deflections. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Behind mud walls,

A study of India village life. cf. Pref.

Specifications for triple-expansion twin-screw propelling engines, with boilers and auxiliary machinery, for an armored cruiser about 9100 tons cruising displacement, to make a speed of twenty knots per hour at a displacement of 8150 tons.

Mode of access: Internet.

An evaluation of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards for passenger car steering assemblies. Standard 203 - impact protection for the driver. Standard 204 - rearward column displacement.

Mode of access: Internet.

A positive displacement oscillatory water tunnel /

"February 1977."

Evaluation of a noncontact displacement gage for measurement of anthropometric dummy chest deflection. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Design manual for permanent ground anchor walls /

"September 1998."

An assessment of the potential for neck injury due to padding of aircraft interior walls for head impact protection. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.

... Heat transmission through walls, concretes, and plasters; experiments carried out at the National physical laboratory /

"Investigations relating to the heat-insulating efficiency of building construction, by H. Kreüger and A. Eriksson": p. 28-31.

The stability of plasmas in the presence of conducting walls.

"Prepared for the Air Force Bassistic Missle Division, Headquarters Air Research and Development Command, under Contract AF 04 (647)-594, Thermonuclear propulsion research."