Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the R/V Galathea II Danish Deep Sea Expedition, 1950-1952

The Danish Expedition of the "Galathea II" around the world brought important results concerning the marine organisms in the deep sea. The "Galathea II" showed not only different organisms of the Abyssal but for the first time of the deepest trenches of the western Pacific. Anton Bruun coined the term Hadal for the region below the Abyssal under 6000 m. Although the "Galathea II" aimed to investigate new deep sea regions beside the routes of former expeditions and to widen the horizon of knowledge relating marine organisms the technical equipment and the methodological approach had partly been developed earlier. The expedition of the "Galathea II" is part of a long tradition of cruises such as that of the British "Challenger", the German "Valdivia" and the Swedish "Albatross" and especially the Danish cruises of the "Dana I" and "Dana II" which happened some years before.

SHRIMP Pb/U zircon ages of plutonic rocks from Southwest Indian Ridge

Absolute ages of plutonic rocks from mid-ocean ridges provide important constraints on the scale, timing and rates of oceanic crustal accretion, yet few such rocks have been absolutely dated. We present 206Pb/238U SHRIMP zircon ages from two ODP Drill Holes and a surface sample from Atlantis Bank on the Southwest Indian Ridge. We report ten new sample ages from 26-1430 m in ODP Hole 735B, and one from 57 m in ODP Hole 1105A. Including a previously published age, eleven samples from Hole 735B yield 206Pb/238U zircon crystallization ages that are the same, within error, overlap with the estimated magnetic age and are inferred to date the main period of crustal growth, the average age of analyses is 11.99 ± 0.12 Ma. Any differences in the ages of magmatic series and/or tectonic blocks within Hole 735B are unresolvable and eight well-constrained ages vary from 11.86 ± 0.20 Ma to 12.13 ± 0.21 Ma, a range of 0.27 ± 0.29 Ma, consistent with the duration of crustal accretion observed at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. An age of 11.87 ± 0.23 Ma from Hole 1105A is within error of ages from Hole 735B and permits previous correlations made between zones of oxide-rich gabbros in each hole. Pb/U zircon ages > 0.5 Ma younger than the magnetic age are recorded in at least three samples from Atlantis Bank, one from Hole 735B and two collected along a fault scarp to the East. These young ages may date one or more off-axis events previously suggested from thermochronologic data and support the interpretation of a complex geological history following crustal accretion at Atlantis Bank. Together with results from the surface of Atlantis Bank, dating has shown that while the majority of Pb/U SHRIMP zircon ages record the short-lived (< 0.5 Ma) phase of crustal accretion on-axis, results from several samples precede and post-date this period by > 1 Ma suggesting a complex and prolonged magmatic/tectonic history for the crust at Atlantis Bank.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from VEMA 15 Expedition stations

The cores and dredges described in this report were taken during the VEMA 15 Expedition from October 1958 until July 1959 by the Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University from the R/V Vema. A total of 410 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for sampling and study.

(Table 8.2, Page 178) Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from submarine photographs acquired by the R/V Vityaz in the Pacific Ocean

Prof. H. H. W. Menard has brought together nearly all that was known of the Pacific geology in the early 1960s. His book contains a particular chapter on manganese nodules giving a stimulating review of the features and processes known to govern their distribution and chemical composition.

Stable isotope record of foraminifera from South Atlantic sediments with reconstruction of paleotemperatures and paleosalinities

Changes in surface water hydrography in the Southern Ocean (eastern Atlantic sector) could be reconstructed on the basis of isotope-geochemical and micropaleontological studies. A total of 75 high quality multicorer sediment surface samples from the southern South Atlantic Ocean and three Quaternary sediment cores, taken on a meridional transect across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, have been investigated. The results of examining stable oxygen isotope compositions of 24 foraminiferal species and morphotypes were compared to the near-surface hydrography. The different foraminifera have been divided into four groups living at different depths in the upper water column. The 8180 differences between shallow-living (e.g. G. bulloides, N. pachyderma) and deeper-dwelling (e. g. G. inflata) species reflect the measured temperature gradient of the upper 250 m in the water column. Thus, the 6180 difference between shallow-living and deeper-living foraminifera can be used as an indicator for the vertical temperature gradient in the surface water of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which is independent of ice volume. All planktonic foraminifera in the surface sediment samples have been counted. 27 species and morphotypes have been selected, to form a reference data Set for statistical purposes. By using R- and Q-mode principal component analysis these planktonic foraminifera have been divided into four and five assemblages, respectively. The geographic distribution of these assemblages is mainly linked to the temperature of sea-surface waters. The five assemblages (factors) of the Q-mode principal component analysis account for 97.l % of the variance of original data. Following the transferfunction- technique a multiple regression between the Q-mode factors and the actual mean sea-surface environmental parameters resulted in a set of equations. The new transfer function can be used to estimate past sea-surface seasonal temperatures for paleoassemblages of planktonic foraminifera with a precision of approximately ±1.2°C. This transfer function F75-27-5 encompasses in particular the environmental conditions in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. During the last 140,000 years reconstructed sea-surface temperatures fluctuated in the present northern Subantarctic Zone (PS2076-1/3) at an amplitude of up to 7.5°C in summer and of up to 8.5°C in winter. In the present Polarfrontal Zone (PS1754-1) these fluctuations between glacials and interglacials show lower temperatures from 2.5 to 8.5°C in summer and from 1.0 to 5.0°C in winter, respectively. Compared to today, calculated oxygen isotope temperature gradients in the present Subantarctic Zone were lower during the last 140,000 years. This is an indicator for a good mixing of the upper water column. In the Polarfrontal Zone also lower oxygen isotope temperature gradients were found for the glacials 6, 4 and 2. But almost similar temperature gradients as today were found during the interglacial stages 5, 3 and the Holocene, which implicates a mixing of the upper water column compared to present. Paleosalinities were reconstructed by combining d18O-data and the evaluated transfer function paleotemperatures. Especially in the present Polarfrontal Zone (PS1754-1) and in the Antarctic Zone (PS1768-8), a short-term reduction of salinity up to 4 %o, could be detected. This significant reduction in sea-surface water salinity indicates the increased influx of melt-water at the beginning of deglaciation in the southern hemisphere at the end of the last glacial, approximately 16,500-13,000 years ago. The reconstruction of environmental Parameters indicates only small changes in the position of the frontal Systems in the eastern sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current during the last 140,000 years. The average position of the Subtropical Front and Subantarctic Front shifted approximately three latitudes between interglacials and glacials. The Antarctic Polar Front shifted approximately four latitudes. But substantial modifications of this scenario have been interpreted for the reconstruction of cold sea-surface temperatures at 41Â S during the oxygen isotope stages 16 and 14 to 12. During these times the Subtropical Front was probably shified up to seven latitudes northwards.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from DEEPSONDE Expedition stations near the East Pacific Rise

Basalts from the base of a small seamount on ~1.5-m.y.-old crust west of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9°N are intermediate in chemical and isotopic composition between light-rare-earth-element-depleted tholeiite (normal midocean ridge basalt (MORB)) and alkali basalt. Like oceanic alkali basalt, these rocks contain significantly more Ba, K, P, Sr, Ti, U, and Zr than normal MORB. Since the absolute abundances of these elements are still well below alkali basalt levels, the label transitional is adopted for these basalts. A series of fractionated MORB also occurs in this area, northwest of the Siqueiros Fracture Zone - Transform Fault. The normal tholeiites are either olivine-plagioclase or plagioclase-clinopyroxene phyric, while the transitional basalts are spinel-olivine phyric. Fractional crystallization quantitatively accounts for the chemical variability of the tholeiitic series but not for the transitional basalts. The tholeiitic series probably evolved in a crustal magma chamber ~4 km below the crest of the East Pacific Rise. 143Nd/144Nd and other chemical data suggest that the large-ion-lithophile-enriched transitional basalts may represent a hybrid of normal MORB and Siqueiros area alkali basalt. Incompatible element plots of K, P, and U indicate possible derivation of the transitional basalts by magma mixing. Magma mixing of unfractionated normal MORB and Siqueiros alkali basalt has been quantified. Derivation of the transitional basalts from a 1:1 mixture is supported by all available chemical data, including Cr, Cu, Nd, Ni, Sm, Sr, U, and V. This magma mixing apparently occurred at ?<~30 km depth within a few tens of kilometers from the EPR axis. These Siqueiros area EPR transitional basalts are compared with Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) transitional basalts from the Iceland and Azores areas. The Siqueiros area basalts reflect a profound chemical and isotopic heterogeneity in the upper mantle, similar to that found along the MAR. Unlike the MAR, the EPR shows no evidence of plumelike bulges and associated large-scale outpourings of nonnormal MORB resulting from these mantle heterogeneities. Siqueiros alkali basalt and MORB, as well as transitional basalt and MORB, were recovered from single dredge hauls. Such close spatial and temporal proximity of the inferred mantle sources places severe constraints on geometric and physicochemical upper mantle models.

Organized crime and gambling : record of hearing VII, June 24-26, 1985, New York, New York /

Item 851-J-3